Geriatrics Week 1

8/8/2019 Geriatrics Week 1

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MEDICAL SURGICAL 3

GERONTOLOGIC NURSING

PREPARED BY:

CAROLINE V. SAN DIEGO


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TERMINOLOGIESGERONTOLOGY

OLD

GERIATRICS

SOCIAL GERONTOLOGY

GEROPSYCHOLOGY

GEROPHARMACOLOGY

FINANCIAL GERONTOLOGY


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TERMINOLOGIES

GERONTOLOGICAL

REHABILITATION NURSING

GERONTOLOCICAL NURSING


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ROLES OF G. NURSE

1. PROVIDER OF CARE (ROLE OF

CAREGIVER)

2. TEACHER

3. MANAGER

4. ADVOCATE

5. RESEARCH CONSUMER

TERMINOLOGIES


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THEORIES OF AGINGI. Biologic Theories

Stochastic

Non-stochastic

II. Sociologic Theories

III.Psychologic Theories

IV.Moral/Spiritual Theories


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BIOLOGIC THEORIES

concerned with answering basic

questions regarding the physiologic

processes that occur in all living

organisms as they chronologically age


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Biologic Theories

View aging as occurring from molecular,

cellular or even to a systems point of view

The decreasing function of an organism

may lead to a complete failure of an

either an organ or an entire system.


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Biologic Theories All organs in any one organism do not

age at the same rate and any single

organ, does not necessarily age at the

same rate in different individuals of the

same species.


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FOCI OF BIOLOGIC

THEORIESa. Deleterious effects leading to decreasing

function of the organism

b. Gradually occurring age-related

changes that are progressive overtime

c. Intrinsic changes that can affect all

members of a species because of

chronologic age


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STOCHASTIC THEORIES Explains aging as events that occur

randomly and accumulate overtime.

Subdivisions:

1. Error theory

2. Free Radical theory

3. Wear and Tear theory

4. Cross-linkage theory


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1. Error theory

Based on the idea that errors can occur in

the transcription in any step in the protein

synthesis of DNA and this eventually leadsto aging or the actual death of a cell

therefore systems will no longer function at

the optimum level.


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2. Free Radical Theory

Byproducts of metabolism

When these byproducts accumulate (as a

result of environmental pollutant) theydamage the cell membrane which decreases

its efficiency


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3. Wear and Tear Theory

Organs and tissues have a preprogrammed

amount of available energy and wear out the

allotted energy is expended which eventuallylead to the death of the entire organism

Death occurs because a worn out tissue

cannot forever renew itself


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4. Cross-linkage Theory

With age, some proteins become increasingly

cross-linked or enmeshed and may impede

metabolic processes by obstructing the

passage of nutrients and wastes between theintracellular and extracellular

compartments

As person ages and the immune system

becomes less efficient, the bodys defensemechanism cannot remove the cross-linking

agent before it become securely established


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NONSTOCHASTIC

THEORIES View aging as predetermined, timed

phenomena

Subdivisions:

1. Programmed theory

2. Gene / Biological clock theory

3. Neuroendocrine theory

4. Immunological theory


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1. Programmed Theory

As people age ,cells start to decide to

commit suicide or stop dividing

Hayflick limit theory-fibroblastreplicate senescence

Normal cells divide a limited number of

times

Cumulative effect of improper

functioning of cells and eventual loss of


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Cont. cells in organs and tissues are responsible

for the aging phenomenon

II.Gene / Biological Clock Theory

- Explains that each cell or the entire

organism has genetically programmed

aging code that is stored in the organisms

DNA.


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III. Neuroandocrine theory

- Theory describe a change in hormonesecretion, releasing hormones of the

hypothalamus and the stimulating hormones of

pituitary gland.


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2. Immunity Theory

As the person ages, the immune system

functions less effectively and this

predisposes the individual more

vulnerable to the disease

Immunosenscence= age-related

decrease in immune system function


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EMERGING THEORIES OF

AGING NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL

METABOLIC THEORY

DNA RELATED RESEARCH


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Neuroendocrine Control or

Pacemaker Theory The neuro-endocrine system controls

many essential activities with regard to

growth and development

Scientists are studying the roles that the

hypothalamus and the hormones DHEA

and Melatonin play in the aging process


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Metabolic theory of aging /

Caloric Restriction All organisms have a finite metabolic

lifetime and the organisms with a higher

metabolic rate have a shorter lifespan


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SOCIOLOGIC THEORIES Focused on the roles and relationships

within which individuals engage in later

life


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Subdivisions: Disengagement Theory

Developmental Task Theory

Continuity Theory

Age Stratification Theory

Person-Environment Fit Theory


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Disengagement Theory Older adults preferred to withdraw from

society and to voluntarily decrease their

interactions with others and the society

supports this withdrawal


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Activity/Developmental Task

Theory Activity is necessary to maintain a

persons life satisfaction and positive self-

concept

3 assumptions

It is better to be active than inactive

It is better to be happy than unhappy

An older individual is the best judge of

his/her own success in achieving the first 2

assumptions


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Continuity Theory

Therefore: as people age, they try to

maintain or continue previous habits,

preferences, commitments, values, beliefs

and all of the factors that have

contributed to their personalities


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Age Stratification Theory

Views the aging person as an individual

element of society and also as a member ,

with peers interacting in a social process


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Person-Environment Fit Theory

Each individual has personal

competencies that assist the person in

dealing with the environment. These

competencies (ego strength, motor skills,

individual biologic health, cognitive and

sensory perceptual capacities) may

change with aging, thus affecting olderpersons ability to interrelate with the

environment


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PSYCHOLOGIC THEORIES Maslows Hierarchy of Human Needs

Jungs Theory of Individualism

Ericksons Theory


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Maslows Hierarchy of Human

Needs

Human motivation is viewed as a

hierarchy of needs that are critical to the

growth and development of all people.

Individuals are viewed as active

participants in life, striving for self-

actualization


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Jungs Theory of Individualism

Development is viewed as occurring

throughout adulthood, with self-

actualization as the goal of personalitydevelopment.

As an individual ages, he or she is

capable of transforming into a morespiritual being


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Ericksons Eight Stages of Life

All people experience 8 psychosocial

stages of a lifetime

Each stage represents a crisis, where the

goal is to integrate physical prepares

maturation and psychosocial demands

At each stage, the person has the

opportunity to resolve the crisis


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Ericksons Eight Stages of Life

Successful mastery prepares an

individual for continued development

Individuals always have within

themselves an opportunity to rework a

previous psychosocial stage into a more

successful outcome


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Peeks Expansion of Ericksons

Theory 7 Development Tasks are identified as

occurring during Ericksons final two

stages

The final three of these developmental

tasks identified for old ages:


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The Final Three Of These

Developmental Tasks Identified

For Old Ages:

Ego differentiation vs work

preoccupation

Body transcendence vs body

preoccupation

Ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation


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Ego Transcendence Vs Ego

Preoccupation Involves acceptance of the individuals

eventual death without dwelling on the

prospect of it


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Selective Optimization with

Compensation Physical capacity diminishes with age. An

individual who ages successfully

compensates for these deficits throughselection, optimization and compensation


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MORAL/SPIRITUAL

THEORIES Examine how an individual seeks to

explain and validate his/her existence

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Geriatrics Week 1

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