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Geothermal Energy
Patrick (Pat) LaneyIdaho National Laboratory
Utah Geothermal Power Generation Workshop
August 17, 2005
Oceanic crust: depth of 0-10 kmThe oceanic ridge system, a 40,000 km network of volcanoes, generates new oceanic crust at the rate of 17 km3 per year
Continental crust: depth of 0-75 kmThe outer part of the Earth composed essentially of crystalline rocks. These are low-density buoyant minerals dominated mostly by quartz and feldspars. We refer to this rigid outer shell as the lithosphere (the rocky or strong layer).
The Big Picture – Geothermal 101
The “Ring of Fire”
Where Are We Likely To Encounter High Subsurface Temperatures?
3km
4km
5km
6km
10km
Estimated temperatures at various depths from
9,800 - 32,800 ft. (3 - 10km)
The Geothermal Water Cycle
How Do You Find Geothermal Resources ?Early resources were found primarily by:
• Visual observations of existing springs & thermal features
• Elevated temperatures in shallow domestic and industrial wells
Yellowstone National Park
Firehole River Yellowstone National Park
Artesian Geothermal Well
Finding Geothermal Resources
-117.94 -117.92 -117.90 -117.88 -117.86 -117.84 -117.82
39.92
39.93
39.94
39.95
39.96
39.97
39.98
39.99
40.00
Dixie Valley
Stillwater Range
Shallow TG W ell
Deep TG W ell
Steam W ell
Other Deep W ells
36-14 & 62A-23
DVPP/OXBOWThermal Gradients °C/Km
W ELL INDEX
Range bounding fault
DVPP Lease
Alteration Zones
Senator Fumaroles
Oxbow FieldLandslide
Section 10/15 Fumaroles
Section 7 producers
Section 18 Injectors
Section 33Producers
Section 5Injectors
82-5
62-21
62A-23
36-14
66-21
45-14
1 k m
Cottonwood Creek
53-15
76-28
Field reconnaissance and geologic mapping were
responsible for early discoveries
Many early exploration techniques from petroleum exploration were
incorporated
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000
DISTANCE, FEET
-25000
-20000
-15000
-10000
-5000
0
DE
PT
H,
FE
ET
TERTIARY BASALTS & TUFFS
O ne Fa ult
Se na to r Fum a ro le s
BASEMENT
N o V ertica l E xaggeration
( )
VALLEY FILL
?
Majority oftopographicoffset here
Majority of valleyoffset here
N W S E
Finding Geothermal Resources
Modeling Seismic Surveys InSAR
• Satellite Imagery
• Gravity Surveys
• Seismic Surveys
• Geochemical Surveys
• Modeling
Current exploration practices include a wide array of physical and remote sensing measurements including:
• Multispectral imaging
• Soil mapping
• Geothermometry• Vegetation mapping
• InSAR
Finding Geothermal Resources
You Have To
Drill !
G A 0 2 - 5 0 6 8 3 - 2 4
Generator
Iso-Butane
ProductionWell
InjectionWellGeothermal Zone
Water
Heat Exchanger
Air and Water Vapor
Air
Pump
Air
Water
CoolBrine
Condenser
Geothermal Electrical Power
• Dry Steam• Flash Steam• Binary
Environmentally FriendlyG A 0 2 - 5 0 6 8 3 - 2 2
Generator
Steam
ProductionWell
InjectionWellGeothermal Zone
Waste Brine
Water
Air and Water Vapor
Air
DirectHeatUses
Air
“As we know, there are known knowns. There are things we know we know. We also know
there are known unknowns. This is to say, we know there are
some things we do not know. But there are also unknown
unknowns, the ones we don’t know we don’t know.”
Donald Rumsfeld