Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sequestration

Module IX: COModule IX: CO22 Sequestration and Oil Sequestration and Oil

Recovery, Permian Basin, Recovery, Permian Basin, USA USA

Maurice DusseaultDepartment of Earth Sciences

University of Waterloo

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Permian Basin, USAPermian Basin, USA Largest CO2-

EOR region in the World

~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO2

This requires about 30×106 tonnes/yr CO2

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

From oil atlas

Make small production table

Salt Creek356 MMBO

Cogdell264 MMBO

Sacroc1,264 MMBO

SACROC Field, TexasSACROC Field, Texas

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

COCO22 Behavior… Behavior…

Extremely complex… Oil swelling with CO2 adsorption Interfacial tension issues (changes as a

function of p, T, oil chemistry…) Diffusion rates into H2O, oil… Phase relationships in mixtures of gases,

liquids (e.g SC-CO2 + oil + H2O), … Changes in rock wettability… Formation of hydrate phases…

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Permian Basin, USAPermian Basin, USA Largest CO2-

EOR region in the World

~150,000 b/d oil is produced from Permian Bsn using CO2

This requires about 30×106 tonnes/yr CO2

Ratio is 30/8 t CO2/t oil

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Permian Basin COPermian Basin CO22 History History Permian Basin

fields are largely carbonate reefs

Seals generally excellent, the level of tectonic activity minor

O&G E&P infra-structure exists

Anthropogenic CO2 sources

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

SACROC

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Permian Basin StratigraphyPermian Basin Stratigraphy

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Reservoir Model ofReservoir Model ofNorthern Platform, Sacroc Northern Platform, Sacroc FieldField

F. Jerry Lucia, Charles Kerans, Fred Wang, Hongliu Zeng

Bureau of Economic GeologyJackson School of Geoscience

The University of Texas at Austin

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

SACROC LocationSACROC Location

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

From oil atlas

Make small production table

Salt Creek356 MMBO

Cogdell264 MMBO

Sacroc1,264 MMBO

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

CStructure Top of

Sacroc North Platform

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

40-8 40-5 38-4 38-5 34-11 34-9 34-6 34-10 35-5 35-4 32-3 32-5 34-24 32-16

CN 1

CN 2

CN 3

EC 1Late Cisco

Three Miles

0

300

(ft)

Cross Section of Northern PlatformSacroc Field

West East

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

104

105

0 1 10 100

Sacroc Northern Platform Reservoir

Per

mea

bilit

y (m

d)

Porosity (%)

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Approach•Calculate average apparent rock-fabric number from core data for each stratigraphic layer.

•Calculate permeability profile for each well using apparent rock-fabric number from stratigraphy and total porosity from logs as input into global permeability transform.

•Interpolate permeability between wells constrained by seismic stratigraphy.

Problem•Only porosity and gamma-ray logs available.•Highly variable rock fabrics typical of icehouse conditions.

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Apparent Rock Fabric

Number

Total Porosity (fraction)

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

40-8 40-5 38-4 38-5 34-11 34-9 34-6 34-10 35-5 35-4 32-3 32-5 34-24 32-16

CN 1

CN 2

CN 3

EC 1Late Cisco

Three Miles

0

300

(ft)

Cross Section of Northern PlatformSacroc Field

West East

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Location of Core Analysis DataCanyon 2 and 3

17-5

18-5

19-6

20-120-15

27-7

32-5

34-634-8

37-2 37-4

56-2 56-4

New Core Analysis

Old Core Analysisand core

Legend

Old Core Analysisno core

49-2

CN 2

CN 3

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

SACROC Unit COSACROC Unit CO22-EOR-EOR Chevron & Shell

1970-1973 pro-ject collaboration

SACROC unit placed on large-scale CO2 flood

First SC-CO2 pipeline – 280 km

Generous tax breaks negotiated

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Extensions – 1979-1990Extensions – 1979-1990 Natural CO2

discovered Infrastructure

extended to include many more fields

Tax credits (15%) provided + other tax breaks

Majors come in

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Maturity - 1990 to 2005 Maturity - 1990 to 2005 Extension to

other fields in the basin

More pipelines, compression, etc.

Tax incentives remain in place

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Permian Basin Statistics Permian Basin Statistics (2004)(2004) > 109 bbl produced using CO2-EOR 380×106 tonnes CO2 sequestered

However, only 30×106 t anthropogenic CO2

2500 km of CO2 pipelines, since 1973 70 fields under CO2 injection in 2005 Shell, Mobil, Amoco, Arco, Chevron plus,

more recently, Apache, Kinder-Morgan, etc., as the majors have largely left

Tax incentives exist

David Coleman: Westminister Energy Forum

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

Comments…Comments… Without tax breaks + incentives, this

development would have been improbable One billion barrels of CO2-EOR oil

Natural CO2 is cheap Pure CO2 gas reservoirs CO2 separated from CH4 to meet pipelining

specifications Recycled, re-sequestered at the end of EOR

Anthropogenic amine-separated CO2 from power plants is far more expensive

Ge

olo

gic

al S

equ

est

rati

on

of

C

DOE-NETL Research?DOE-NETL Research?