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I can provide you complete geology notes for IFS shipped to your destination by air mail. Delivery time 2 -3 working days.Total 12 sets with complete course coverage, precise notes with additional essay for detailed reading.
Both paper I and paper II covered. Previous year questions with solved answers given at the end of each unit. Questions from 10 to 40 marks with modal answers are given.
Complete illustrations and assignments (solved) are give. No other study material required apart from the notes. How to write answers in geology? sample answers in accurate word limit are given. Probable and recurring questions over the year are also given.
Complete course coverage, notes prepared from more than 50+ standard books on geology of both Indian and Foreign writers. Suggestive reading and books for further reading on the subject are given at the end of each topic.
You can score up to 120+ if you read and practice the notes well. Complete course notes can be matched with previous year papers up to 2010.
Collecting books and compiling notes from them by yourself will consume more than a year, so get the handy notes for ready reference and save time of prparation.
Total cost of the notes 12 sets, paper I and IIis 2000 Rs. + 500 RS. shipment charges.These notes have been referred by IFS 2010 written qualifiers and people selecting geology optional since 2005.For further details, contact with your requirement to [email protected] waste any more time, the more late you do, the more pressure, you will have to face.
For sample on quick reference of statigraphy portion, refer below:
Salt Range (Paleozoic) (West Pakistan)
- Sequence commences with Cambrian rock ( no precambrian rock on the basement)- Cambrian rocks are directly overlain by glacial boulder beds of Up. Carboniferous age- Highly Folded and Faulted structures
Permian Productus Limestone Divided into upper middle and lower parts
Lower Carboniferous to Upper Carboniferous
Olive SeriesGlacial Boulder Beds
Cambrian
Salt PseudomorphshaleMagnesian Sandstone Mainly of massive dolomitic sandstones or
Arenaceous DolomitesCambrian Gastrobods - Stenotheca
Neobolus Beds Dark green and purple shales with intercalatations of Dolomite
Primitive BrachiopodsNeobolusLingulaTrilobites (Ptychoparia, reddichia)Pteropods
Purple Sandstone Marked by features characteristic of deposition in shallow water under arid climate
UNCONFORMITYSaline Series Made up of salt marls
Devoid of bedding planesTop part – Gypsum, dolomite, oil shales Altered Lava flows ( Khewra traps)Age is controversial – Camrian / Eocene
Paleozoic of Kashmir
- Rocks appear to have been folded conspicuously in the form of anticline and synclines- Fauna differs from salt range and Spiti
Middle to Up. Permian Zewan Beds Limestone and shales Brachiopods ( spirifer)Bryozoa, corals etc.
Up. Carboniferous to Lower Permian
Gangamopteris beds Plant fossils Gangamopetris, Glossopteris, vertebraria
Panjal Traps Volcanic, Andestic in composition
Agglomeratic Slates Generally unfossiliferousIn some places Brachiopods (Syringithyris Cuspidata), bryozoa etc.
Carboniferous
Fenestella Shales Brachipods (Productus, Spirifer)Bryozoa (Fenestella)Trilobites
Syringothyris Limestone Brachiopods (syringothyris Cuspidata)
Up. Silurian and Devonian Muth Quartzite 700 Mts. Thick Unfossiliferous
Silurian Arenaceous Shales and Limestone Fragmentary Corals, Crinoids, Brachiopods
Ordovician Limestone and Slates Brachiopods and Echinoderms
Cambrian Clays, Limestone, Quartzite Trilobites , Brachiopods
Paleozoic Of Spiti
Folded in synclinal depression with Axis in NW direction
Haimanta sys. Overlies Vaikrita system of Precambrian age
Permian Kuling System Productus shales(Siliceous and carbonaceous shales)
Cephalopods, (cyctolobus Oldham)Brachiopods
Calcareous sandstones and shales Brachiopods of middle Permian age (spirigera, productus, spirifer)
Up. Carboniferous Conglomerate bedsCarboniferous Kanwar System
(Limestone, Quartzite, shales)Po Series Fenestella
SeriesBryozoa, Brachipod
Thabo Series(quartzite and shales)
Plant fossils
Lipak Sties Brachiopods, TrilobitesUp. Silurian to Devonian Muth Quartzite UnfossiliferousOrdovician Sedimentary basal Conglomerate Succeeded by quartzite, shales,
sandstones and limestonesBrachiopods (Strophomena, orthis)Cephalopods(Orthoceras, Gonioceras)Trilobites (Illaneus, Asaphus)
Cambian Haimanta System Divided into U,M,L seriesSedimentary rocks ( Quartzite, Shales, slate etc) on each part
TrilobitesEchinoidsBrachiopodsPteropods
Cuddapah (Pre Cambrian Group) (Kis – nalla – ma –che- papa)
Crescentic in shape ( concave side facing east)Enormous thickness (6000 Mts.) shows – slow and quite submergence all through their depositionName developed from Cuddapah Basin of A.P. where it is best developedRocks devoid of fossils ,made up of alternate layers of quartzites and shalesFormations more or less horizontalFolding increases in Intensity from west to eastFolds are doubly plunging with several culminations and depressionsFormations related to end phase of Eastern Ghat cycle (1600 m. y.)
Kistna (600 Mts)Srisailam Quartzite Quartz arnite facies
Exhibit – planar cross bedding Ripple marks, Mud cracksPresence of glauconite in quartzite shows shallow marine or tidal flat env.
Kolamnala ShalesIrlakonda Quartzite
UNCONFORMITY
Nallamlai (1000 Mts.)Cumbum Shales Extensive slate phyllite sequences with thin quartzite intercalationsBairenkonda quartzite
UNCONFORMITY
Cheyair (3,300 Mts.)Pullampet Shale Purple shale with chert jasper
Shows that sediments of fine clastic nature in lagoonal Env.Nagri quartzite
UNCONFORMITY
Papaghni (1400 Mts)Vampella Shale and Limestone Lies in western part of the basin
Known for gabbro sills, basaltic flowsGulcheru Quartzite Mostly quartz arnite with ferruginous cement and accessory glauconite
Conglomerate predominantly of mature quartz pebbles at the base –
indicative of high energy environment by wavesMineral Deposits
Store house of diff. types of minerals
Magmatic emanations associated with intrusion of sills is responsible for mineralization
Large reserves of barytes occurs in veins and beds
Major prospect ( vempalle bed)
Veins – Criss cross pattern – 1 Mt. thick
Magampetta bedded barytes in upper horizon of carbonaceous sequence of pullampet formation
Generation of barium rich melts is the reason for origin of vein type of barytes
Sulphide mineralization –cumbum formation
Cement grade and BF grade Limestone occur in Narji Limestones in vempalle formations
Vempalle limestones have been intruded by basaltic sills which ranges in thickness and are responsible for development and deposits of barites and asbestos
Limestone has been metamorphosed to shales. On account of it being impure has developed minerals such as serpentine and talc.
MESOZOIC (ARYAN ERA)
Stratigraphic changes
Himalayan region was converted into vast geosynclinals area known as Tethys sea during Up. Carboniferous Volcanic activity in Kashmir region – from Pirpanjal – Hazara in NW and Ladakh in NE Hercynian or Veriscan revolution took place in this time Hypothetical continent, the Gondwanaland developed fissures and its different parts began drifting apart Stupendous mass of Basaltic lava welled out from the Earth’s interior in different part of the globe. Deccan peninsula is an instace of this kind Alpine mountain building movement set in and gave rise to alpine system, rockies, andes, etc. Sub continent of India assumed its present set up
GONDWANA GROUP:
Subsequent to the deposition and uplift of the vindhyan group, the Penisula witnessed no further deposition of sediments for a long time
During the Up carboniferous, there was new cycle of sedimentation in the interconnected basin of fluvatile and lacustrine origin.
Continued up to Jurrasic period
These sediments occupying a vast tract in the peninsula are called Gondwana group or system
Features:
Deposition of sediments commenced under glacial climatic conditions
Rest of the Up. Carboniferous and Permian - Warm and humid climate
Triassic – Dry, arid
Jurassic – Warm and humid
Each individual cycle commenced with the deposition of coarse sand. The Gondwana rocks were subjected to tectonic disturbances during the mid Triassic, Jurassic and post Eocene period, leading to the development of a no. of faults in them.
Total thickness (6000 – 7000 mts,), barakar and raniganj stages together constitutes for the maximum coal bearing horizon.
Subdivisions Series Stages Ages Features Fossils
Upper Gondwana
Jabalpur Umia Low Cretaceous Well known in Kutch, Sandstones, oolitic Limestones and shales
Ptilophyllium acutifolium, pelecypods, trigonia
Jabalpur Up. JurassicSandstones, shales, carbonaceous bands
Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophyllium acutifoilum
Rajmahal Kota Mid JurassicWell developed in Godavari valley, formation of sandstones and grits of about 700 Mt. thicknessThin bands of Limestones and clay
Taeniopteris spatulata, ptilophlyllum acutifolium, fish( lepidottus, dupedius
Rajmahal Low JurassicBasaltic lava flows with intercalated carbonaceous shalesand clays, Individual Lava flow is of varied thickness (17 -100 mt.) Intertrappean sediments between the flow carries the plant fossils
Plant fossils, Taeniopteris spatulata, ptyllophylium acutifolium, fish (dupedius)
Mahadeva Maleri Up TriassicSandstones and clays(Tiki beds of Rewa)
Fossils of fish and reptiles
Pachmari Up triassic Red Sandstone and clays with ferruginous materials
UNCONFORMITYPanchet Panchet Low Triassic Sandstones and shales, devoid of
coal seams, brown sandstone shows deposition under arid condition
Few plant fossils in lower beds
Lower Gondwana
Damuda
Raniganj Up. Permian1000 Mt.Developed in Raniganj CoalfieldCoal seams are associated with sandstones and shales
Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, phyllotheca Indica
Barren measures Mid permian 700 mts.Sandstones, carbonaceous shales and clay ironstone nodulesDoes not contain workable coal seams, devoid of fossils
Barakar Low permian Jharia coalfield, formations are made up of sandstone, shales, coal seams with grits and conglomerates800 Mt. thick ( 1/3 is coal seams)Repetition of sandstone, shales and coal seams
Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, taeniopteris, dadoxylon indicum
karharbari Low Permian Sandstones and Grits with coal seams e.g. Girdhi coal fields
Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi
Talchir
Rikba Up. Carboniferous Sandstone with shaly horizons Gloss. Indica, Ganga. cyclopteroids, Vertebraria Indica , Noeggerathiopsis hislopi
Talchir Up. Carboniferous Greenish splintery shales known as needle shales due to the characteristic weathering they exhibit. Contain sandstone layer
Boulber Bed Up. Carboniferous Glacial origin , Unsorted boulders and pebbles of sandy matrix, Facetted and striated pebbles, unsorted nature of formation bears evidence of glacial origin
TRIASSIC SYSTEM OF SPITI: (Q M.C. Jitesh Theke Gaya hai? DD ! Uske liye nayi Bottle Hai, Mujhe?? Oh - Oh
- Conformably overlie over Permian rocks- Entirely marine in character- Rocks extend over enormous distance without much variation in composition- Consist of Limestone and shales- Arid climatic conditions and universal marine regression is their characteristic- Deposits are marine geosynclinal- Divided on the basis of fossil system
Age Series Stages Features Fossils
Lower Jurassic and Upper Triassic
Kito Limestone
Range in age from Rheotic to Lias
Tagling unfossiliferous
Para Unfossiliferous in most of the parts Megalodon Ladakhensis (characterisitic fossil)
Upper Triassic(Keuper- 1600 Mt.)Limestones, Shaly Limestones, Quartzite
Lies conformably
NoricQuartzite Series Spirigera maniensisMonotis Shale Monotis Salinaria, RynchonellaCoral Limestones Crinoids, corals, Brachiopods
Spiriferina, rynchonellaJuvavite beds Juvavie angulatus
Carnic Tropites bedsTropites Subbullatus
Grey beds Joannites, Spiriferina, RynchonellaHalobia beds Halobia Comata, Joannites
Mid Triassic(Muschelkalk -120 Mt.)
LadinicDaonella limestones
Daonella Indica, Rynchonella, Joannites
Daonella Shales No noticeable change in stratigraphical unit between muschelkalk and Ladinic stages
Daonella Indica, Ptychites geradi
- Limestone, shales, shaly LImestones.- Lie conformably over the lower rocks- Highly fossiliferous
Muschelkalk
Up. Muschelkalk Highly fossiliferous Cephalopods- Ceratites, Ptychites rugiferBrachiopods
Low. Mushchelkalk
Ammonitic cephalopods – Sibirites Prahlada, Ceratites, Spiriferrina, Rynchonella
Nodular Limestone
No important fossils
Basal MuschelkalkBrachiopods –Rynchonella Griesbach
Low. Triassic(Bunter -30 Mt.)
Principally constituted by limestones
Hedenstroemia Separated from the lower beds by an unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m thick
Hadenstroemia Mojsisovicsi, flemingites
Unfossiliferous zone, 1.5 m. thick
MeekocerasCephalopods - Meekoceras Varaha
OphicerasZone fossil – ophiceras Shakuntala
Otoceras Basal Parts of the lower triassic sequence, named after characteristic ammonite genus Otoceras
Cephalopods – Otoceras, otoceras draupadi, otoceras parbatiBrachiopods – RynchonellaLamillibranchs – pseudomontis griesbachia
JURASSIC SYSTEM OF KUTCH ( Main Bahut Udas Un Bhai, Tu Ab Za, Gxxx Uski Maar Li Kisine Dekha Abhi Abhi Rig Mein ), (gajana ka sar kon kate)
- marked by extensive marine transgression and humid tropical climate- shows more divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country- Marine Geosynclinal deposit- upper part – shales, lower part - limestones- total thickness -2000 Mts in Kutch- Rocks are result of marine transgression- Jurassic rocks oldest in Kutch
Age Series Stage Features FossilsUp. Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous
Umia Beds
Marine Sandstones AcentocerasBhuj Beds Esturine
Closely related to Jabalpur series of Gondwana system
Ptilophylum
Umia Beds WilliamsoniaUkra Beds Unfossiliferous but some
plant remainsBarren Sandstones and shalesTrigonia beds Trigonia ventricosaAmmonite bedsZamia beds Cycads and other plants
Up Jurassic KatrolDiff type of sandstones and shales
Gajansar PhyllocerasUpper Katrol No fossilsMidde Katrol Red sandstones Katrolceras, waageniaLower Katrol Waagania, streblites
Kontkate Oldest stageMiddle to Upper Jurassic Chari / Habo
Takes its name from the Chari village
Dhosa oolites Green and Brown oolitic limestones
Dhosites, mayaites maya
Atheleta beds Marlas and gypceous shales
Peltoceras Athleta
Anceps beds Perisphinctes AncepsRehmani beds Ammonites – Reineckia
Rehmani, shivajiceras ,Lytoceras
Macrocephalus Made up of shales and LimestonesUpper part of the middle division of this stage contains a few layer of golden oolites.
Macrocephalits – Macrocephalus (Char.)
Middle Jurassic PatchamLimestone, some sandstone and shale
Patcham coral beds Remains of Corals (stylina)Ammonites
Patcham shell Limestones Pelecypods – Trigonia, CorulaAmmonites
Patcham Basal Limestones Megateuthis
CRETCEOUS SYSTEM OF TRICHINOPOLY/ TIRUCHIRAPALLI
- Uniqueness of its own that it has developed mostvaried facies of deposits- Shows a widely divergent facies of deposits in different parts of the country- Type of deposition:
Type area of Spiti, extra peninsula – Marine GeosynclinalCoromondal coastal strip – Marine transgressional MP – fluvatile and esturine
- Igneous facies is represented in both its intrusive and extrusive phases by the records of gigantic volcanic outburst in the peninsula, and by intrusion of granites, gabbros etc in various parts of the country.
- Heterogeneous constitution of the cretaceous is a part of the pre valence of the very diversified physical conditions in India at the time of its formation Distribution:i) In the peninsula ii) In the extra peninsula
Penisula:
- Continued to be as a landmass after the vindhyan period, only a few patches of rocks of sedimentary origin in the post vindhyan period were deposited along the coastal tracts.
- I) Trichinopoly ii) Vridhachalam iii) Pondicherry
Features:
- Rest upon a basement of Archean Gneisses and Charnockites ( sometimes fringed along westen margin by thin strips of rocks of Upper Gondwana age)
- Trichinopoly has largest geographical extent, than other two patches- Deposited as a result of Universal marine transgression occurred during middle Cretaceous. Known as Cenomanian Transgression.- Contains remains of thousands of extinct sea animals , sir T. Holland called it “a little museum of paleozoology”
- Fossil fauna indicates at least 4 phases of marine transgression during this period- Thickness in Trichonopoly – 1000 Mts., exhibit complete succession from Aptian to Maestrichitian
STRATIGRAPHIC SUCCESSION (TRICHINOPOLY):
Age Stage Characteristics Fossils
Danian Niniyur Ammonites disappeared in the stage
Brown and grey Sandstones, shales and Arenaceous Limestones
Cephalopods – NautilusGastropods – TurritellaCorals – StylinaAlgae
UNCONFORMITYSenonian to Maestrichitian Ariyalur Argillaceous sandstones, white
sandstones
Fauna resembles the underlying stage
Formed in the final phase of Marine transgression
Cephalopods –Schloenbachia, NautilusGastopods – Cerithium, NeritaPelecypods –Cardita, NuculaEchinoids – CidarisFishes - Otodus
UNCONFORMITYTuronian – Senonian Trichinopoly Shallow marine formation
Sandstones, calcerous grits, occasional shales and limestones
Limestones are full of white shells of gastropods and pelecypods and known as trichinopoly marble.
Cephalopods –Desmoceras, HolocerasPelecypods – Trigonia, SpondylusGastropods – Cerethium, TurritellaCorals – trochosmilia, Astrocoenia
Distingueshed from the formation below by presence of large no. of granite pebbles in the gravels and conglomerates
Formed during third phase of marine transgression.
UNCONFORMITYUp. Albian – Turonian Uttatur Limestone, clays and Arenaceous
rocks
Stage lies on charnockites for the greater part
Lower part is made up of limestone beds, coral reefs and clays
Uncoiled ammonites are characteristic fossil formed during second phase of marine transgression
Schloenbachia Inflata, TurrilitesAcanthoceras ( all cephalopods)Rynchonella (brachiopod)Arca, Lima, Pelecypods
Few fragments of fishes, cycadeous woods, ostracods etc.
UNCONFORMITYAptian – Lo. Albian Dalmiapuram Subbaraman (1969)
Grey Shales and abundant pyrite, Marcasite crystals, tiny flakes of muscovite
Resulted by earliest Marine transgression
Ammonites, Smaller foraminifera, Ostrocods
UNCONFORMITY Tripati and Pavulur formation
BAGH BEDS:
- Marine Cretaceous rocks developed in the Narmada Valley- Covering an extensive area from Gwalior to Kathiawad- Consist of –
i) Sandstonesii) Shalesiii) Marliv) Impure Limestonesv) Some quartzites
- Lower part – Arenaceous, upper part – calcareous- Nimar Sandstones – Marked by fluorite bearing veins , Nodular Limestone – compact and light coloured- Deola Marls – brachiopods, cephalopods, gastropods, echinoids and fishes, Coralline Limestone – Red to yellow coloured, contains bryozoa
DECCAN TRAPS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
METAMORPHICS
bagh beds
upper
Coralline Limestone
Deola Marl
nodular Argillaceous Limestone
Lower
Nimar sandstones
DECCAN TRAPS:
- After the formation of bagh and lameta beds, towards the end of Mesozoic period, Indian peninsula was affected by massive volcanic activitities.
- Stupendous masses of lava and pyroclastic material ejected out.- Covered larger part of peninsula in southern, western and central part.- Flow occurred in the form of beds, obliterating the previous topography and converting the country into pleatues- Because of their tendency to form flat topped pleatue like features and their basaltic composition, they are termed as pleatue basalt.- Because of their stepped or terraced appearance, they are called deccan traps.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Eruption was mostly through fissures and the deccan traps are believed to be the result of fissure type of eruption. At some places, it was central type.
- Thickness : Lava flows generally occur in the form of horizontal sheets. Thickness ranges from 7 Mt. to 30 Mt. Maximum thickness of 3300 Mt. near Bombay
- Areal Extension: lava flows flooded several hundred thousand KMs of western, southern and central part of the country. Area = 3,20,000 Sq. Km. Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kutch, Kathiawar, Gujarat.
- Structure : Shows well developed columnar jointing caused by tensile stress, the result of contraction due to cooling. Columns are long and polygonal in shape. Step like appearance because of differential composition and weathering.
- Composition of Texture: Traps are basic rocks of basaltic composition and are dark colored or melanocratic rock. Little sign of differentiation between rocks, but in Girnar hills (kathiawad) and Pavagarh hills (Gujarat), it can be differentiated.Labradorite – 40 -50%Pyroxene – 30 – 40%Iron Oxide – 10 – 12%Orthoclase – 5 -7% Quartz – 2 – 5%
- Inter Trappean Beds : Volcanic eruption was not continous but episodic, hence no. of gaps were formed in the lava flows
Successive lava flows are separated from each other by sedimentary beds, which were formed under water containing valuable paleontological and paleobotnical data throwing light on the history of periods of quiesce which intervened b/w the volcanic outbursts.
In the long intervals b/w successive outbursts, some rivers originated and transported materials which were laid down in depressions.Thus fluvatile and lacustrine sediments of small horizontal extent and thickness were intercalated in the lava flows.
Helped in understanding the age of trap rocks. Esturine fauna found in an intertrappean bed in Kateru, A.P. is thought to have affinity with late cretaceous formation of trichinpoly
area in T.N.