This project has been made possible through the generous support of the GermanFederalEnvironmentalFounda1on(Deutsche
Bundess18ungUmwelt/DBU) and the S18ungMercator. Addi8onal support for this project was made available by Mr.Amir
Roughani, Ambassador for the WorldFutureCouncil.
Makingsocietiesmoreresilient!THE ROLE OF RENEWABLES IN COVID19 RECOVERY PACKAGES
PolicyBrieffortheGlobalRenewableCongress
Author
Dr.DavidJacobs,IET–InternationalEnergyTransitionGmbH
Contributors
AnnaLeidreiter,WorldFutureCouncil
AnnaSkowron,WorldFutureCouncil
StefanSchurig,WorldFutureCouncil
CommissionedbytheWorldFutureCouncilDesignedbyNicoScagliariniMay2020Coverimage:AlekseyKuprikov/Pexels
Global Renewables Congress, c/o World Future Council, Dorotheenstr. 15, 22301 Hamburg, Germany Tel.: +49 40 30 70 914-20 • www.renewablescongress.org • [email protected] • twiYer @rescongress 1
Table of Contents
1.TheCoronaCrisis:AnOpportunitytoFast-TracktheGlobalEnergyTransition 3
2.EnergizingRecoveryPackages 3
2.1.ScalingUpRenewableEnergyDeployment 4
2.2.IncentivizeEmergingTechnologies 4
2.3.IncreaseREtargetstoAvoidStop-and-goCycles 4
2.4.De-RiskingofREPolicies 5
2.5.LeveragingCentralBanks´tools 5
2.6.Sector-speci\icMeasuresforRapidREDeployment 5
2.6.1.CrossSectoral 6
2.6.2.InfrastructureInvestment 6
2.6.3.REinElectricity 6
2.6.4.REinHeatingandCooling 6
2.6.5.REinTransport 7
3.Makingoursocietiesmoreresilient-theBeneQitsofRenewablesinthePostCoronaWorld
7
3.1.LessAirPollutionandUnburdeningtheHealthSystems 8
3.2.RenewablesCreatemoreJobsthanFossilFuels 8
3.3.ResilientandSecureEnergySupply 9
3.4.StrengtheningLocalCommunitiesandCreateLocalValue 9
4.Phasing-outFossilFuelsandReducingSubsidies 10
4.1.Strengthenphase-outPoliciesforFossilFuels 10
4.2.AnOpportunitytoReduceFossilFuelSubsidiesnow 10
5.ListofReferences 11
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1. The Corona Crisis: An Opportunity to Fast-Track the Global
Energy Transi\on
FacingtheglobalCOVID-19crisis,humanityisdealingwithanunprecedentedchallenge.Nexttosevereimpactsfor the health system,we are confrontedwith the biggest economic collapse since the GreatDepression. Thenational and international recoveryprogramswillbe larger than those seenafter theglobal \inancial crisis in2008.Theywilldetermineourinfrastructurefordecadestocome.
Therefore, it is crucial to combine upcoming recovery programs and the following recovery plans with zerocarbondevelopmentplansandgreendeals.Weneed tobuildaneconomyandasociety that ismoreresilient,moreinclusive,morerenewableandhealthier,improvingthewayoflifeofallcitizensaroundtheglobe.Insteadof managing acute symptoms of the crisis, government should develop a longer-term vision when designingCOVID19recoveryprograms–withrenewableenergiesatthecore.Thiscrisisisanopportunityforfast-trackingtheglobalenergytransition.
Many government recovery packages after the global economic crisis in 2008were labeled “green”. However,from an emissions point of view, the recovery from the 2008 global \inancial crisis was energy and carbonintensive.CO2emissionsdeclinedby400milliontonnes in2009,butreboundedby1.7billiontonnes in2010(IEA2020) .Wedon’thavetimetorepeatthismistakeonceagain.1
Inaddition,manycountrieshavealreadysetupstimuluspackagesforeconomicrecovery .However,manyofthe2
leastdevelopedcountriesmightlack\inancialstrengthtosetupnationalrecoveryprograms.Only29outof69countries with per-capita GDP of $10,000 or less have established ambitious stimulus packages . Therefore,3
internationalsupportwillbecrucialforthosecountries.
2. Energizing Recovery Packages
Renewableenergysourcesmustbethebackboneof thefuturedecarbonizedsystem.By2050,renewableswillneed to provide almost all electricityworld-wide, comparedwith about 26% today. Looking at total primaryenergysupply, the shareof renewableswillneed to increase from14%today toaround65% in2050 (IRENA2020)tomeetgovernments´commitmentsmadeintheParisAgreement.Thetransitiontowardsadecarbonizedglobalenergysystemwillrequiremassiveinvestmentsintheenergysector,totalingUSD110trillionby2050or2% of global gross domestic product (GDP) per year. Therefore, it is clear that renewables need to be thebackboneofallgreenrecoverypackageandrecoveryplans.Energyinfrastructurefortomorrowneedstobebuilttoday. Power plants can operate for 40 years or more. Therefore, it is crucial to make the right investmentdecisionnow.
https://www.iea.org/commentaries/what-the-2008-financial-crisis-can-teach-us-about-designing-stimulus-packages-today 1
In Germany, for instance, they amount to more than 20% of the national GDP.2
Meaning stimulus packages amounting to 1% of the national GDP. Source: https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-3
Responses-to-COVID-19
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2.1ScalingUpRenewableEnergyDeploymentTheeasiestway toprovidesocio-economicstimuluswithrenewables is to scaleupexistingrenewableenergypolicies. Governments around the world can increase procurement levels, increase funding in terms of \iscalstimulusortaxincentives.Therecoverypackagesfollowingtheglobal\inancialcrisisin2008contributedtothecost-breakthrough of solar PV andwind energy (Mundaca and Luth Richter 2015, IEA 2020). They providedpositive feedback loop in the wind and PV industry, driving down cost and making them the least costtechnologiesthattheyaretoday.Weneedtotriggersimilardevelopmentsforothercleanenergytechnologies.
2.2IncentivizeEmergingTechnologiesPolicymakers can establish new policy frameworks and incentives for emerging technologies which will beessentialforfully-decarbonizingpowersectorsinthecomingdecades.Theseincludestoragetechnologies,greenhydrogenelectrolysers,renewableenergybasedcookingtechnologies,electricvehiclesandothers.Therefore,itiscrucialtoincreaseR&Dfundingforrenewablesandothercleanenergytechnologiesconsiderably.
2.3IncreaseREtargetstoAvoidStop-and-goCyclesAny additional incentives or policies for renewable energy should go hand in hand with increased targets.Without increasing the level of ambition in RE and climate targets, post COVID19 recoverymechanism couldresultinstop-and-gocycles.Deploymentmightincreaseintheyears2021and2022butitcouldfallagaininthefollowingyears(seethenegativeexampleoftheGermanscrappingpremiumforcarsbelow).Thesestop-and-gocyclesneedtobeavoidedbecausetheycouldhaveadevastatingeffectonREindustriesandattemptstosetupnational industries. Increasing ambition forREdeployment should also be included inNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)aspartoftheParisAgreement.Eventually,COVID19recoverypackagesshouldenableustoreachdecarbonizationcommitmentsearlier
condi&onality .4
https://www.wiwo.de/unternehmen/abwrackpraemie-erschreckende-bilanz-der-autoverschrottung/5707118.html%204
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2.4De-RiskingofREPoliciesThemain barrier to more RE-investments especially in the Global South is not a lack of (green) investmentcapital,butratheralackofbankableprojects .Abasicconditionforanyinvestortoengageintheenergysectoris5
the upfront capital needed for the power plants, and different (perceived) risks, such as technological orregulatory risks associatedwith policy interventions such as subsidies. The insecurity caused by the ongoingglobal pandemicwill in\luence the risk appetite of \inancial institutions. Capital costs for energyprojectswilllikelyincrease.Thismighthavesigni\icantnegativeeffectsonthedeploymentofrenewableenergytechnologiesbecauseoftheirhighshareofcapitalexpenditures(CAPEX).Therefore,including(additionalornew)de-riskingelementsintorenewableenergypolicyframeworkswillbecomeevenmoreimportant.Bestpractiseonthede-riskingofREpoliciesisreadilyavailable(UNDP2013,Couture,Jacobsetal.2018)andshouldbeincludedinallnational policies as quickly as possible. In addition, governments and international \inance organization canprovidegreencreditlineswithlow-interestratesforREdevelopers(IILS2008).
2.5LeveragingCentralBanks´toolsForthe2008\inancialcrisisandthecurrentcoronapandemic,centralbanksspentandarespendingtrillionsandmultipliedtheirbalancesheetstoovercomethethreat.Now,theycouldbuildonthismechanismtotackleclimatechange in an ef\icient way. In fact, considerations around climate change impacts is regarded asmainstreamamongcentralbanks .CentralbankscanuseGreenBondsandGuaranteeswithoutincreasingthemoneysupply6
byreinvestingmaturedassets frompreviouspurchaseprogrammes.Thetoolscanbe integrated in theregularmonetary policies of central banks without compromising their primary objectives or affecting theirindependence.Thiswouldalsoenablecentralbankstostimulate theeconomyinadirectway,byboostingtheglobalenergytransition .7
2.6Sector-speciQicMeasuresforRapidREDeployment
cf. IRENA; Scaling up renewable energy investment in emerging markets, 2018, p.3 https://coalition.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/5
Coalition-for-Action/Publication/Coalition-for-Action_Scaling-up-RE-Investment_2018.pdf
https://www.ngfs.net/sites/default/files/medias/documents/ngfs_first_comprehensive_report_-_17042019_0.pdf 6
https://www.worldfuturecouncil.org/unlocking-the-trillions/7
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2.6.1CrossSectoral
■ IncreaseR&Dfundingforrenewablestotriggerinnovations
■ Investinstorageandother\lexibilityoptions
■ Establishcarbonpricing
■ Establishnationalgreenhydrogenstrategiesinordertodecarbonizetheindustrialsector
■ Developbiomassincentivesthathelptoprotectbiodiversityandcreateregenerativeagriculture
■ Includede-riskingelementsintorenewableenergypolicyframeworks
■ DevelopeducationpoliciestohelpworkerstoshifttotheREindustry
■ DesignateREascriticalandessentialsectortoensurecontinuityalongthesupplychain
2.6.2InfrastructureInvestment
■ Investindistributionandtransmissiongridtoenableincreasingsharesofvariablerenewables
■ Investincross-countryinterconnectionstoincreasesystem\lexibility
■ Investinsmartgridtechnologies
■ Adjustthegasinfrastructureforgreenhydrogen
2.6.3REinElectricity
■ Increasethetargetsforwindandsolardeployment
■ Increasesintargetsshouldre\lectadditionaldemandforthetransportandcoolingsector
■ Planadditionalprocurementfortheyears2020and2021(totriggershorter-termemploymenteffects)
■ Incentivizedispatchablebiomassandhydropower
2.6.4REinHeatingandCooling
■ EstablishbindingquotaforREheatingandcoolinginallbuildings–incombinationwiththeretro\ittingandmakingthemmoreenergyef\icient .8
■ Includerenewablesindistrictheatingandcooling
■ Decarbonizingtheindustrialsectorwithgreenhydrogen
■ Meetincreasingcoolingdemandwithrenewables
Energy efficiency programs have proven to be advantages during the global economic crisis of 2008, also because it promoted the 8
badly affected construction sector.
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■ Designprogramsforsolarwaterheaters
■ Incentivizecleancookingwithrenewablesinoff-gridareas(CoutureandJacobs2019)
2.6.4REinTransport
■ Establishtargetsorquotasfore-mobility(basedongreenelectricity)
■ Organizepublicprocurementfortransportaccordingtoclearenvironmentalguidelines
■ Investingine-mobilitycharginginfrastructure
■ Constructionofbusandbikelanes
■ Establish\inancialincentivesforsustainableelectricvehicles
■ Investinrailwaysandotherelectri\iedpublictransportoptions
■ Long-termstrategiesfordecarbonizingaviation
■ Developsustainablebiofuelstrategiesforheavy-dutytransport
3. Making our socie\es more resilient - The Benefits of
Renewables in the Post Corona World
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Thesocio-economicbene\itsofrenewableenergydeploymentarewidelyknowntoday.Fromamacro-economicperspective,everyUSD1spentfortheenergytransitionwouldbringapaybackofbetweenUSD3and8USD.Bymoving to anenergy systemcharged fromrenewable sources,world-wideGDP in2050 couldbe2.4%higherthanunderabusinessasusualscenario.Andglobalwelfaregainscouldincreasebyupto13%by2050(IRENA2020). In addition, renewables can trigger socio-economicbene\its that canbedirectly liked tomitigating thenegativeeffectsofthecoronacrisis.Renewableenergydeploymentwillleadto:
■ Lessairpollution,thusrelievinghealthsystems
■ Createmorejobsthanfossilfuelbasedenergysystems
■ Createmoreresilientandsecureenergysupply
■ Strengthenlocalcommunitiesandcreatelocalvalue
3.1LessAirPollutionandUnburdeningtheHealthSystemsBillions of people have experienced reduced air pollution due to the lockdown in large parts of theworld. InChina, air pollution levels fell by 25%. Human beings in many cities where able to see the sky and thesurroundinglandscapesagain.
Theenergysectoristhemajorcontributortoairpollutionworld-wide.Energy-relatedfossil-fuelcombustioninhigh-andmiddle-incomecountriesandbiomassburninginlow-incomecountriesaccountsformostoftheglobalair pollution, generating 85% of airborne respirable particulate pollution and almost all sulfur dioxide andnitrogenoxideemissionstotheatmosphere(IEA2016).Researchevensuggestthatexistingairpollutionmaybea key contributor to the Covid-19 death toll. In four countries 80% of deaths occurred in themost pollutedregionsacross(Germany,Italy,SpainandFrance),suggestingthatlong-termexposuretoairpollutionmaybeoneofthemostimportantcontributorstofatalitycausedbytheCovid-19virus(Ogen2020).
Thecombustionoffossilfuelsandit’sincreasedpollutionlevelsarecausingdamagetotheimmunesystemofoursocieties.TheWorldHealthOrganisation(WHO)estimatesthatambientairpollutionisresponsibleforabout4.2millionprematuredeathsannuallyat theglobal level .Bychangingourenergysystem,clearskiesand lessair9
pollutioncouldbecomethenewnormal.
3.2RenewablesCreatemoreJobsthanFossilFuelsThejobmarketwillbeseverelyaffectedbytheCOVID19pandemic.TheInternationalLabourOrganisation(ILO)warnedthat81%oftheworld’sworkforceareaffected .IntheUSalone,16millionpeoplehavelosttheirjobsin10
onlythreeweeks .Globally,thecoronapandemicwillwipeoutabouttheequivalentof195millionjobsinthe11
secondquarterof2020 .12
Manystudieshaveshownthepositivejobeffectsofrenewableenergybasedenergysystems.By2050,upto42million people could work globally in the renewable energy sector, four timesmore than today. Energy jobsoverallcouldreach100millionby2050,about40millionmorethantoday(IRENA2020).Thesameholdstrueforcountrylevelanalyses.InIndia,arenewableenergybasedpowersystemcouldcreatemorethan3million
https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/en/ 9
https://www.euractiv.com/section/economy-jobs/news/ilo-warns-of-devastating-consequences-of-covid-19-on-labour-markets/ 10
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/apr/09/us-unemployment-filings-coronavirus 11
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/covid-19-expected-to-to-wipe-out-67-of-worlds-working-hours12
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new jobs. The Indian renewable energy sector could employ \ive timesmore people by 2050 than the entireIndianfossil-fuelsectoremploystoday(Kuldeep,Kotietal.2019).COVID19recoveryprogramsshouldbebasedonanassessmentofpotentialjobgainsandalsoavailableskillsatnationalandregionallevel.
3.3ResilientandSecureEnergySupplyThecoronacrisishastaughtusthatlongsupplychainsofproducts,goodsandservicescanbecomeariskincrisistimes.Renewableenergysourcesarelocalenergysources.Theycanassuresecurityofsupplyevenwhenworld-wide supply routes are disrupted. Further, renewable energy systems can produce electricity at much morestablepricesasanyfossil-fuelbasedenergygenerationandwillthereforepreventstrong\luctuationsin(energy)prices.Energyimportingcountriescanavoidcostlyimportsoffossilfuelswhichcanhaveverypositiveeffectsonnational tradebalances indevelopingcountries. InChina, for instance, importsof fossil fuelsaccount formorethan10%ofallmerchandiseimports.ThenetvalueofallfossilenergysourcesimportedtoChinain2015wasabout170billion$(154billionEuros) .13
WhencombiningwindenergyandsolarPVwithdispatchablesourcesofenergy(e.g.biomass,hydro)andstorageoptions(e.g.batteries,greenhydrogen),renewablesenergysystemscaneasilyintegratelargeshareofvariablesourcewithoutjeopardizingsecurityofsupply.Atthesametime,renewableshavethepotentialtoenablesecureenergy access for more than 700 million human beings that do not have access to any source or clean undreliableelectricityandalmost3billionpeoplewithoutaccesstocleancookingsolutions(IEA,IRENAetal.2019).
3.4StrengtheningLocalCommunitiesandCreateLocalValueThisglobalpandemicwilldisproportionatelyimpactdevelopingcountriesandparticularlythemostvulnerablegroupsinoursocieties.Renewablescanplayacrucialbyprovidingenergyaccesstotheworld’spoorestpeople.Ruralcommunitiescanbestrengthenedbygrantingaccesstosustainableenergysolutions.Inthisregard,
https://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/english/fossil-fuels-burden-the-trade-balance13
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distributedrenewableenergysolutionswillplayacrucialrole.Atthesametime,renewableenergyprojectscancreatevaluelocally,intermsoflocaltaxrevenues,localindustriesandlocalservices(Hirschl,Aretzetal.2010) .14
4. Phasing-out Fossil Fuels and Reducing Subsidies
Fossil fuels damage the immune system our planet. Nonetheless, fossil fuel industries already bene\ited fromshort-termstimuluspackagesinvariouscountriesaroundtheworld .InCanada,thecontroversialKeystoneXL15
pipeline o transport tar sands oil from Canada to the US received $5bn \inancial backing by the Albertagovernment. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) suspended environmental laws that will ease theextractionofdirtyfossilfuelsintheUSA.AndinInSouthKorea,themajorcoalplantcompanyreceiveda$825mgovernmentbailout .16
ThisisclearlynotinlinewithinternationallyagreedtargetssuchastheParisAgreementandSDGs,signalingthepoliticalwillforamoreresilient,climate-safefuture.By2050energy-relatedemissionswouldneedtodeclineby70%compared to today’s levels (IPCC2018, IRENA2019).Any incentives for fossil fuel todaywill likely leadtowardsstrandedinvestmentinthefutureandlocked-inemissions.Alreadywithoutanyadditionalinvestmentinfossilfuels,USD11.8trillioninassetswillneedtobestrandedby2050(IRENA2020).
4.1Strengthenphase-outPoliciesforFossilFuelsThecurrenteconomicrecessionisanopportunitytoincreasethespeedoftheenergytransitionandtophase-outfossilfuelsmorerapidly.Especiallyinthepowersector,thisisanopportunitytore-visitorimplementphase-outpolicies for coal, since excess power generation capacity is now likely. According to IRENA, cumulativeinvestmentsofnearlyUSD10trillionshouldberedirected fromfossil fuelsandrelated infrastructureto low-carbon technologies by 2030(IRENA2020).Thiswillnothappenbytrustingtheforcesofthemarket.Clearphase-outpathwaysarerequired.
4.2AnOpportunitytoReduceFossilFuelSubsidiesnowNowisthetimetophaseoutsubsidesforfossilfuels.Priceshavefallensigni\icantlyinthepastmonth.Oilpriceseven turned negative in the US market . Governments have the opportunity to sharply reduce existing1718
subsidiesforoil,gasandcoalinthecomingmonths.Thiswillhelptocreatealevelplaying\ieldwithrenewableenergy source. Global fossil fuel totalled $5.2 trillion in 2017 (IMF 2019, IRENA 2019). One the one hand,reducing subsidieswill free \inancial resources that are required for (green) recoveryprograms.On theotherhand, this will speed up the transition process from harmful and pollution fuels towards renewable energysources .19
https://www.irena.org/benefits/Local-Value-Creation 14
https://influencemap.org/report/The-Coronavirus-Crisis-and-Climate-Lobbying-23249d39450ff19b441090a6a50174eb 15
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/17/polluter-bailouts-and-lobbying-during-covid-19-pandemic 16
https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2020-04-26/negative-oil-prices-were-a-warning-not-an-anomaly-in-covid-19-era 17
https://www.ft.com/content/a5292644-958d-4065-92e8-ace55d766654 18
See also : https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/thinking-ahead-sustainable-recovery-covid-19-coronavirus 19
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5. List of References
Couture, T. andD. Jacobs (2019). Beyond \ire:How to achieve sustainable e-cooking, report commissionedbyWorld Future Council and Hivos, April 2019. Available from https://greeninclusiveenergy.org/document/beyond-\ire-how-to-achieve-electric-cooking/.
Couture,T.D.,D.JacobsandN.Appleman(2018).Therenewableenergybreakthrough-Howtosecurelowcostrenewables.BerlinAgoraEnergiewende
Hirschl,B.,A.Aretz,A.Prahl,T.Böther,K.Heinbach,D.PickandS.Funcke(2010).KommunaleWertschöpfungdurchErneuerbareEnergien.Berlin,InstitutfürÖkologischeWirtschaftsforschung.
IEA(2016).SpecialReportEnergyandAirPollution.InternationalEnergyAgency;Paris,France:2016.p.266.
IEA(2020).Whatthe2008\inancialcrisiscanteachusaboutdesigningstimuluspackagestoday,DrFatihBirol,Executive Director, Commentary — 19 April 2020. Available from https://www.iea.org/commentaries/what-the-2008-\inancial-crisis-can-teach-us-about-designing-stimulus-packages-today.
IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB and WHO (2019). Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019, Washington.Available from https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/2019-Tracking-SDG7-Report.pdf.
IILS (2008). Green Stimulus Measures, EC-IILS Joint Discussion Paper Series No. 15, Available from https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_194185.pdf.
IMF (2019). Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies Remain Large: An Update Based on Country-Level Estimates, IMFWorking Paper, available from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/05/02/Global-Fossil-Fuel-Subsidies-Remain-Large-An-Update-Based-on-Country-Level-Estimates-46509.
IPCC(2018).SummaryforPolicymakers.In:GlobalWarmingof1.5°C.AnIPCCSpecialReportontheimpactsofglobalwarmingof1.5°Cabovepre-industriallevelsandrelatedglobalgreenhousegasemissionpathways,inthecontext of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, andeffortstoeradicatepoverty[Masson-Delmotte,V.,P.Zhai,H.-O.Pörtner,D.Roberts,J.Skea,P.R.Shukla,A.Pirani,W.Moufouma-Okia,C.Péan,R.Pidcock,S.Connors,J.B.R.Matthews,Y.Chen,X.Zhou,M.I.Gomis,E.Lonnoy,T.Maycock,M.Tignor,andT.Water\ield(eds.)].InPress.
IRENA(2019).Globalenergytransformation:Aroadmapto2050(2019edition),InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.
IRENA (2020). Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050 (Edition: 2020), InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi.ISBN978-92-9260-238-3.
Kuldeep, N., P. N. Koti, A. Dutt, T. Bishnoi and A. Dalal (2019). Future skills and job creationwith renewableenergy in IndiaAssessingtheco-bene\itsofdecarbonisingthepowersectorFutureskillsand jobcreationwithrenewableenergy in IndiaAssessing theco-bene\itsofdecarbonising thepowersector,Available fromhttps://www.cobene\its.info/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/COBENEFITS-Study-India-Employment.pdf
Mundaca,L.andJ.LuthRichter(2015)."Assessing‘greenenergyeconomy’stimuluspackages:EvidencefromtheU.S.programstargetingrenewableenergy."RenewableandSustainableEnergyReviews42:1174-1186.
Global Renewables Congress, c/o World Future Council, Dorotheenstr. 15, 22301 Hamburg, Germany Tel.: +49 40 30 70 914-20 • www.renewablescongress.org • [email protected] • twiYer @rescongress 11
Ogen, Y. (2020). "Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19)fatality."ScienceofTheTotalEnvironment726:138605.
UNDP(2013).DeriskingRenewableEnergyInvestment.NewYork,,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme.
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