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DANK ‘00 Gannon University
Die Deutschen im Die Deutschen im amerikanischen amerikanischen BürgerkriegeBürgerkriege
Stephen T. FrezzaElectrical & Computer EngrGannon [email protected]
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Sezessionskrieg 1861-Sezessionskrieg 1861-18651865
The Story of Germans The Story of Germans in The War...in The War...
The Story of The The Story of The WarWar
– 216,000 German-born 216,000 German-born Union SoldiersUnion Soldiers
– Nearly every Union Army Nearly every Union Army CorpsCorps
– Every Major Campaign & Every Major Campaign & BattleBattle Pvt. Alexander Zang, c. 1862
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German Americans in German Americans in ACWACW
• Most marked events in the history Most marked events in the history of German-Americansof German-Americans
• Loyal to the Union Loyal to the Union • Virtually Virtually nono German... German...
– promoters of successionpromoters of succession– slaveholdersslaveholders
• Provided significantly more Provided significantly more volunteers than other ethnic volunteers than other ethnic groupsgroups– double the rate of other groupsdouble the rate of other groups
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An Overlooked HistoryAn Overlooked History• Few sources available Few sources available • Most inaccessible to modern Most inaccessible to modern
historianshistorians
Central Text:Central Text:• Kaufmann, Wilhelm, “Die Deutschen im Kaufmann, Wilhelm, “Die Deutschen im
Amerikanischen Bürgerkriege,” Verlag R. Amerikanischen Bürgerkriege,” Verlag R. Oldenbourg, München, 1911Oldenbourg, München, 1911
• Kaufmann, Wilhelm, “The Germans in the Kaufmann, Wilhelm, “The Germans in the American Civil War,” translated by S. Rowan, John American Civil War,” translated by S. Rowan, John Kallman Publishers, Carlisle PA, 1999Kallman Publishers, Carlisle PA, 1999
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German-Born German-Born AmericansAmericans
10% of Union Army:10% of Union Army:– 2,150,000 Union Soldiers (White)2,150,000 Union Soldiers (White)– 216,000 German-born 216,000 German-born (vs. 144,000 Irish)(vs. 144,000 Irish)
~ 300,000 American-born~ 300,000 American-born
~ 250,000 ‘Old Germans’~ 250,000 ‘Old Germans’
High volunteer rate:High volunteer rate:Northern population of 1.6 million (1860-64)Northern population of 1.6 million (1860-64)
~ 72,000 in rebellious states~ 72,000 in rebellious states
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German EnlisteesGerman Enlistees• Considered / emigrated Considered / emigrated
from then-nations of: from then-nations of: – DenmarkDenmark– AustriaAustria– SwitzerlandSwitzerland– BelgiumBelgium– LuxembourgLuxembourg– AlsaceAlsace– HollandHolland– CanadaCanada
Pvt. Conrad HoltzhaurCo A 2nd MI Inf
DOW Malvern Hill
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36%
20%20%
12%11%11%
14%14%
6.2%6.2%
9.2%9.2%
7.7%7.7%8.4%
6.5%
6.3%6.3%
6.2%6.2%
Where they EnlistedWhere they Enlisted
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German RegimentsGerman Regiments• 36,000 of 216,00036,000 of 216,000• New York:New York:
7th Infantry7th Infantry
8th Infantry8th Infantry
20th Infantry20th Infantry
29th Infantry29th Infantry
41st Infantry41st Infantry
45th Infantry45th Infantry
46th Infantry46th Infantry
52nd Infantry52nd Infantry
54th Infantry54th Infantry
103rd Infantry103rd Infantry
9.2%9.2%
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German RegimentsGerman Regiments• Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania:
– 27th Infantry27th Infantry– 73rd Infantry73rd Infantry– 74th Infantry74th Infantry– 75th Infantry75th Infantry
• New JerseyNew Jersey– 3rd Cavalry3rd Cavalry– A, 1st NJ Light A, 1st NJ Light
ArtilleryArtillery
• OhioOhio– 9th (Turner) 9th (Turner)
InfantryInfantry– 28th Infantry28th Infantry– 37th Infantry37th Infantry– 107th Infantry107th Infantry– 3rd OH Cavalry3rd OH Cavalry
• WisconsinWisconsin– 9th Infantry9th Infantry– 26th Infantry26th Infantry
6.3%6.3%7.7%7.7%
12%
20%20%
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German RegimentsGerman Regiments• Missouri:Missouri:
– 1st Infantry1st Infantry– 2nd Infantry2nd Infantry– 3rd Infantry3rd Infantry– 4th Infantry4th Infantry– 5th Infantry5th Infantry– 12th Infantry12th Infantry– 15th Infantry 15th Infantry
(Swiss)(Swiss)– 17th Infantry 17th Infantry
(Turner)(Turner)
• IllinoisIllinois– 43rd Infantry43rd Infantry– 82nd Infantry82nd Infantry– 37th Ohio37th Ohio– 107th Ohio107th Ohio– 3rd OH Cavalry3rd OH Cavalry
• IndianaIndiana– 32nd Infantry32nd Infantry
36%8.4%
4.6%4.6%
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Half-German RegimentsHalf-German Regiments• New York:New York: 39th, 58th, 68th, 119th39th, 58th, 68th, 119th
• Pennsylvania:Pennsylvania: 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 48th, 50th, 51st, 56th, 65th, 79th, 15th, 16th, 48th, 50th, 51st, 56th, 65th, 79th, 88th, 96th, 98th88th, 96th, 98th
• Ohio:Ohio: 7th, 47th, 58th, 74th, 106th, 108th, 165th7th, 47th, 58th, 74th, 106th, 108th, 165th
• Missouri:Missouri: 1st,39th, 40th, 41st, 4th Cav1st,39th, 40th, 41st, 4th Cav
• Illinois:Illinois: 9th, 24th, 36th, 44th, 45th, 57th, 58th, 9th, 24th, 36th, 44th, 45th, 57th, 58th, 13th Cav, 16th Cav13th Cav, 16th Cav
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Half-German RegimentsHalf-German Regiments• Indiana:Indiana: 24th, 136th24th, 136th
• Minnesota:Minnesota: 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th,
• TexasTexas: 1st (Loyal) : 1st (Loyal)
• KansasKansas: 1st, 2nd: 1st, 2nd
• NebraskaNebraska: 1st Cav: 1st Cav
• KentuckyKentucky: 5th, 6th, 2nd Cav : 5th, 6th, 2nd Cav
• MarylandMaryland: 5th: 5th
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Why they enlistedWhy they enlisted• Strongly influenced by the Strongly influenced by the
ideals of the 1848 revolutionideals of the 1848 revolution
UnionUnion• Value and importance of Value and importance of
Republican IdealsRepublican Ideals
SlaverySlavery
““All für Lincoln und Sie Freiheit”All für Lincoln und Sie Freiheit” • FreedomFreedom
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German SupportGerman Support• Frankfurt great market for Frankfurt great market for
Union BondsUnion Bonds– Small savers, not speculatorsSmall savers, not speculators– Bismark, Moltke & King Wilhelm: all Bismark, Moltke & King Wilhelm: all
decisive opponents of successiondecisive opponents of succession
• Organized American Organized American CommunitiesCommunities– Leaders like Lieber, Stallo, SchurzLeaders like Lieber, Stallo, Schurz– Forthy-Eighters - once unitedForthy-Eighters - once united
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The War - 1861The War - 1861
1st Bull Run 1st Bull Run Camp JacksonCamp Jackson
Wilson’s CreekWilson’s CreekPea RidgePea Ridge
Franz SigelFranz Sigel
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Early BlowsEarly Blows• May: Saving St. LouisMay: Saving St. Louis
– German Loyalist rush to flagGerman Loyalist rush to flag– Armory Held, Camp Jackson takenArmory Held, Camp Jackson taken
• July: 1st Bull RunJuly: 1st Bull Run– Blenker’s German Division Blenker’s German Division
• held in reserveheld in reserve• mistaken For U.S. Regularsmistaken For U.S. Regulars
• Wilson’s CreekWilson’s Creek• Pea RidgePea Ridge Louis Blenker
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South-West Texas: South-West Texas: Little GermanyLittle Germany
• 1/5 of all whites - over 22,000 German-1/5 of all whites - over 22,000 German-bornborn
• Pro-Union, anti-slave, German-speaking Pro-Union, anti-slave, German-speaking communitiescommunities
• February - Twiggs surrenders, February - Twiggs surrenders, Commanches attackCommanches attack
• August - Banishment Law, Law of August - Banishment Law, Law of ConfiscationConfiscation– Moved, or Pro-Union property confiscatedMoved, or Pro-Union property confiscated
Four years of Murder, Man-hunts, Four years of Murder, Man-hunts, Imprisonments, LynchingImprisonments, Lynching
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The War - 1862The War - 1862
Henry & DonelsonHenry & Donelson
Stones RiverStones River
CorinthCorinthShilohShiloh
Cross KeysCross KeysBull Run Bull Run Antietam Antietam
Fredricksburg Fredricksburg
August Willich
Seven Days Seven Days
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Conrad HoltzhaurConrad HoltzhaurKilled at Malvern HillKilled at Malvern Hill
Year of Year of DissapointmentsDissapointmentsWestWest
• Henry & Henry & Donelson Donelson
• ShilohShiloh• 1st Corinth1st Corinth• PerryvillePerryville• 2nd Corinth2nd Corinth• Stones RiverStones River
EastEast• Cross Keys/ Cross Keys/
Port RepublicPort Republic• Seven DaysSeven Days• AntietamAntietam• Mud MarchMud March• FredricksburgFredricksburg
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The War - 1863The War - 1863
VicksburgVicksburg
ChickamaugaChickamauga
Chancellorsville Chancellorsville
Gettysburg Gettysburg
Chattanooga Chattanooga
Peter OsterhausPeter Osterhaus
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The Turning PointThe Turning PointWestWest
• VicksburgVicksburg• TullahomaTullahoma• ChickamaugaChickamauga• ChattanoogaChattanooga
EastEast
• ChancellorsvChancellorsvilleille
• Brandy Brandy StationStation
• GettysburgGettysburg• Mine RunMine Run
Carl Schurz
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The War - 1864The War - 1864
AtlantaAtlanta
Petersburg Petersburg
Kennesaw Kennesaw March to the SeaMarch to the Sea
Spottsylvania Spottsylvania Wilderness Wilderness
Nashville Nashville
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The Long YearThe Long YearWestWest
• ResecaReseca• Kennesaw Kennesaw
MountainMountain• AtlantaAtlanta• March to the SeaMarch to the Sea
• FranklinFranklin• NashvilleNashville
EastEast
• WildernessWilderness• SpottsylvaniaSpottsylvania• Cold HarborCold Harbor• MonocacyMonocacy• PetersburgPetersburg• Valley Valley
CampaignCampaign
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The EndThe EndSouthSouth
• GoldsboroGoldsboro• BentonvilleBentonville
EastEast
• PetersburPetersburgg
• Saylors Saylors CreekCreek
• AppomatoAppomatoxx
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SummarySummary• Germans Germans
– Played a significant rolePlayed a significant role– Helped train the Union ArmyHelped train the Union Army– Received little recognitionReceived little recognition– Suffered for their Union SentimentsSuffered for their Union Sentiments