Presented by:
Steve Cavanaugh, PEPrincipal in Charge, Georgia Water Loss Program
Member IWA, Water Loss Specialist Group
Member, Georgia Water Loss Control Committee
Outreach Chair, AWWA Water Loss Control Committee
Co-author:
Jason BodwellGeorgia Environmental Finance Authority
Georgia Statewide Water Loss Program
Timeline
2008-2010
Severe Drought in Georgia…
Water Stewardship Act of 2010
requires annual water loss
audits
March 2012
Large water systems submit
first AWWA water loss audit
2012-13
State hires experts to
provide free 10-month training to small utilities
on water auditing; small systems submit their first audits
(Phase 1)
Early 2013
State commissions
3rd party validation for
all audits (large and small systems)
Late 2013 & 2014
State provides free technical assistance to small utilities for water loss
field work
(Phase 2, 2A)
10
Landscape of Water Loss Auditing, Reporting & Performance Targets
WA
OR
TX
WI
MN
IL INWV
MDPA
NH
TN
GA
FL
CA
NM
MOKY
VA
NC
SC
NY
Requirements or References to AWWA M36 Methodology for Water Auditing & Loss Control
WA
OR
TX
WI
MN
IL INWV
MDPA NJ
MANH
TN
GA
FL
CA
NM
MOKY
VA
NC
SC
NY
DE
RealLosses
ApparentLosses
UnbilledAuthorized
Consumption
BilledAuthorized
Consumption
Non-Revenue
Water
RevenueWater
Leakage & Overflows at Storage
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Water Exported
Leakage on Service Lines
Leakage on Mains
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
WaterImported
OwnSources
TotalSystemInput
( allowfor
knownerrors )
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
WaterExported
WaterSupplied
IWA/AWWA Standard Water Balance
16
2003
Inconsistent use and
interpretation
Unreliable indicator of
performance
Fails to segregate loss into
its components for effective
management
17
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
22%
24%
26%
28%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
MG
DWater Loss as a Percentage of Supply is not an Indicator of Performance
Water Supplied (MGD)
Authorized Consumption (MGD)
Water Loss (MGD)
Water Loss (Percent of Supply)
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year: 2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Data Validity Score: 77
Water Exported
5,484.580
Billed Metered Consumption (water
exported is removed)Revenue Water
49,907.000
Own SourcesAuthorized
Consumption49,907.000 Billed Unmetered Consumption 49,907.000
0.000
51,866.000 Unbilled Metered Consumption
0.000
86,113.080 1,959.000 Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
1,959.000
Water Supplied Unauthorized Consumption 30,721.500
Apparent Losses 2,425.500
80,628.500 7,495.000 Customer Metering Inaccuracies
1,490.200
Systematic Data Handling Errors
Water Losses 3,579.300
Water Imported 28,762.500Leakage on Transmission and/or
Distribution Mains
Real Losses Not broken down
0.00021,267.500
Leakage and Overflows at Utility's Storage
Tanks
Not broken down
Leakage on Service ConnectionsNot broken down
AWWA Free Water Audit Software: Water Balance
Non-Revenue Water
(NRW)
Billed Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption
(Adjusted for
known errors)
Billed Water Exported
Philadelphia Water Department
WAS v5.0
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department
Reporting Year:
System Attributes:
Apparent Losses: 7,495.000 MG/Yr
+ Real Losses: 21,267.500 MG/Yr
= Water Losses: 28,762.500 MG/Yr
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 2,497.30 MG/Yr
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $54,788,450
Annual cost of Real Losses: $7,368,338 Valued at Variable Production Cost
Performance Indicators:
Non-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 38.1%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 25.2% Real Losses valued at Variable Production Cost
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 38.95 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day: 110.52 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 1.70 gallons/connection/day/psi
From Above, Real Losses = Current Annual Real Losses (CARL): 21,267.50 million gallons/year
8.52
* This performance indicator applies for systems with a low service connection density of less than 32 service connections/mile of pipeline
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [CARL/UARL]:
2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Return to Reporting Worksheet to change this assumpiton
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
System Attributes and Performance Indicators
*** YOUR WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE IS: 77 out of 100 ***
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?
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
WAS v5.0
Financial:
Operational Efficiency:
AWWA Tools for Water Loss Control
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
Master Meter Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:
Volume from own sources: 5 1,000.000 MG/Yr 1 MG/Yr
Water imported: MG/Yr MG/Yr
Water exported: 1 100.000 MG/Yr 9 MG/Yr
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 825.000 MG/Yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: 8 700.000 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: 9 50.000 MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 9 10.313 MG/Yr 1.25% MG/Yr24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 760.313 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 64.688 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 10 3.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 7.071 MG/Yr 1.00% MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 4 5.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 15.071 MG/Yr
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 49.617 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 64.688 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 75.000 MG/Yr
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 7 100.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 6 1,000
Service connection density: 10 conn./mile main
Yes
Average length of customer service line: ft
Average operating pressure: 6 60.0 psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 5 $1,000,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 7 $3.50
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 7 $3,000.00 $/Million gallons
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Customer metering inaccuracies
3: Total annual cost of operating water system
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
$/1000 gallons (US)
100.000
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->
Unauthorized consumption volume entered is greater than the recommended default value
5.000
*** YOUR SCORE IS: 60 out of 100 ***
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score
100.000
3.000
25.000
Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied
Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
Reporting Worksheet
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
1.000
2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Northern San Leandro Combined Water Sewer Storm Utility District (0007900)
?
?
?
?
?
? Click to access definition
?
?
?
?
?
?
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
?
?
?
?
?
?
(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water
suppliedOR
value
?Click here:
for help using option buttons below
?
?
?
?
+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
?
?
?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
?
To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.
AWWA Free Water Audit Software
Water Audit Report for:
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
Master Meter Error Adjustments
WATER SUPPLIED Pcnt: Value:
Volume from own sources: 5 1,000.000 MG/Yr 1 MG/Yr
Water imported: MG/Yr MG/Yr
Water exported: 1 100.000 MG/Yr 9 MG/Yr
Enter negative % or value for under-registration
WATER SUPPLIED: 825.000 MG/Yr Enter positive % or value for over-registration.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
Billed metered: 8 700.000 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: 9 50.000 MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 9 10.313 MG/Yr 1.25% MG/Yr24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 760.313 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 64.688 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 10 3.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Customer metering inaccuracies: 5 7.071 MG/Yr 1.00% MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 4 5.000 MG/Yr 0.25% MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 15.071 MG/Yr
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)
Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 49.617 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 64.688 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATER
NON-REVENUE WATER: 75.000 MG/Yr
= Water Losses + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 7 100.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 6 1,000
Service connection density: 10 conn./mile main
Yes
Average length of customer service line: ft
Average operating pressure: 6 60.0 psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 5 $1,000,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 7 $3.50
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 7 $3,000.00 $/Million gallons
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Customer metering inaccuracies
3: Total annual cost of operating water system
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
$/1000 gallons (US)
100.000
<----------- Enter grading in column 'E' and 'J' ---------->
Unauthorized consumption volume entered is greater than the recommended default value
5.000
*** YOUR SCORE IS: 60 out of 100 ***
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score
100.000
3.000
25.000
Average length of customer service line has been set to zero and a data grading score of 10 has been applied
Are customer meters typically located at the curbstop or property line?
AWWA Free Water Audit Software:
Reporting Worksheet
Default option selected for Unbilled unmetered - a grading of 5 is applied but not displayed
1.000
2013 1/2013 - 12/2013
Northern San Leandro Combined Water Sewer Storm Utility District (0007900)
?
?
?
?
?
? Click to access definition
?
?
?
?
?
?
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (n/a or 1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
?
?
?
?
?
?
(length of service line, beyond the property boundary, that is the responsibility of the utility)
Use buttons to selectpercentage of water
suppliedOR
value
?Click here:
for help using option buttons below
?
?
?
?
+
+ Click to add a comment
WAS v5.0
+
+
+
+
+
+
American Water Works Association.Copyright © 2014, All Rights Reserved.
?
?
?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Use Customer Retail Unit Cost to value real losses
?
To select the correct data grading for each input, determine the highest grade where the utility meets or exceeds all criteria for that grade and all grades below it.
Defaults provided
Free
awwa.org/waterlosscontrol
Industry Standard
(M36)
~10 Volume Inputs
~7 System Data Inputs
26
Water Audit Training –Phase 1 Program Overview
Kickoff Webinar& Workshop Round 1:
Fundamentals
Homework Step 1:
Practice Audit
Workshop Round 2:
Reinforce & Next Steps
Homework Step 2:
Launch Data Protocols &
Monthly Team Meetings
Workshop Round 3:
Reinforcement & Continuous Improvement
Homework Step 3:
Final Validation
with Trainers:
Program Completion
Submittal of Validated
2012 Audit
JUN
2012
JULY
2012
AUG
2012
SEPT - DEC
2012
JAN - FEB
2013
FEB
2013
MARCH
2013
Utility Feedback: Discoveries
“Massive amounts of “unbilled” usage”
“Found accounts being metered and billed in different units (gallons vs. CCF)”
“Water meters are our cash registers and our cash registers need to be functioning properly”
“Discovered production numbers were significantly off, even though they were “calibrating” the production meters”
Utility Feedback: Some of the Biggest Surprises
“Amount of money we do not collect”
“Impact of water loss on finances”
“Apparent vs Real Loss - didn't realize how much could be lost through faulty meters.”
“The more money/water will find, the less we may need to borrow for capital projects”
“Performing the audit was easier than we originally thought.”
31
Critical Importance of ValidationCalifornia
Texas
Georgia:
Database of 230 Utilities Number of Audits (est)
Erroneous Units 15
Negative Water Supplied 4
Negative Water Loss 6
>100% Water Loss 3
ILI <0.5 30
2,046
34%
130
35%
230
25%
32
Critical Importance of Validation
• Quality control for input errors
• Verification of data grading
• Uniform adherence to grading matrix definitions
• Consistent definitions and calculations
Small Water Systems Technical Assistance –Leak Detection
Utility
#
Utility Total
Miles of
Main in
the
system
Actual
Miles
Surveyed
# of
Leaks
Found
Total
Estimated
Leak Water
Loss (gpm)
Leak Type
1 Butler 44 30 3 21 fire hydrant
2 Byron 50 30 2 4 valve; service (svc) connection
3 Cochran 62 29 2 7 fire hydrant
4 Vienna 77 25 2 7 fire hydrant; valve
5 McRae 43 28 1 3 fire hydrant
6 Sylvester 76 30 6 28 fire hydrant; svc connection; main
7 Adel 74 30 4 14 fire hydrant; svc connection
8 Swainsboro 96 30 10 42 fire hydrant; svc connection; main
9 Rincon 65 30 3 10 fire hydrant; svc connection; main
10 Walthourville 30 27 1 3 fire hydrant
11 Savannah 54 22 2 4 fire hydrant; svc connection
Total: 671 311 36 143
Utility
#
Utility Total
Miles of
Main in
the
system
Actual
Miles
Surveyed
# of
Leaks
Found
Total
Estimated
Leak Water
Loss (gpm)
Leak Type
1 Blue Ridge 100 30 3 21 main; svc connection; meter
2 Clarkesville 50 30 4 22 main; svc connection; meter; valve
3 Cornelia 47 30 11 70 hydrant; main; svc; meter; valve
4 Clayton 153 30 12 46 hydrant; main; svc; meter; valve
5 Commerce 125 30 8 38 hydrant; main; meter; svc connection
6 Towns County 400 60 6 21.5 hydrant; svc connection
7 Washington 115 30 5 28 blow-off; hydrant; svc connection
8 Cave Spring 87 30 7 35 hydrant; svc connection
9 Heard County 400 60 7 23 svc connection
10 Madison 84 30 9 35 hydrant; main; meter; svc connection
11 Palmetto 35 30 5 16 hydrant; svc connection
12 Tallapoosa 40 30 5 13 main; valve; svc connection
Total: 1,636 420 82 369
Small Water Systems Technical Assistance –Phase II Project Summary
Production costs include chemical and energy
costs – often times these are forgotten
Phase II Technical Assistance –Customer Meter Testing (CMT)
66
91
4440
16
47
6 4
0102030405060708090
100
Displacement Compound/Fireline/Ultrasonic
CMT Global Statistics Summary
total # meters Pass Fail N/A
54%40%
6%
Customer Meter Testing
FAIL
UNTESTABLE
PASS
39
7
19
2
11
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
FWMFV Global Statistics Summary
total # meters
Pass
Fail
Inconclusive
total # meters not tested18%
49%
33%
Finished Water Meter Flow Verification
Phase II Technical Assistance –Finished Water Meter Testing
FAIL
UNTESTABLE
PASS
44
Phase 1
Establish Annual M36 Water Auditing
Achieve Minimum Standard of Audit
Reliability
Manage Water Loss Performance for Long-
Term Reduction
Phase 2 Phase 3
Require-ment
Outreach
Training & Tech Asst
Data Manage-
ment
Validation
Certification
Benchmarking
Compliance
Statewide Data Validity
Statewide Water Loss
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7
Resource Management Grade C Resource Management Grade B Resource Management Grade A
Implement established
requirement for annual M36
Water Audits
Educate Regulatory
Community on M36 Method
and appropriate use of
performance indicators
Establish Statewide Water
Loss Control Committee
Develop State Manual and
Training Framework
Provide extended, progressive
training to utilities (funded)
Develop and implement data management system
Establish posting system and communication protocols
Establish minimum standards of validation for quality assurance
Determine by Agency or 3rd Party
Establish validation program until certification program is in place
Design and implement a Certified Water Audit program for sustained quality control
Statewide Water Loss Control Committee administers certification of individuals
Suite of Performance and Process Measures
System specific improvement over time in a cost-effective manner
No universal targets
Excessive thresholds established
Annual audit submission threshold exceedances
System specific progress review at permit renewals and extensions
Statewide Water Loss Management Program – Model Implementation
Jason BodwellGeorgia Environmental Finance Authority
Lebone Moeti, PhDGeorgia Environmental Protection Division
Brian Skeens, PECH2M HILL
Will Jernigan, PE - Cavanaugh
Acknowledgements