Georgia High School

Graduation Test Tutorial

World History from

World War I to World War II

Causes of World War I1. Balkan Nationalism

Causes of World War I2. Entangled Alliances

Causes of World War I

3. Militarism

• Arms races between nations

• Built up to intimidate other nations

• Russian army had over 1,000,000

• Germany and France had 900,000 each

Conditions on the Front in WWI

1. New Weapons Utilized

• Machine Guns

• Poison gas (Mustard Gas)

• Tanks

• Airplanes (Dog Fighting)

2. Trench Warfare

• “No Man’s Land”

• Disease and influenza

Effects of World War I Treaty of Versailles

-Establishment of League of Nations

-German reparations

• Mandate System –British and French

WWI - End of Empires

Hapsburg Dynasty (Germany & Austria)

Romanov’s

(Russian Czars)

Ottoman Empire

(Middle East)

Family of Czar Nicholas II –last of the Romanov Rulers of Russia

The Russian Revolution

1917—Workers revolt against the Czar --Bolsheviks take over Russia and begin a socialist system under Vladimir Lenin. Allied countries (Great Britain, France, Japan and the United States) send troops to support anti-communist forces, but communist forces eventually prevail.

The Soviet Union

1922 --Lenin establishes the Soviet Union (USSR)

The Rise of Joseph Stalin

1924—Lenin dies–Several leaders struggle for power including Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.

Eventually, Stalin seizes power and becomes a dictator over USSR—imposing a totalitarian state.

He begins a Five Year Plan to increase industrialization and collectivize agriculture in the Soviet Union.

The Red Scare

After the Russian Revolution, fear of a similar revolution in the United States by communists from Russia led to a period known as the Red Scare.

Attempted assassinations of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer and John D. Rockefeller led to the Palmer Raids—in which suspected communists were arrested and more than 500 immigrants deported.

This led to increase fear of immigrants and restrictions on immigration were passed by Congress.

New Leaders Emerge

In Italy, a new fascist government emerged in 1922 under Benito Mussolini. He rose to power using propaganda, brutality, and intimidation—promoting an ultra-nationalist Italy and himself as Il Duce (“the Leader”).

Fascism in Germany

In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party—better known as the Nazis.

He became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and eventually claimed the title Fuhrer (guide of Germany)and established himself as dictator over the Third Reich.

Leadership in Japan Japanese Emperor

Hirohito began his reign in Japan in 1926. He did not exercise absolute control over the government.

Instead, an army general, Hideki Tojo, assumed the role of Japan’s premier –leading it through World War II.

Authoritarian Government

and Totalitarianism

Authoritarian Government is ruled by a single person or party interested in political power.

Totalitarianism is a government which seeks to control not only political power, but the economy, culture, and social life.

These governments often use terror and fear--utilizing propaganda and controlling access to information such as the press and education. (Examples: Italy, Germany, & USSR)

Aggression in Asia

1931—Japan Invades Manchuria

Japan leaves the League of Nations

By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

German Expansion

Hitler begins rebuilding German military and marches troops into the Rhineland (lost in WWI)

Germany annexes Austria and claims parts of the Sudetenland

Great Britain and France pursue policy of appeasement—rather than challenge Hitler’s aggression

In 1939, Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on

Germany—thus beginning World War II

The Holocaust

Hitler’s policy of Nazi racism targeted Jewish people and fed on European anti-semitism

Hitler viewed Jews as a national enemy and began implementing his Final Solution—elimination of Jewish people by sending them to concentration camps as slave laborers and then executing them in gas chambers

The extermination of nearly 6 million Jews, as well as Gypsies, Slavs, and other people deemed undesirable came to be known as the Holocaust

World War II --1940

April, 1940--Germany Invades Denmark and Norway

May, 1940 – Germany takes control of Belgium, Netherlands, and France

July-October, 1940 – Battle of Britain, German planes bomb Britain in “blitzkriegs” (night air raids).

British Royal Air Force help fight off German air assault and prevent invasion.

Axis Powers

1940,Germany, Italy and Japan form an alliance known as the Axis Powers

US Neutrality before World War II

1935— Neutrality Act passed by Congress to stay out of European conflicts

1940 -- U.S. imposes embargo on Japan after its invasion of China

March, 1941– Congress passes

Lend-Lease Act to allow President Roosevelt to send aid to Great Britain

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

Dec. 7th 1941—Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

U.S. joins Allies in World War II

After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declares war on Japan and joins Allies (Great Britain, USSR, and French resistance) against the Axis Powers

Domestic Wartime Policies of US

Roosevelt establishes War Production Board –redirecting production of civilian consumer goods to war materials

Revenue for funding the war was generated through withholding income tax from paychecks and selling war bonds

The Government began rationing of resources—such as tires and food items

Women join domestic war effort

Many women filled industrial jobs that had been held by men who were sent overseas

A popular symbol of these women was Rosie the Riveter

Suspicion of Germans, Italians and

Japanese in U.S.

Since the U.S. was at war with these countries, suspicion of citizens with origins in Germany, Italy and Japan led to their removal to remote internment camps.

Allied Powers meet at Tehran

In 1943, leaders of the three major Allied Powers (Churchill—Britain, Roosevelt--US, Stalin-- USSR)

met in the Tehran Conference to discuss plans for defeating Germany

D-Day

At Tehran, the leaders planned an amphibious invasion of Normandy (occupied by Nazis) named Operation Overlord –headed by supreme allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Yalta Conference

Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in February, 1945 at the Yalta Conference to discuss plans of dividing up Europe anticipating the defeat of Germany

Germany was divided and most of Eastern Europe was controlled by the Soviet Union

The Potsdam Conference

The Allied leaders met after the defeat of Germany in July,1945 at the Potsdam Conferenceto discuss plans for defeating Japan and its unconditional surrender

President Truman (who succeeded Roosevelt after his death) learned of the successful tests of the Atomic bomb while at the conference

The Atomic Bomb

Led by Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project successfully produced two Atomic bombs at Los Alamos, New Mexico (called Fat Man and Little Boy)

On August 6th, 1945 a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Three days later, a second bomb exploded over Nagasaki

Japan surrendered on August 14th, 1945—thus ending World War II and beginning the Atomic Age