Higher HistoryGermany: The Rise of the Nazis

Why did the Nazis come to power in 1933?

We are learning to…Explain why the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933

I can…Build up notes on the topicPlan a 20 mark essayPass a 20 mark timed essay

Introduction• In January 1933 Austrian born Adolf

Hitler became the chancellor of Germany

• However, until 1923 he was insignificant and unknown in German

• Historians debate the reasons why the Nazis were the biggest party in Germany by 1933

• It is your job to explain all of the reasons; but also to judge which are more important than others

Background (need for intro)• In November 1918, Germany lost the First World War,

the Kaiser abdicated and the days of the German Empire were over

• A new democratic government was elected and it became known as the ‘Weimar Republic’ as it met at the town of Weimar

• It was a socialist led coalition government and the first chancellor was Friedrich Ebert

• Although it was probably the fairest and most modern democracy in the world at the time, the Weimar government was unpopular and experienced many crises between 1918 and 33

• During this time, the right- wing anti-democracy Nazi party led by Adolf Hitler gradually gained support in Germany

The arguments for the Nazis coming to power

‘The Factors’

1. Political weaknesses of the Weimar government

2. Economic problems3. Appeal of the Nazis4. Lack of any united opposition

You should aim to cover 4 of these in your essay; but you must know all of them in case it is the isolated factor.

The Stab in the Back mythEven from the moment of it’s birth, the Weimar government was unpopular• On 11th November 1918, the German generals and

Weimar politicians signed an armistice which effectively meant Germany surrendered and lost the war

• A myth developed, particularly in right wing and conservative circles, that this surrender was unnecessary as Germany had not yet been invaded and could have fought on to won the war

• The myth supported the view that Germany had been forced to surrender by ‘traitors’ within Germany – Jews, Socialists and Communists

Weaknesses of Weimar: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• There is little doubt that the stigma of being the

‘November Criminals’ (the politicians who signed the armistice) hung like a giant shadow over the Weimar government and it would be difficult to gain the respect and trust of the German people

• Analysis (+)• However, the myth was exactly that – a ‘myth’

and in actual fact the German army was close to collapse in November 1918 and had Germany not converted to a democratic government their punishment would have been even more harsh, and most reasonable Germans knew this

Stab in the Back: Analysis

The Treaty of Versailles• On 28th June 1919, Germany was forced to

sign what is probably considered one of the harshest peace treaties in history – the Treaty of Versailles – which the German government were allowed no say in – it was nicknamed ‘The Diktat’

Germany lost 13% of it’s land – to France, Poland and others

Germany had to reduce it’s army to 100,000 and could have no tanks or air force

Germany had to pay £6.6 billion in reparations Germany had to take full responsibility for the

war 3 million German-speaking settlers now lived

in Czechoslovakia Germany lost all her colonies

Weaknesses of Weimar: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• The treaty was a horrendous blow to

Germany as they lost money, their land and their pride and every German held the Weimar government in contempt for signing it and some historians have described the treaty as a ‘dark shadow’ or a ‘curse’ on the Republic

• Destroying the treaty became a central part of the Nazi party’s policy and propaganda and Hitler exploited the treaty to gain support and votes from German people

Treaty of Versailles: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, some Historians have pointed out

that the Weimar government survived for more than a decade after the signing of the treaty and that the treaty was more of a ‘blow’ to the government rather than the end of it and that the alternative of the war restarting if it was not signed was not what German people wanted

Treaty of Versailles: Analysis

RevolutionsThe Weimar government experienced a number of threats to its government 1918-1933• In January 1919, a group of Communists known as

the Spartacists tried to start a revolution and overthrow the government to establish a Communist Republic. The government had to use ex-soldiers – The Friekorps – to put down the revolt. 700 were killed in the violence.

• In March 1920, the Kapp Putsch was when a right wing Journalist Wolfgang Kapp with a number of the Friekorps wanted to establish a new right wing anti Versailles government. Kapp managed to seize Berlin and proclaimed a new government with him as chancellor while the Weimar government fled.

Weaknesses of Weimar: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• Both of these attempted revolutions show

that there was widespread opposition to the Weimar government from both the left and right wing which backs up the argument that Weimar were very unpopular in Germany

• The revolutions also show that the Weimar government was unstable – they relied on help from unofficial ex soldiers The Friekorps to maintain control which suggests they were not strong enough to put down a challenge to their government

Revolutions: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, it is important to remember that

both of these revolts ultimately failed. Ebert successfully put down the Spartacist revolt using the Friekorps, the leaders were killed and order returned to Germany and the revolt actually made people fear the Communists

• In addition, Ebert was able to organise a general strike in Berlin and put the Kapp Putsch down which showed that Ebert did have the support of those in Germany’s capital

Revolutions: Analysis

DemocracyThe Weimar constitution has been called a ‘perfect democracy’ – on paper – meaning it had some flaws in reality• All Germans over 20 had the right to vote in elections

using proportional representation, meaning 15% of the votes earned a part 15% of the seats. This led to the growth of many small, extremist parties. In some elections there were almost 35 parties to choose from.

• The PR system made it almost impossible for one party to gain a majority vote. Two or more parties tried to form coalition governments which were weak and often argued, causing the government to collapse. There were 9 elections between 1918-28.

Weaknesses of Weimar: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• The system of elections in Weimar Germany

was confusing to many German people who didn’t understand what all the parties stood for or how a government was elected, causing democracy to become unpopular

• Coalition after coalition led to the belief in Germany that democracy was weak and unstable and the Nazis exploited this to promise voters a return to a strong government

Democracy: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, it is important to remember that

many liberal Germans supported a proportional democracy and did not want to return to the autocratic Kaiser years of pre 1918

• In addition, although PR was supposed to help smaller parties like the Nazis it also helped extremists parties on the left like the Communists into the Reichstag who were the Nazis biggest opposition so it didn’t only help the Nazis

Democracy: Analysis

Hyperinflation 1923• Paying £100 million per year for 66 years under the

Treaty of Versailles crippled the German economy and they defaulted on their repayments of 1922, causing Belgian and French troops to occupy the industrial Ruhr

• Workers in the Ruhr went on strike and the Weimar government continued to pay them by printing more paper money which caused the Germany mark and the economy to collapse as money became worthless.

• In January 1922, $1 was worth 80 marks but by November 1923 $1 was worth 4.4 million marks. A Kolbi cabbage cost 50million marks.

• Life savings became worthless, middle class people lost everything, people on set salaries and pensions now earned nothing, bartering replaced cash exchanges.

Economic Problems: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• The Weimar government were held responsible

for the collapse of the German economy due to their acceptance of Versailles and poor management of the Ruhr crisis

• Many Germans, particularly the middle class, never forgave the Weimar government for the humiliation that was forced on them due to hyperinflation and it was these people that turned to the Nazis

• Hyperinflation also had political consequences as Adolf Hitler tried to seize power in Bavaria in an attempted revolution where he capitalised on the misery of 1923

Hyperinflation: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, it is important to remember that the

Weimar government quickly recovered from hyperinflation and took swift action to end the crisis – Gustav Stresseman was appointed chancellor, money was borrowed from America under the Dawes plan and a new currency was introduced

• By 1924, Weimar was experiencing a ‘Golden Age’ of prosperity and wealth and support for democracy grew with the economy – showing that the effects of hyperinflation were not long lasting

Hyperinflation: Analysis

The Great Depression 1929-33• With the collapse of the New York Stock

Exchange (The Wall Street Crash) in October 1929, the USA immediately demanded the repayment of their loans to Germany, causing the German economy which was reliant on US loans to collapse

• Unemployment rose, businesses collapsed, banks closed. The socialist-led coalition resigned as they couldn’t deal with the problems and the President had to operate under Article 48 The Emergency Decree, giving him extra power.

• Unemployment rose to 3 million in 1930 and by 1932, 6 million Germans were unemployed. 30% of the German population had no employment or income. Homelessness and hunger rose.

Economic Problems: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• The Weimar government had now led Germany

into financial ruin twice and Germans blamed the crash on their over-reliance on US loans and inability to manage the crisis. Support for democracy collapsed.

• Nazi propaganda went in to overdrive during the Depression and they promised jobs to every unemployed German, gaining them support and votes across Germany. The Nazi vote went up to 13.7million in July 1932.

• Many historians have put forward the view that the Depression was ‘the wind in the Nazi’s sails’

The Great Depression: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, more recent research has suggested that

not all unemployed people voted for the Nazis – that Catholics remained loyal to the Centre party and many unemployed working men continued to support the socialists

• Most of the Nazis votes came from farming communities and small towns, destroying the belief that unemployed men in the cities all voted for the Nazis

• It is also important to remember that the Communist vote rose during times of misery too, and they were also able to exploit the Depression to their advantage; not just the Nazis.

Great Depression: Analysis

The Nazi Party PoliciesChanging to the Nazi party from the German Worker’s party in 1920, the Nazi party was violently nationalistic• The Nazi Party had policies with a broad appeal

which were popular across every sector of society They promised jobs for the unemployed To the conservatives they promised to rip up the

Treaty of Versailles and rebuild the German army They offered farmers higher prices for their goods They offered businessmen the destruction of

Communism & Jewish banks The young were offered hope and jobs for the future

Appeal of the Nazis: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• The Nazis gained support and votes from every sector of

German society – rich and poor, young and old, with their broadly appealing policies whereas other parties focussed on one demographic, for example the Communists only received support from poorer Germans

Analysis (+)• However, the Nazi party policies were clearly

contradictory – i.e. better wages for workers but also restricting the power of trade unions – and many Germans were able to see through the Nazi’s unrealistic promises.

• In addition, the Nazis needed economic crises for people to listen to their promises – they had the same policies during the Golden Age of 1924-29 yet were gaining only around 800,000 votes in 1928

Policies: Analysis

The Nazi Party Organisation• Propaganda was key to the Nazis success, Joseph

Goebbels was vital in helping to spread the Nazi message through posters, speeches, leaflets, rallies and new media like radios and cinema which always presented the Nazis as the saviours of Germany

• Hitler’s alliance with Alfred Hugenberg who had a monopoly over German newspapers and cinema allowed the Nazis to reach a mass audience as during the 30s most people went to the cinema twice a week

• Their election campaigns were run with military efficiency and Hitler had perfected his campaigns during the 1920s; Hitler had oustanding public speaking abilities, the swastika was plastered everywhere, Nazi party members were controlled strictly, the uniformed SA protected rallies and meetings & started violence on the streets to create a sense of political instability

Appeal of the Nazis: Knowledge

Analysis (basic)• Many historians argue that Goebbels in particular and

Nazi propaganda was important in causing people to believe that voting for the Nazis would genuinely lead to an improvement in their lives

• Historians also believe that Hitler was the biggest asset to the Nazi party in elections and that they were the only party in the 1930s who had realised the persuasive power of cinema

Analysis (+)• However, it is important to remember that in the last

free election in November 1932 the Nazis won 196 seats in the Reichstag which was only 33% of the vote, a huge disappointment to Hitler, which shows that the Nazis were still not appealing enough to voters to win a majority in the Reichstag.

Party Organisation: Analysis

Lack of OppositionThe other parties in the Reichstag cannot escape responsibility for the success of Hitler• The Socialists (SPD) and Communists (KPD) could have

joined together to defeat the Nazis as they were both left wing parties, However the Spartacist Uprising in 1919 proved to be an issue as the Socialist wouldn’t forgive the Communists for starting an uprising and the Communists wouldn’t forgive the Socialists for their executing the Spartacists

• The Centre parties such as Zentrum and the Democratic party should have opposed Hitler due to their belief in democracy but they had lost so many votes during the Depression they felt too weak to do so

• The Right wing helped Hitler into power. Right wing politicians Von Papen and Von Schleicher convinced Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as chancellor in January 1933 as they were more concerned with setting up a strong anti-Communist government than preserving democracy

Lack of United Opposition: Knowledge

November 1932 Election results

Analysis (basic)• Due to old mistrust on the left and self-interest

on the right, no German parties were willing to work together to stand against the Nazis, making the Nazi Rise to power in the 1930s virtually unchallenged

• The actions of right wing politicians helped Hitler into power as due to their opposition to Communism and democracy, they convinced President Hindenburg against his own wishes to put Hitler in the position of German chancellor, the leader of the Reichstag in 1933 in the hope he would protect their own interests

Lack of United Opposition: Analysis

Analysis (+)• However, it is important to remember that

Hindenburg’s decision to appoint Hitler as chancellor was a difficult one as there were few real candidates for the job and the Nazis were causing parliamentary chaos by walking out of the Reichstag so that votes could not be passed

• In addition, Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor to ‘keep an eye on him’ and it was not until the Reichstag Fire in February 1933 that Hitler passed the Enabling Act which gave him the real authority to pass laws in Germany

Lack of United Opposition: Analysis

Consolidation

• A good idea when you have taken all your notes for a topic is to create a condensed revision guide for the essay

• This might be a mind map, picture map, bullet points etc. but should fit on one page

• Do this for homework (example on next page)

Rise of the Nazis

Success Criteria

All four factors covered2 Knowledge points for each

factor (min)4 examples of basic analysis2 examples of A+

Essay Questions• Rise of the Nazis is an example of an isolated

factor essay – this means the SQA will ask you whether the Nazis came to power because of a specific factor (one of the 4 we cover)

• You must talk about the factor in the question BUT you do not need to agree it is the most important

• ExamplesTo what extent was the rise of the Nazi party due to the appeal of the NSDAP?How far can it be argued that The Nazis came to power in 1933 due to resentment over the Treaty of Versailles ?‘The rise of the Nazi party in German was largely due to propaganda’. Discuss.

Introduction – 3 step plan

• Background (give 2-3 sentences of what Germany was like around the end of WWI) ‘After WWI…’

• Factors (what are the factors in the essay?) There were many important factors in the rise of the Nazis such as… (a list is fine)

• Argument (what will you be arguing is most important?) It can be argued that the most important factor was …because…

Conclusion – 4 step plan

• In conclusion, there were many reasons why the Nazis came to power in 1933.

• On the one hand… (you should take one key factor here and explain why it was important)

• On the other hand… (now you should do the same with another key factor to balance your argument)

• Overall, the most important factor was… (keep your strongest until last, backing up why it is so important and it should be clear why it outweighs the other factors)

Evaluation • A good way to approach trying to get the

final 4 marks for evaluation is to take your factors (5 in this case) and rank them from most important to least important

• Try to come up with a reason Why each is in that place (not why it is important but why it is more or less important)

• A priority diagram can be a good technique to use – try to relate every factor back to your most important

Factor 1

Factor 2

Factor 3

Factor 4

EvaluationE1 and E2 - 2 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which relate to individual factorsExample – Upon evaluation, ______ was the most/least important factor in the Rise of the Nazis because...

NB – You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’

Evaluation +E+ - up to 4 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which show the relative importance between factors (i.e. you compare two)Example – Upon evaluation, the economic problems were more important than ______ because...

NB – You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’Remember analysis is really tricky and many candidates get 0/4 but still get an A!