GERMANY!

Finally.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister

“The Iron Chancellor”

“He who is not strong enough must be knocked down & trodden to the

ground. To him who has, more shall be given, and from him that has not,

shall be taken away even that which he has.”

Otto von Bismarck

Germans do not look to Prussia’s liberalism but to

her power. . . Not by speeches and majorities

will the great questions of the day be decided - that

was the mistake of 1848 - but by iron and blood.”

• In the not too distant future we shall have to fight for our existence against Austria. Bismarck 1865

• Now, 40M Frenchmen . . . are hardly enough to equal the 51M Germans which Prussia may bring together on our frontier Lucien Prevost-Parodol 1869

PROBLEM for Bismarck:If you just declare “Germany” what is inevitable??

Series of Wars

I. Prussia vs Denmark 1863

Schlewig & Holstein

II. Prussia vs Austria 1866

III. Franco Prussian War 1870-71

The German Empire

“The balance of power has been entirely destroyed.”

British Prime Minister

POPULATION: 51 MILLION

Largest Economy in Europe

The Nation State Mid-Late 1880s

Western Central / Eastern Europe Europe • CHAPTER 23

• General Progress in creating liberal institutions. (constitutions, parliaments, rights)

• France & England

• CHAPTER 23

• Authoritarian Forces remained strong

• BUT had the “trappings of parliamentary government”

• Germany & Russia

FRANCE

The 2nd Republic• Nov 1848• Universal Male

Suffrage• Desire for “order”

• 1st President?

with 75% of the vote• LOUIS NAPOLEON?

The 2nd Republic• Nov 1848• Universal Male

Suffrage• Desire for “order”

• 1st President?

• LOUIS NAPOLEON?

The 2nd Republic• Louis Napoleon• 1st President• 1848

CAME TO POWER IN 1848 BY CAPITALIZING ON

PEOPLE’S FEAR OF

. . . THE LEFT

The 2nd Republic• Louis Napoleon• 1st President• 1848 - 1852

National Assembly: Dominated by Monarchists.

(the Right)

Constitution: 1 Four Year Term.

No Re-Election

The 2nd Republic• Louis Napoleon• 1st President• 1848 - 1852

- Stages Coup ‘etat-Demonizes the Right

- Must SAVE universal manhood suffrage

The only way to save it?Dictatorial Power!!

The 2nd EMPIRE

The 2nd EMPIRE• 1852 - 1871

NAPOLEON III

Argument FOR Authoritarianism

• Believed that the government should represent the people and that it should try hard to help them economically.

• Parliaments and political parties were not the answer because politicians represented special-interest groups, (esp. middle-class ones)

• Parliamentary government, stirring up class hatred, was uninterested in helping the poor

• Answer -- a strong, authoritarian national leader like the first Napoleon, who served rich and poor, linked to the people by direct democracy and universal male suffrage.

• Sovereignty would flow from the people to the leader, bypassing the politicians.

The 2nd Empire

• Napoleon (only) could introduce legislation

• Napoleon controlled the military.

• Napoleon (only) could declare war

The 2nd Empire

• Legislature was elected

• Legislature could not introduce legislation

• Legislature could not affect the budget

The 2nd Empire RIGHTS? • Free Speech gone!• Assembly / Press

limited

The 2nd Empire Economics • Economic Freedom!• Lots of STUFF!!!• Consumers (not Citizens)• Social Welfare

(housing / hospitals etc)

Rebuilds Paris

WHEW!

Quick Recap

France 1814 - 1871• Bourbon Restoration 1814 - 1830

• Louis XVIII & Charles X

• July Monarchy 1830 - 1848• Louis Philippe

• Revolution of 1848 1848

• June Days Revolt 1848• Louis Blanc

• 2nd Republic 1848 - 1852• Louis Napoleon

• 2nd Empire 1852 – 1871– Napoleon III

The French 3rd Republic1871 - 1940

I. Creation

II. Paris Commune 1871

III. Chaos (right vs left)

Crazy Beginnings• 1871: Napoleon III ousted by Bismarck

• March: Provisional Government created in Paris! (by Republican - working class)

• Bismarck nixes and demands universal vote! WHY???

• Monarchist win!

• Paris republicans form The Commune

• Uh oh, France is now at war with . . . Paris?

Paris Commune vs • Monarchist

National Assembly

• (backed by Bismarck)

April and May 1871

• The National Assembly (France) wins.

Brutal Repression

• 20,000 Executed

• 10,000 Exiled

Bad Blood for decades.

Results / Significance

• 3rd Republic would be a chaotic government

• Middle and working classes split further

• Brutal Reprisal squashed future uprisings

• SHOWED: you can’t fight the modern nation state . . . Using traditional methods

French Third Republic

The Left

- Republicans

- Socialists

The Right

- Monarchists

- Industrialists

- the Military

- the Church

- Nationalists!

The Dreyfus Affair

Dreyfus: jewish military officer convicted of aiding Germany.

Unjustly Prosecuted?

THE trial of the century.

Great Britain

Kagan’s Summation

of England in the mid 1800s

• “symbolized the confident liberal state”

• Seemed able to deal with its problems “through its existing political institutions.”

• “General prosperity” had reduced “social hostility”

• New groups and interests were “absorbed into existing political processes”

Queen Victoria

1837 - 1901

• William Gladstone Benjamin Disraeli– Liberal Party Conservative Party

»

1868

1868 - 1874

1874 - 1880

1880 - 1886

1892 - 1894

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative Party- Reform of 1867

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative Party- Reform of 1867

Reforms: “paternalistic legislation to protect the weak and ease class antagonisms”

Benjamin Disraeli

Conservative Party- Reform of 1867

Reforms: “paternalistic legislation to protect the weak and ease class antagonisms”

Public Health Act 1875 - housing and sanitation - “reaffirmed the duty of the state to interfere with private property”

Benjamin Disraeli

By the Conservative cause, I mean the splendour of the Crown, the lustre of the peerage, the privileges of the Commons, the rights of the Poor. I mean that harmonious union, that magnificent concord of all interests, of all classes, on which our national greatness depends. 1872

Victoria and Disraeli

• 'The present man will do well',

• 'He is very peculiar, thoroughly Jewish looking ... but very clever and sensible ... He is full of poetry, romance and chivalry. When he knelt down to kiss my hand, he said "In loving loyalty and faith."‘

Conversation with

her eldest daughter.

Victoria and Gladstone?

'mischievous firebrand, arrogant, tyrannical and obstinate’

'half-crazy and in many ways ridiculous, wild and incomprehensible old fanatic'

William Gladston

The Grand Old Man

“He has not a single redeeming defect” Disraeli

William Gladston

Political Reforms / Economic (pro-business)Liberal Party!

William GladstoneLiberal Party

Reforms: Competition by merit/ability (not birth)

“individualism, free trade, & competition” would solve problems

William GladstoneLiberal Party

Reform Bill of 1884

“All the world over I will back the masses against the classes” 1886

William GladstoneLiberal Party

Reforms - Civil Service Exams

- religious requirements out

- secret ballot

- Education Act of 1870

William Gladstone We live at a time when there is a

disposition to think that the government ought to do everything. . . If the government takes into its hands that which the man ought to do for himself, it will inflict upon him greater mischiefs than all the benefits he will have received or all the advantages that will accrue from them. 1889

The Irish Question

Irish Home Rule• Ireland - Catholic• Ulster - Protestant

• Ireland Supports it• Ulster opposes it

Irish Home RuleGladstone supports it.

Liberal Party Splits!!!

- 1886 it’s defeated

- 1892 2nd Bill defeated

- 1914 PASSED!!- Suspended for WWI

ENGLANDby the end of the century

New Parties / Ideologies

New Women

Chapter 23

LIBERAL PARTY

under David Lloyd George

(last Liberal P.M.)

- Political Liberalism.

- Ejects Laissez Faire(But that’s Chp 23)

Party of Reform (gradual):

Political & Economic

LIBERAL PARTY

under David Boy George

Ejects Laissez Faire

- National Insurance Act (unemployment & Health Care)

- Old age pensions

Fabian Socialists Labor Unions

THE LABOUR PARTY

More Reform than the “New” Liberals

Begins the Welfare State

Kagan’s Summation

of England in the mid 1800s

• “symbolized the confident liberal state”

• Seemed able to deal with its problems “through its existing political institutions.”

• “General prosperity” had reduced “social hostility”

• New groups and interests were “absorbed into existing political processes”

Russia

Kagan’s Summation

of Russia in the mid 1800s

Alexander II1855 - 1881

• Early Reformer: Frees Serfs 1861

Alexander II1855 - 1881

• Post 1860s• Got tough and

created a police state.• . . .again.

Alexander II

• Assassinated 1881

Alexander III

• 1881- 1894• Super Punk

• Secret Police, Martial Law, Rolls back the reforms of his father.

Russia in the 1800s

• Alexander I 1801-1825 Reactionary

• Nicholas I 1825-1855 Autocratic Bully

• Alexander II 1855-1881 Reformer/Autocrat

• Alexander III 1881-1894 Autocratic Bully

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Franco-Prussian War[1870-1871]

Bismarck & Napoleon III After SedanBismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Republic.

The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.

Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.

France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile

industry].