Geometrie and Engineering Drawing

Third Edition

К. MORLING Graduate of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers

SI Units

ELSEVIER SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS

Contents

Preface Acknowledgements Introduction

Part 1 Geometric Drawing

1 Scales The Representative Fraction (RF) Plain Scales Diagonal Scales Proportional Scales Exercise 1

2 The Construction of Geometric Figures from Given Data The Triangle The Quadrilateral Polygons Exercise 2

3 Isometric Projection Conventional Isometric Projection (Isometric Drawing) Circles and Curves Drawn in Isometric Projection Exercise 3

4 The Construction of Circles to Satisfy Given Conditions The Greatest Invention of All Time Exercise 4

5 Tangency Exercise 5

6 Oblique Projection Circles and Curves in Oblique Projection Exercise 6

7 Enlarging and Reducing Plane Figures and Equivalent Areas Equivalent Areas Exercise 7

vi

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

The Blending of Lines and Curves Exercise 8

Loci Loci of Mechanisms Trammels Some Other Problems in Loci Exercise 9

Orthographic Projection (First Angle and Third Angle) Auxiliary Elevations and Auxiliary Plans Prisms and Pyramids Cylinders and Cones Sections Exercise 10

Conic Sections - the Ellipse, the Parabola, the Hyperbola The Ellipse The Parabola The Hyperbola Exercise 11

Intersection of Regular Solids Fillet Curves Exercise 12

Further Orthographic Projection The Straight Line The Inclined Plane The Oblique Plane Exercise 13

Developments Prisms Cylinders Pyramids Cones Exercise 14

Further Problems in Loci The Cycloid The Trochoid The Involute The Archimedean Spiral The Helix Exercise 15

Contents

91 97

103 105 107 109 112

117 122 125 130 135 141

149 150 156 159 161

165 178 179

185 185 191 193 196

201 201 204 208 212 216

221 221 224 225 228 229 232

Contents Vll

Freehand Sketching Pictorial Sketching Sketching in Orthographic Projection

Some More Problems Solved by Drawing Areas of Irregular Shapes Resolution of Forces Simple Cam Design Exercise 17

2 Engineering Drawing

Engineering Drawing Introduction Type of Projection Sections Screw Threads Dimensioning Conventional Representations Abbreviations Framing and Title Block Assembly Drawings Some Engineering Fastenings Three Worked Examples Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Exercise 18

Postscript - Planning a Design

235 236 240

245 245 247 254 258

263

265 265 265 266 272 279 284 289 290 294 294 301 303 304 307 310

337

Appendix A Sizes of Isometric Precision Hexagon Nuts, Bolts and Washers 339

Appendix В Sizes of Slotted and Castle Nuts with Metric Thread 341 Appendix С Representation of Threaded Fasteners 343