Verbal ClarityVerbal ClarityVerbal ClarityVerbal ClarityHow to use verbals correctlyHow to use verbals correctly

What exactly are the verbals?What exactly are the verbals?• Verbals include

gerunds, infinitives, and participles:

1. A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun.

– Writing a good essay takes effort.

2. An infinitive is a to + verb verbal that functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

– To graduate from college takes time.

3.3. A A participleparticiple is a is a verbal used as an verbal used as an adjective, and it often adjective, and it often ends in ends in -ing-ing (present) (present) or or –ed (past)–ed (past)..

– ShakingShaking with with anger, Gloria anger, Gloria turned away from turned away from her her cheatingcheating boyfriend Carlos.boyfriend Carlos.

– ShakenShaken with fear, with fear, Ed walked away Ed walked away from the from the wreckedwrecked car.car.

Can you choose the right Can you choose the right verbal?verbal?

__1. McDonald’s opened in __1. McDonald’s opened in 1955, the only soda size 1955, the only soda size havinghaving/ / to haveto have just 6½ just 6½ ounces.ounces.

__2. Their __2. Their most popularmost popular/ / popularizedpopularized drink size drink size today is 20 ounces, three today is 20 ounces, three times the original size.times the original size.

__3. The original McDonald’s __3. The original McDonald’s hamburger and hamburger and servedserved/ / servingserving of French fries of French fries have become parts of the have become parts of the children’s Happy Meal.children’s Happy Meal.

Can you choose the right Can you choose the right verbal?verbal?

__1. McDonald’s opened in __1. McDonald’s opened in 1955, the only soda size 1955, the only soda size havinghaving/ / to haveto have just 6½ just 6½ ounces.ounces.

__2. Their __2. Their most popularmost popular/ / popularizedpopularized drink size drink size today is 20 ounces, three today is 20 ounces, three times the original size.times the original size.

__3. The original McDonald’s __3. The original McDonald’s hamburger and hamburger and servedserved/ / servingserving of French fries of French fries have become parts of the have become parts of the children’s Happy Meal.children’s Happy Meal.

What happened to supersizing?What happened to supersizing?__1. In 2004, McDonalds

dropped its supersized/ supersizing menu, amid rising awareness that its fast food products are blamed for obesity.

__2. McDonalds can see it to come/ coming: a flood of lawsuits blaming it for widespread obesity.

__3. The U.S. population is overweight/ overweighted, especially the ones at McDonalds weekly.

What happened to supersizing?What happened to supersizing?__1. In 2004, McDonalds

dropped its supersized/ supersizing menu, amid rising awareness that its fast food products are blamed for obesity.

__2. McDonalds can see it to come/ coming: a flood of lawsuits blaming it for widespread obesity.

__3. The U.S. population is overweight/ overweighted, especially the ones at McDonalds weekly.

How then do we use How then do we use gerunds?gerunds?

__1. Filmmaker Morgan __1. Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock spent a month Spurlock spent a month to doto do/ / doingdoing what 10- what 10-year-olds only dream year-olds only dream of. of.

__2. He was __2. He was eatingeating/ / to eatto eat nothing but food from nothing but food from McDonald's.McDonald's.

__3. There were no side __3. There were no side trips to Burger King and trips to Burger King and no midnight raids on no midnight raids on the fridge the fridge to searchto search/ / searchingsearching for salad for salad greens.greens.

How then do we use How then do we use gerunds?gerunds?

__1. Filmmaker Morgan __1. Filmmaker Morgan Spurlock spent a month Spurlock spent a month to doto do/ / doingdoing what 10- what 10-year-olds only dream year-olds only dream of. of.

__2. He was __2. He was eatingeating/ / to eatto eat nothing but food from nothing but food from McDonald's.McDonald's.

__3. There were no side __3. There were no side trips to Burger King and trips to Burger King and no midnight raids on no midnight raids on the fridge the fridge to searchto search/ / searchingsearching for salad for salad greens.greens.

Can you use gerunds Can you use gerunds correctly?correctly?

__1. __1. To checkTo check/ / checkedchecked up up on the effects of eating on the effects of eating an exclusive McDonald’s an exclusive McDonald’s diet, the ex-playwright diet, the ex-playwright and ex-beach volleyball and ex-beach volleyball announcer spent many announcer spent many thousands.thousands.

__2. In fact, Spurlock put __2. In fact, Spurlock put down on film what down on film what happeninghappening/ / happenedhappened to to his body, which was in his body, which was in quite good shape when quite good shape when the project started.the project started.

Can you use gerunds Can you use gerunds correctly?correctly?

__1. __1. To checkTo check/ / checkedchecked up up on the effects of eating on the effects of eating an exclusive McDonald’s an exclusive McDonald’s diet, the ex-playwright diet, the ex-playwright and ex-beach volleyball and ex-beach volleyball announcer spent many announcer spent many thousands.thousands.

__2. In fact, Spurlock put __2. In fact, Spurlock put down on film what down on film what happeninghappening/ / happenedhappened to to his body, which was in his body, which was in quite good shape when quite good shape when the project started.the project started.

What tale do the gerunds What tale do the gerunds telltell?

__1. Gained/ gaining 25 pounds meant trouble for Spulock.

__2. The extra 65 points on his cholesterol count meaning/ meant Spurlocks’ head ached continually and he was depressed.

__3. Having referred/ referring to his liver as pâté, doctors told him to quit McDonalds or he would die.

What tale do the gerunds What tale do the gerunds telltell?

__1. Gained/ gaining 25 pounds meant trouble for Spulock.

__2. The extra 65 points on his cholesterol count meaning/ meant Spurlocks’ head ached continually and he was depressed.

__3. Having referred/ referring to his liver as pâté, doctors told him to quit McDonalds or he would die.

What is super-sizing all What is super-sizing all aboutabout?

__1. __1. To hopeTo hope/ / hopinghoping that that all who see the film all who see the film will think about what will think about what they eat is Spurlock’s they eat is Spurlock’s objective. objective.

__2. Most people don't __2. Most people don't eat healthily, but eat healthily, but to to blameblame/ / blamedblamed everyone was not his everyone was not his goal. goal.

__3. Still, McDonald’s has __3. Still, McDonald’s has passingpassing/ / passedpassed junk junk off as food, and that off as food, and that is killing the health of is killing the health of the nation. the nation.

What is super-sizing all What is super-sizing all aboutabout?

__1. __1. To hopeTo hope/ / hopinghoping that that all who see the film all who see the film will think about what will think about what they eat is Spurlock’s they eat is Spurlock’s objective. objective.

__2. Most people don't __2. Most people don't eat healthily, but eat healthily, but to to blameblame/ / blamedblamed everyone was not his everyone was not his goal. goal.

__3. Still, McDonald’s has __3. Still, McDonald’s has passingpassing/ / passedpassed junk junk off as food, and that off as food, and that is killing the health of is killing the health of the nation. the nation.

__1. For the test month, __1. For the test month, Spurlock Spurlock approachingapproaching/ / approachedapproached diet in a diet in a very extreme way.very extreme way.

__2. Having __2. Having supersizingsupersizing/ / supersizedsupersized his meals his meals whenever a counter whenever a counter worker made the worker made the offer, Spurlock offer, Spurlock ordered everything on ordered everything on the menu at least the menu at least once. once.

(3) Lost too in the (3) Lost too in the experiment was experiment was exercisedexercised/ / exercisingexercising..

What about Spurlock’s What about Spurlock’s methodmethod?

__1. For the test month, __1. For the test month, Spurlock Spurlock approachingapproaching/ / approachedapproached diet in a diet in a very extreme way.very extreme way.

__2. Having __2. Having supersizingsupersizing/ / supersizedsupersized his meals his meals whenever a counter whenever a counter worker made the worker made the offer, Spurlock offer, Spurlock ordered everything on ordered everything on the menu at least the menu at least once. once.

(3) Lost too in the (3) Lost too in the experiment was experiment was exercisedexercised/ / exercisingexercising..

What about Spurlock’s What about Spurlock’s methodmethod?

What is super-sizing all aboutWhat is super-sizing all about?__1. __1. It was when Spurlock It was when Spurlock

visitingvisiting/ / visitedvisited his mother his mother in West Virginia that he in West Virginia that he first heard of McDonald’s first heard of McDonald’s obesity lawsuits. obesity lawsuits.

__2. __2. AccountingAccounting/ / accountedaccounted for for 43% of US fast-food sales, 43% of US fast-food sales, McDonalds said their food McDonalds said their food was safe to eat. was safe to eat.

• (3) Having (3) Having decideddecided/ / to to decidedecide to test the food, to test the food, Spurlock filmed Supersize Spurlock filmed Supersize Me, and forced McDonalds Me, and forced McDonalds to drop its super-sizes!to drop its super-sizes!

What is super-sizing all aboutWhat is super-sizing all about?__1. __1. It was when Spurlock It was when Spurlock

visitingvisiting/ / visitedvisited his mother his mother in West Virginia that he in West Virginia that he first heard of McDonald’s first heard of McDonald’s obesity lawsuits. obesity lawsuits.

__2. __2. AccountingAccounting/ / accountedaccounted for for 43% of US fast-food sales, 43% of US fast-food sales, McDonalds said their food McDonalds said their food was safe to eat. was safe to eat.

• (3) Having (3) Having decideddecided/ / to to decidedecide to test the food, to test the food, Spurlock filmed Supersize Spurlock filmed Supersize Me, and forced McDonalds Me, and forced McDonalds to drop its super-sizes!to drop its super-sizes!

Can you use past participles?Can you use past participles?• What is the correct form What is the correct form

of the verb?of the verb?1.1. For the fifth game in a For the fifth game in a

row, our team lost; we row, our team lost; we are are beatbeat/ / beatenbeaten..

2.2. For a while we were For a while we were ahead, but now the ahead, but now the huge lead is all huge lead is all goinggoing/ / gonegone..

3.3. We desperately wanted We desperately wanted a win, but now we have a win, but now we have chosedchosed/ / chosenchosen defeat. defeat.

4.4. Therefore, some of the Therefore, some of the players are very players are very shookshook/ / shakenshaken up. up.

Can you use past participles?Can you use past participles?• What is the correct form What is the correct form

of the verb?of the verb?1.1. For the fifth game in a For the fifth game in a

row, our team lost; we row, our team lost; we are are beatbeat/ / beatenbeaten..

2.2. For a while we were For a while we were ahead, but now the ahead, but now the huge lead is all huge lead is all goinggoing/ / gonegone..

3.3. We desperately wanted We desperately wanted a win, but now we have a win, but now we have chosedchosed/ / chosenchosen defeat. defeat.

4.4. Therefore, some of the Therefore, some of the players are very players are very shookshook/ / shakenshaken up. up.

Do you use past participles?Do you use past participles?1.1. Have you Have you sawsaw/ / seenseen

my car keys?my car keys?2.2. No, where have you No, where have you

lainlain/ / laidlaid them? them?3.3. I haven’t I haven’t findfind/ / foundfound

them yet!them yet!4.4. Well, have you Well, have you trytry/ /

triedtried the table?the table?5.5. Oh, have you Oh, have you drovedrove/ /

drivendriven my car? my car?6.6. Sure, I have Sure, I have testingtesting/ /

testedtested it out lots of it out lots of times!times!

Do you use past participles?Do you use past participles?1.1. Have you Have you sawsaw/ / seenseen

my car keys?my car keys?2.2. No, where have you No, where have you

lainlain/ / laidlaid them? them?3.3. I haven’t I haven’t findfind/ / foundfound

them yet!them yet!4.4. Well, have you Well, have you trytry/ /

triedtried the table?the table?5.5. Oh, have you Oh, have you drovedrove/ /

drivendriven my car? my car?6.6. Sure, I have Sure, I have testingtesting/ /

testedtested it out lots of it out lots of times!times!

Then what are infinitives?Then what are infinitives?• Infinitives consist of Infinitives consist of

“to” plus a verb.“to” plus a verb.• They look like verbs, They look like verbs,

but aren’t.but aren’t.• Instead, they indicate Instead, they indicate

purpose.purpose.• What is the What is the purposepurpose

of Janet coloring her of Janet coloring her hair?hair?

• She colors it She colors it toto appearappear younger. younger.

• She wants She wants toto feelfeel better about herself.better about herself.

Do hairdressers ask too much?

Do you use infinitives correctly?Do you use infinitives correctly?• Use: be, finish, Use: be, finish,

make, succeed, make, succeed, graduate.graduate.

1.1. Do you need ___ a Do you need ___ a college degree?college degree?

2.2. Yes, I plan ___.Yes, I plan ___.

3.3. But you don’t seem __ But you don’t seem __ very motivated.very motivated.

4.4. Yes, I am; I am trying Yes, I am; I am trying ___ in all of my classes.___ in all of my classes.

5.5. Oh, I see that you have Oh, I see that you have decided ___ something decided ___ something of yourself.of yourself.

Do you use infinitives correctly?Do you use infinitives correctly?• Use: be, finish, make, Use: be, finish, make,

succeed, graduate.succeed, graduate.1.1. Do you need Do you need to finishto finish a a

college degree?college degree?2.2. Yes, I plan Yes, I plan to graduateto graduate..3.3. You don’t seem You don’t seem to beto be

very motivated.very motivated.4.4. I am trying I am trying to succeedto succeed

in all of my classes.in all of my classes.5.5. I see that you have I see that you have

decided decided to maketo make something of yourself.something of yourself.

Do you know how to use Do you know how to use verbals?verbals?

• Which verbal best Which verbal best fills each blank?fills each blank?

1.1. The boss asked me __ The boss asked me __ the job.the job.a. to finish, b. finishing, a. to finish, b. finishing, c. finished.c. finished.

2.2. We rarely finish __ our We rarely finish __ our tests early.tests early.a. to take, b. taking, c. a. to take, b. taking, c. took.took.

3.3. Most people like __ ice Most people like __ ice cream.cream.a. to eat, b. eating, c. a. to eat, b. eating, c. eaten. eaten.

Do you know how to use Do you know how to use verbals?verbals?

• Which verbal best Which verbal best fills each blank?fills each blank?

1.1. The boss asked me __ The boss asked me __ the job.the job.a. to finisha. to finish, b. , b. finishing, c. finished.finishing, c. finished.

2.2. We rarely finish __ our We rarely finish __ our tests early.tests early.a. to take, a. to take, b. takingb. taking, c. , c. took.took.

3.3. Most people like __ ice Most people like __ ice cream.cream.a. to eat, b. eatinga. to eat, b. eating, c. , c. eaten. eaten.

Do you know your verb forms?Do you know your verb forms?• Which verb form is Which verb form is

the right one?the right one?1.1. They were hoping (to They were hoping (to

go, going) out.go, going) out.2.2. The hard workers kept The hard workers kept

(to go, going) very late.(to go, going) very late.3.3. A genius seems (to A genius seems (to

know, knowing) all the know, knowing) all the correct answers.correct answers.

4.4. The extreme thief The extreme thief stopped (taking, to stopped (taking, to take) candy from the take) candy from the baby.baby.

Do you know your verb forms?Do you know your verb forms?• Which verb form is Which verb form is

the right one?the right one?1.1. They were hoping (They were hoping (to to

gogo, going) out., going) out.2.2. The hard workers kept The hard workers kept

(to go, (to go, goinggoing) very late.) very late.3.3. A genius seems (A genius seems (to to

knowknow, knowing) all the , knowing) all the correct answers.correct answers.

4.4. The extreme thief The extreme thief stopped (stopped (takingtaking, to , to take) candy from the take) candy from the baby.baby.

Can you use verbals Can you use verbals correctly?correctly?

1.1. How many books How many books are you (carry) __ are you (carry) __ to class?to class?

2.2. Do you have a way Do you have a way of (get) to college?of (get) to college?

3.3. Alfredo knows how Alfredo knows how (get) __ 70% on (get) __ 70% on Compass English.Compass English.

4.4. Have you (forget) Have you (forget) __ anything that __ anything that you need?you need?

5.5. The students have The students have (take) __ the (take) __ the survey already.survey already.

You can use verbals You can use verbals correctly:correctly:

1.1. How many books are How many books are you you carryingcarrying to to class?class?

2.2. Do you have a way Do you have a way of of gettinggetting to to college?college?

3.3. Ryan knows how to Ryan knows how to get 70% on Compass get 70% on Compass English.English.

4.4. Have you Have you forgottenforgotten anything that you anything that you need?need?

5.5. Students have Students have takentaken the survey already.the survey already.

Can you use verbals Can you use verbals correctly?correctly?

6.6. We have (see) __ the We have (see) __ the results; they’re good.results; they’re good.

7.7. Hope has (burn) her Hope has (burn) her mother’s cake.mother’s cake.

8.8. Eunice has (buy) her Eunice has (buy) her essay online.essay online.

9.9. Kevin would have Kevin would have (rise) early if he had (rise) early if he had (hear) the alarm.(hear) the alarm.

10.10. Clark had (fly) from Clark had (fly) from Atlanta to Chicago Atlanta to Chicago when the plane (hit) when the plane (hit) turbulence.turbulence.

You can use verbals You can use verbals correctly:correctly:

6.6. We have We have seenseen the the results; they’re good.results; they’re good.

7.7. Hope has Hope has burntburnt her her mother’s cake.mother’s cake.

8.8. Eunice has not Eunice has not boughtbought her essay her essay online.online.

9.9. Kevin would have Kevin would have risenrisen early if he had early if he had heardheard the alarm. the alarm.

10.10. Clark had Clark had flownflown from from Atlanta to Chicago Atlanta to Chicago when the plane when the plane hithit turbulence.turbulence.