Georgia BCR 27

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A Plan for Monitoring Shorebirds During the Non-breeding Season inBird Monitoring Region Georgia - BCR 27

Prepared by: Sandy Chan,

Version *.*

2003

Updated 2008

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Table of Contents

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................3

Methods ...........................................................................................................................................5

Results - Shorebirds .......................................................................................................................7

Site Descriptions ..........................................................................................................................8Little Tybee Island Natural Heritage Preserve .........................................................................8

Wassaw NWR ...........................................................................................................................10

Ossabaw Island Natural Heritage Preserve ................................................................................12St. Catherines Island and St. Catherines Island Bar Natural Area ...........................................14

Blackbeard Island NWR and Sapelo Island ...............................................................................16

Site 1: Blackbeard Island NWR .............................................................................................17Site 2: Sapelo Island ..............................................................................................................19

Altamaha River Delta ...............................................................................................................21

Site 1: Wolf Island NWR .......................................................................................................23

Site 2: Little Egg Island Bar ...................................................................................................24

Site 3: Little St. Simons Island ............................................................................................26Jekyll Island ...............................................................................................................................28

Andrews Island ..........................................................................................................................30Cumberland Island National Seashore .......................................................................................32

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................34

References .....................................................................................................................................35

Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for integrated bird monitoring............................................3

Figure 2. Shorebird Planning and Bird Conservation Regions in Canada and the United

States...............................................................................................................................................4

Figure 3. PRISM sites in BCR 13, 14, 30, 27, and 31...............................................................5

Table 1. Focal shorebird species for BCR 27..............................................................................7

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Introduction

The bird conservation initiatives - waterbirds, waterfowl, shorebirds and landbirds - are

cooperating to design a comprehensive integrated bird monitoring (IBM) program for Canada

and the United States. The conceptual framework for IBM (Fig. 1) includes strong emphasis ondetecting species at risk and helping to protect them. These broad goals are achieved byestimating population trends and defining requirements for viable populations. These objectives

in turn are accomplished by population modeling based on population levels, demographic rates

and habitat information. Population trends are estimated by surveying breeding populationswhenever possible, and by surveying the species for which this is not feasible at other times of

year. Surveys of all species are made throughout the year to help identify and monitor use of

suitable habitat.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework for integrated bird monitoring.

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Most surveys in upland habitats are designed at a large spatial scale (e.g., southern

Canada and the United States) and do not require detailed information at the local level. Surveys

of wetland habitats, in contrast, must be carefully designed to insure that the habitat is wellcovered, and different methods may be needed in different environments. A series of regional

assessments is thus being prepared to help design the wetland surveys. Regions were formed by

intersecting a Bird Conservation Region (BCR) map with a Province and State map, deletingsmall polygons and smoothing the borders (Fig. 2). The resulting Bird Monitoring Regions can

be used to scale up results to either BCRs or Provinces and States.

Figure 2. Shorebird Planning and Bird Conservation Regions in Canada and the United States.

Adapted from: USFWS-U.S. Shorebird Plan and CWS-Canadian Shorebird Conservation Plan

The regional assessments summarize current information about wetland bird distribution,

abundance, habitat relationships and timing of use within the Region and identify informationneeded to design reliable monitoring programs. These needed pilot studies are then prioritized

by people concerned with monitoring birds in the region and a plan is developed to carry out the

work. Carrying out the pilot studies is expected to take 1-3 years. Long-term surveys will then beimplemented. Additional details are provided in Managers Monitoring Manual available at

http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/monmanual/techniques/shorebirdsnonbreedingsites.htm. More

information on regional progress can be found at the U.S. Shorebird Plans Regional

Conservation Plan website (http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird.htm.

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http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/monmanual/techniques/shorebirdsnonbreedingsites.htmhttp://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird.htmhttp://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird.htmhttp://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/monmanual/techniques/shorebirdsnonbreedingsites.htmhttp://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird.htm


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Methods

Focal wetland species of shorebirds were first identified. The initial list included allwetland species of shorebirds that are common or abundant at any time of year within the

Region, according to Brian Harrington and based largely upon data from the International

Shorebird Surveys (ISS). Sites in which any of the focal species are common or abundant at anytime of year were then identified using a list prepared for this project and supplemented by

information provided by birding guides, ornithologists and birders knowledgeable of the Region.

Most sites were single areas, such as a National Wildlife Refuge, but dispersed sites, such aslakes >10 ha, could also be identified.

Figure 3. PRISM sites in BCR 13, 14, 30, 27, and 31.

The

International Shorebird Survey (ISS) provided species numbers for some of the identified sites.The ISS is a volunteer based survey initiated in 1974 by Brian Harrington. Volunteers select

their survey sites and are given guidelines on census frequency and data collection for spring and

fall migration. The ISS guidelines ask volunteers to survey once every 10 days from April 1st toJune 10th for spring migration, and once every 10 days from July 11th to October 31st for fall

migration. ISS records provided the maximum counts recorded for species where the identified

site is also an ISS site.

Survey methods for sites include appropriate tide levels for surveys, if that information is

available. Tide levels for surveys are based on the advice of biologists and birders with

knowledge about the sites. Due to the different geography of the sites, different tide levels

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are recommended to concentrate the birds for a survey. While high tide at one site may bring in

birds that are spread out over an expansive area at low tide, high tide at another site may

completely cover the habitat or food resources and scatter the birds elsewhere. Therefore,different tide levels may be recommended for different sites.

Additional site information may also include information about visibility. Excellent/goodvisibility simply means that the birds can be seen without obstruction clearly enough to identify

to species, either by physically getting close enough or with a good scope or binoculars.

Maps showing land ownership, roads and wetlands were prepared for the region. Maps of

each site were also prepared and information useful in designing surveys for the focal species

was presented. The survey objective was assumed to be estimating the average number of birds

of each focal species present within the site during a specified interval. Up to three types ofhabitat were described for each focal species: Type 1 habitat, outlined in purple on the maps,

included regularly-used areas that should be sampled using a well-defined sampling plan. Type 2

habitat, which was outlined in red, included areas used sparingly by the focal species. Type 2

habitat is not surveyed as often or with rigorously defined methods, but is surveyed less formallyevery few years to document continued low use by the focal species. Type 3 habitat receives

virtually no use by the focal species during the study period and is not surveyed as part of themonitoring program. Requests, however, are circulated for any records of the focal species

occurring in substantial numbers in these areas.

A description of each site was prepared with the following headings:

Boundaries and ownership

Focal species using the site and timing of useLocation of type 1 and 2 habitat within the site

Access to the type 1 and 2 habitat and visibility of the birds

Past and current surveysPotential survey methods

Description

Selection biasMeasurement error and bias

Needed pilot studies

We assume for any survey that the study area and study period (within years) have beendefined. The goal of the survey was assumed to be estimating the trend, across several years, in

the average number of birds present during the study period. Bias means a long-term trend in the

ratio (number recorded)/(average number present). Selection bias ensues when some portion ofType 1 habitat has zero chance of being surveyed, usually due to access problems, and there is a

long-term trend in the proportion of birds using the non-sampled portion. Exclusion of some

Type 1 habitat does not necessarily cause selection bias because trends in the sampled areasmight be the same as trends in the non-sampled areas. Anytime some portion of Type 1 habitat

could not be included in the sampled areas, the potential for selection bias and ways to reduce it

were discussed. Measurement error means not detecting all birds present in the surveyed area at

the time of the survey. Measurement bias is a long term trend in the proportion of birds present at

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the time of the survey that are detected on the survey. Measurement error does not necessarily

cause measurement bias because the proportion of birds detected might not change through time.

Anytime measurement error was probable, its magnitude and probable stability through timewere discussed along with ways to reduce the proportion of birds missed on the surveys.

Results - Shorebirds

Table 1. Focal shorebird species for BCR 27

CODE SPECIES

BBPL Black-bellied Plover

SNPL Snowy Plover

WIPL Wilsons Plover

SEPL Semipalmated Plover

PIPL Piping Plover

KILL Killdeer AMOY American Oystercatcher

GRYE Greater Yellowlegs

LEYE Lesser Yellowlegs

SOSA Solitary Sandpiper

WILL Willet

SPSA Spotted Sandpiper

WHIM Whimbrel

LBCU Long-billed Curlew

MAGO Marbled Godwit

RUTU Ruddy Turnstone

REKN Red Knot

SAND Sanderling

SESA Semipalmated Sandpiper

LESA Least Sandpiper

DUNL Dunlin

SBDO Short-billed Dowitcher

COSN Common Snipe

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Site Descriptions

Little Tybee Island Natural Heritage Preserve

Description: Little Tybee Island Natural Heritage Preserve is owned and managed by theGeorgia Department of Natural Resources. Comprising 6,780 acres, Little Tybee is actually more

than twice the size of Tybee Island to the north. Its beach is as long as Tybee's (3.5 miles), but its

upland is half the size of Tybee's and encompasses 600 acres. Many shorebirds and seabirds usethe beaches as migratory stopovers or wintering habitat. Habitat on the island includes tidal

creeks, maritime forest, salt marsh, hammock and beach. The high-use shorebird area at this site

is the beachfront at the mouth of the southern break where Williamson and Myrtle Islands come

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together. Little Tybee is accessible only by boat and a local guide will be needed as the creeks

and shoals are difficult to maneuver.

Survey Method: Access is by boat. Ground surveys of the beaches.

Selection Bias: None as long as surveyor has access to a boat.

Measurement error: *

Measurement bias: *

Pilot Studies: None needed.

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Wassaw NWR

Description: Wassaw National Wildlife Refuge is located in Chatham County and lies 14 milessoutheast of Savannah, Georgia. A migratory bird refuge, it is composed of single barrier island

(Wassaw Island), tidal salt marsh, two barrier islands (collectively known as Little Wassaw

Island) and several small hammocks. The refuge includes seven miles of beach, live oak and

slash pine woodlands, and extensive salt marshes. The refuge is part of the Savannah CoastalRefuges complex, which is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Wassaw is only

accessible by boat and public access is allowed on the refuge.

High use shorebird areas are on the ocean front beach at the north and south ends. At high tide

most birds are on the north end with smaller numbers on the south end of the beach. Two other

shorebird areas in the refuge are the sound side of Pine Island and the mouth of Curtis Creek,

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inland from Pine Island. These two areas have large flats that are exposed at low tide and attract

many shorebirds, but they are not as accessible as the beach areas.

The most numerous species from ISS maximum count data are: BBPL (127), WIPL (46), SEPL

(822), PIPL (10), WILL (278), RUTU (75), REKN (1,000), SAND (569), SESA (723), LESA

(111), SBDO (356) and DUNL (1,137).

Survey Method: Access is by boat. Ground surveys of the beach at the north and south end of

the island during high tide. Most of the birds will be at the north end at high tide, with a smallernumber of birds at the south end.

There are two potential survey areas on the sound side of Pine Island and inland from Pine Island

at the mouth of Curtis Creek. These areas have large flats that are exposed at low tide, but theyare more difficult to get to than the beach survey areas.

Selection Bias: None.


Measurement bias: *

Pilot Studies: None.

Local Contacts: Peter Range, Savannah Coastal Refuges; Steve Calver, Biologist, U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers

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Ossabaw Island Natural Heritage Preserve

Description: Ossabaw Island is Georgias third largest barrier island, encompassing nearly

16,000 acres of tidal marsh and 9,000 acres of upland. Habitats include beaches and dunes,freshwater ponds, saltwater marshes, tidal creeks, one river, meadows and maritime forest.Ossabaw, Raccoon and the egg islands to the North are a Natural Heritage Preserve, owned and

managed by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. The Ossabaw Island Foundation

manages public use and education on the island. Ossabaw Island is dedicated to research andeducational purposes. High-use shorebird areas include the Northwest corner of the island, the

inlets along Middle Beach and especially the south end of Middle Beach. The island is only

accessible by boat and public access is limited.

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There are no ISS numbers available for this site.

Survey Methods: Access is by boat. Ground surveys of beaches.

Selection Bias: None as long surveyor has access to a boat.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Brad Winn, Non-game Wildlife Natural Heritage Section, Georgia DNR.

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St. Catherines Island and St. Catherines Island Bar Natural Area

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Description: St. Catherines Island is just off the mid-coast of Georgia between St. Catherines

Sound and Sapelo Sound. It is owned and managed by the non-profit St. Catherines IslandFoundation. The islands interior is used for scientific, literary, educational and charitable

purposes. About 14,640 acres, the island supports tidal marsh, wetland meadows and ponds.

There are also about 7,000 acres of upland, maritime forest. Sand beaches with two inlets borderthe oceanfront. The 10-mile coast of the island is used by thousands of migratory and resident

shorebirds each year. High-use shorebird areas include the south end of Middle Beach, both

shores of McQueens Inlet, the Southwest tip of the island and St. Catherines Island Bar.

Access: St. Catherines is only accessible by boat and public access to the interior of the island is

restricted. Contact Royce Hayes for permission to access the island. St. Catherines Island Bar is

owned and protected by the state and permission from Brad Winn at Georgia DNR is necessaryfor access to this site.

There are no ISS numbers available for this site.

Survey Methods: Access is by boat. Ground surveys on the beach.

Selection Bias: None as long as surveyor has access to a boat.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Royce Hayes, Manager, St. Catherines Island; Brad Winn, Non-game Wildlife

Natural Heritage Section, Georgia DNR.

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Blackbeard Island NWR and Sapelo Island

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Site 1: Blackbeard Island NWR

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Description: Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge is a barrier island located in McIntosh

County off the Georgia coast. It is one of seven refuges in the Savannah Coastal Refuges

Complex, administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Blackbeard encompasses 5,618acres of maritime forest, saltwater marsh, freshwater impoundments/marsh and sand beach.

Water levels at the impoundments are managed for shorebirds, waterfowl, wood storks and

wading birds. Three thousand acres of the refuge are designated as Wilderness Area. The refugeis only accessible by boat.

The shorebird hotspot on the island is located on the ocean shore beach near Cabretta Inlet. Mostnumerous species from ISS maximum count data are: BBPL (248), WIPL (56), SEPL (328),

LEYE (92), SPSA (38), WILL (297), RUTU (157), REKN (4,564), SAND (2,175), SBDO (114),

DUNL (811) and MAGO (54).

Survey Method: Access is by boat. Ground surveys at the beach near Cabretta Inlet from mid

tide to low tide.

Selection Bias: None


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: John Robinette and Peter Range, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Savannah

Coastal Refuges; Deb Barnard, Savannah Coastal Refuges.

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Site 2: Sapelo Island

Description: Sapelo Island is directly adjacent to Blackbeard and is the fourth largest of

Georgia's barrier islands. Sapelo Island consists of 17, 950 acres of forested upland, salt marsh,tidal creeks, beaches and dunes. Ownership of the island is divided among the R.J. Reynolds

Estate Wildlife Refuge, Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve (SINERR), the

University of Georgias Marine Institute and the private community of Hog Hammock. Theisland is accessible by boat and public access is coordinated by SINERR personnel, who conduct

tours to points of interest around the island.

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Shorebird survey areas are located on the ocean shoreline, at Nanny Goat Beach on the southern

end and up by Cabretta Inlet on the northern end. According Brad Winn, the beaches at Cabrettacomprise the main shorebird hotspot on the island. Doris Cohrs conducts weekly surveys at

Nanny Goat Beach for the ISS and believes Cabretta Inlet to be superior in terms of shorebird

use as well.

Access to Cabretta Inlet is by boat to Sapelo Island and then by sturdy vehicle out to the beach

area. As visitors to the island, Doris Cohrs and assistant volunteers rely upon SINERR to providetransportation to and from the island. They report that access to Cabretta is less straightforward.

Once on the island, it is possible to drive out to the Cabretta beach area, but road conditions can

be difficult at times.

Survey Method: According to Brad Winn, the beach at Cabretta should be surveyed from the

entrance of the main inlet down to a smaller inlet, located between Cabretta and Nanny Goat.

Ground surveys should be conducted at the beaches from mid to low tide.



Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Brad Winn, Georgia DNR; Doris Cohrs, ISS Cooperator.

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Altamaha River Delta

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Description: The Altamaha River Delta is the most important shorebird stopover and wintering

site in Georgia. The delta is a WHSRN site and includes sand spit and barrier islands to the north

and south. Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge, Little Egg Island Bar and Little St. SimonsIsland are all part of this complex. Prominent features include extensive barrier beaches, dunes,

maritime forest and salt marshes. The islands and their associated habitats offer exceptional

habitat for breeding/wintering birds; the surrounding waters and wetlands provide a readilyavailable food source. The area serves as a resting site for migrating shorebirds, waterbirds and

landbirds, including high concentrations of American Oystercatcher (migration/winter: 250), Red

Knot (migration 5,000), Dunlin (migration 1,500) and Piping Plover (migration/winter: 65).

There are three main survey areas within the Altamaha River Delta: Wolf Island, Little Egg

Island Bar and Little St. Simons Island.

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Site 1: Wolf Island NWR

Description: Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge is located 12 miles east of Darien, GA. The

refuge includes Wolf Island (4,519 acres), Egg Island (593 acres) and Little Egg Island (14acres). Over 75% of the refuges 5,126 acres are salt marsh. Wolf Island encompasses 4,219

acres of salt marsh with tidal creeks and 300 acres of scrub/shrub upland, including a four-milelong oceanfront beach. The refuge, part of the Savannah Coastal Refuges Complex, is managed

by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a bird sanctuary and also as a National Wilderness Area.

It is only accessible by boat and public access is not allowed.

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The high-use shorebird area on Wolf Island NWR is Wolf Islands ocean shore from the northern

spit on the island down to the Altamaha Sound. There are no ISS numbers for Wolf Island NWR.

Survey Method: Ground surveys should be conducted along the ocean shoreline, from the

northern spit to the Altamaha Sound, within a few hours of high tide. Surveyor(s) will need

permission from the USFWS to access the refuge.

Selection Bias: Access to the island needs to be arranged with USFWS. Once on the island,

however, all areas should be visible.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: John Robinette (912) 652-4415

Site 2: Little Egg Island Bar

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Description: Little Egg Island Bar is located to the East of the Egg islands and is owned and

managed by the State of Georgia as a protected site with restricted access. The bar encompasses

just 14 acres of salt marsh and it is completely submerged at high tide. Little Egg Island Bar is animportant roost site and the entire bar should be surveyed. There are no ISS numbers for this site.

Access to Little Egg Island bar is by boat.

Survey Method: Access to Little Egg Island Bar is by boat. Surveys should be conducted near

high tide when birds are roosting. Surveyor(s) will need permission from the State of Georgia to

access Little Egg Island Bar.

Selection Bias: Access to Little Egg Island Bar can prove difficult. Thus, selection bias is a

potential problem if this site cannot be surveyed from year to year.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Brad Winn, Georgia DNR

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Site 3: Little St. Simons Island

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Description: Little St. Simons Island is a privately owned 10,000-acre barrier island. It includes

maritime forest, marshes, tidal creeks, dunes and a seven-mile beach. The island is undeveloped

except for a small housing compound, which is operated as a low occupancy resort on the island.There are naturalists on staff at the resort and they have taken part in shorebird surveys for ISS.

The island is only accessible by boat.

The main survey areas are the northeast end of the island at Sancho Panza Beach and the north

end of Main Beach at the mouth of Bass Creek. Sancho Panza is located between the mouth of

Sancho Panza Creek and Bass Creek on the northeast end of Little St. Simon's. North MainBeach begins at Bass Creek Spit and extends southwards on the eastern shore of the island.

ISS records provided maximum count data for the following survey sites:

Bass Creek: BBPL (107), WIPL (142), SEPL (290), PIPL (42), WILL (28), WHIM (105), RUTU(140), REKN (8,000), SAND (600), SESA (30), LESA (40), SBDO (135), DUNL (450), and

MAGO (80);

Sancho Panza Beach and River Beach: BBPL (70), WIPL (65), SEPL (80), RUTU (120), REKN

(10,000), SAND (20), SBDO (50), DUNL (50), and MAGO (89).

Other survey areas include South Main Beach and Rainbow Beach. South Main extends furthersouth to the mouth of Mosquito Creek. Rainbow Beach is located on the southernmost tip of

Little St. Simon's, directly across from Pelican Spit.

Survey Methods: Access to Little St. Simons is by boat. Ground surveys at Sancho PanzaBeach and North Main Beach at the mouth of Bass Creek should be done at high tide. If staff

naturalists cannot be recruited to do the surveys then permission should be requested for

surveyors to access the island.

Selection Bias: None if staff naturalists do the shorebird surveys or if outside surveyors have

permission to access the island.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Brandon Noel, Island Staff Naturalist, Georgia Southern University; Brad

Winn, Georgia DNR.

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Jekyll Island

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Description: Jekyll Island is owned by the state of Georgia and managed by the Jekyll Island

State Park Authority. About one-third of the 5,000+ acre island is developed, mainly for

recreation and tourism, while the rest remains in its natural state. The island contains saltmarshes, tidal creeks, sand beaches and maritime forest. Jekyll Island is easily accessible by a

causeway connecting it to the mainland.

The survey area for shorebirds is the south end of the island at St. Andrews Beach. There are no

ISS numbers for Jekyll Island.

Survey Method: Ground surveys of the south point at St. Andrews Beach should be conducted

within a couple of hours of high tide.



Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts:

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Andrews Island

Description: Andrews Island is an U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dredge spoil disposal siteadjacent to the waterfront of downtown Brunswick, Georgia. The disposal area is surrounded by

a 20+ foot tall dike with water control structures to remove the water after the spoil has settled

out. The site is used as a feeding and resting area by a wide variety of local and migrating

species of a wide variety of families. When water is present, shorebirds, wading birds, and ducksare present in large numbers feeding on the invertebrates, which were introduced by dredging

and flies, and mosquitoes, which lay eggs in the water to use the rich nutrients. When water is

absent, many shorebirds use it as a resting area around high tide when their feeding areas outside

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are flooded. The land owner/managers are the Georgia Ports Authority and the U.S. Army Corps

of Engineers. The island is connected to the mainland by a causeway; however, access to the site

is limited by the Corps, Georgia Ports Authority, and Glynn County.

Survey Method: Ground surveys around the disposal area.

Selection Bias: None as long as surveyor has permission from the appropriate agencies to

access the spoil site.


Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: Mike Chapman, Coastal Georgia Audubon Society, IBA Nominator

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Cumberland Island National Seashore

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Description: Cumberland Island is the southernmost barrier island in Georgia, located between

the mouth of St. Andrew Sound and the Florida state line. It is approximately 18 miles long,

comprising over 36,000 acres, including 16,850 acres of marsh, mud flat and tidal creek. Theisland also supports maritime forest, sand beaches, inter-dune meadows and freshwater ponds.

Cumberland Island is a National Seashore unit of the National Park Service with designated

National Wilderness Area on the north half of the island. The island has private lands andholdings, but it is not developed and there is no connection to the mainland. Access to the island

is only by boat.

The shorebird survey area is the high tide roost site located on the southernmost spit of the

island. No ISS numbers are available for this site.

Survey Method: Access to the island is by boat. Permission to survey the area will need to bearranged in advance with the National Park Service. Ground surveys should be conducted at high

tide when shorebirds roost on the south end of the island.



Measurement bias: *


Local Contacts: John Fry, Resource Manager, National Park Service.

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the Georgia Important Bird Areas Program and its partners for the workthey have done in identifying IBAs and for sharing their information for use in this report.

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References

Canadian Wildlife Service. Canadian Shorebird Conservation Plan. Accessed August 2008.http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/mbc-com/default.asp?lang=en&n=D1610AB7 .

Georgia Department of Natural Resources Websitehttp://georgiawildlife.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaynavigation.asp?TopCategory=5

Lenz, R.J. 1999. Longstreet Highroad Guide to the Georgia Coast and Okefenokee. LongstreetPress. Sherpa Guides Online Website: http://sherpaguides.com/georgia/coast/outline.html

Sapelo Island National Estuary Research Reserve Website: http://www.sapelonerr.org

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. U.S. Shorebird Plan. Accessed August 2008.

http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird/RegionsMap.asp

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Refuge fact sheets:Blackbeard NWR

Wolf Island NWR
http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/mbc-com/default.asp?lang=en&n=D1610AB7http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird/RegionsMap.asphttp://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/mbc-com/default.asp?lang=en&n=D1610AB7http://www.fws.gov/shorebirdplan/RegionalShorebird/RegionsMap.asp

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