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1. Describe the difference between universalizing religions and ethnic religions.

2. What is one branch of Christianity?

3. What branch of Islam is most popular in Iran?

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• AP test money is due tomorrow (3/10)• Map Quiz on SA on Friday (3/11)• Field Trip:

– Be in bus parking lot at 9:30– Bring a bagged lunch– Wear appropriate clothing

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Religion

Where are religions distributed?

• Universalizing religion (proselytic faith)– global, appeal to all people despite where

they live– 62 %

• Ethnic religion – one group of people living in one place– 24%

Universalizing Religion

• Christianity

• Islam

• Buddhism

World Distribution of Religions

Fig. 6-1: World religions by continent.

World Population by Religion

Fig. 6-1a: Over two thirds of the world’s population adhere to Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. Christianity is the single largest world religion.

Origin of Religions

• Universalizing– precise places of origin – based on events in the life of a man

• Ethnic– unknown– unclear origins– not tied to a single historical individuals

Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

• Limited, if any, diffusion

• Diffusion of universalizing religions comes at the expense of ethnic religions

• diffuse if adherents migrate to new locations – economics reasons – forced to adopt a universalizing religion

Holy Places

• Ethnic:– Holy place has a distinctive physical environment

• Universalizing– Holy places not close– Not related to a particular physical environment

– Pilgrimage• Hindus and Muslims

Christianity

• 2 billion adherents

• Largest, widest distribution

• 3 branches– Roman Catholic (52%)– Protestant (21%)– Eastern Orthodox (10%)

Christian Branches in Europe

Fig. 6-2: Protestant denominations, Catholicism, and Eastern Orthodoxy are dominant in different regions of Europe – a result of many historic interactions.

Religions of the United States

Christian Branches in the U.S.

Fig. 6-3: Distribution of Christians in the U.S. Shaded areas are counties with more than 50% of church membership concentrated in Roman Catholicism or one of the Protestant denominations.

Architecture

• Cross- within the primary structure of worship, the church.

• Steeple: extends to the heavens

• Jesus Christ: lived on Earth, died on cross– Bible:

• New and Old Testaments

Islam

Islam

• 5 pillars:– No god worthy of worship except the one

God, and Muhammad– 5 times a day Muslims pray facing the city of

Makkah (Mecca)– Charity- purification and growth – Fasts during Ramadan- self purification– Pilgrimage to Makkah

Islam• Branches

– Sunni- 83%– Shiite- 16%

Architecture

• Mosque: not a sanctified place.– Minarets- tallest structure– Pilgrimage to Mecca: hajj– Mecca: holiest city in Islam

• Medina• Imam- leader of the mosque

• Sunni/Shiite Article

Buddhism

• Third largest religion

• China and Southeast Asia

• 4 noble truths– Suffering– Reincarnation– Goal- escape suffering, Nirvana– Nirvana attained through 8 fold path

Statue of Buddha

Hong Kong, China

Buddhism

– Religious functions performed by monks– Hard to classify– Buddhists and other religions– Architecture: pagodas: ornate

Ethnic Religions

• Hinduism:– Largest– Third largest religion– Clustered (India)– Up to individual

• Knowledge, renunciation, devotion, action• Harmony with nature• Allegiance to God

• Hinduism

Ethnic Religions

• Hinduism:– No holy book– Much worship done at home– Up to the individual

Other Ethnic Religions

• Judaism– One all powerful God– 1st monotheistic religion– “chosen people” God selected them to live

according to 10 commandments

Judaism Architecture

• Star of David: David was a patriarch of Jewish religion

• Passover, holy service

• Rosh Hashanah: Jewish new year

• Yom Kippur: holiday of atonement– fast

• a) what do you know aboutJudaism and Islam

• b) some questions you have about Judaism and Islam

• Maps

Other Ethnic Religions

• African– Animism- plants, stones, earthquakes,

thunderstorms have spirits– Not much known– Hierarchy of divinities– Rapidly declining

• How are the differences between universalizing and ethnic religions similar to the differences between folk and popular culture?

• Origin Activity

Origin of Christianity

• Teachings of Jesus

• Died on a cross in Jerusalem

• Raised as a Jew and gathered disciples and preached the Kingdom of God

• Betrayed, arrested and put to death

• 3rd day after his death- tomb found empty

• Raised from the dead by God

Origin of Islam

• Trace story through Muhammad

• Born in Mecca

• Muhammad faced persecution– Forced to emigrate– Muhammad’s death leads to Sunni and Shiite

split

Origin of Buddhism

• Founder Siddhartha Gautama

• Life changed after 4 trips– 4th monk taught him to withdrawal from the

world– Lived in forest, emerged as Buddha– Trained monks, preached

• Therevada oldest of the branches• Mahayana- less demanding

Origin of Hinduism

• No specific founder

• existed prior to recorded history

Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

Fig. 6-4: Each of the three main universalizing religions diffused widely from its hearth.

Diffusion of Christianity

• Palestine to relocation diffusion– By missionaries

• Spread in Roman Empire through contagious diffusion– Interaction b/t believers and nonbelievers

• Dominance in Roman Empire in 4th century– Hieratical diffusion

• Acceptance of religion by key figures (Kings, emperors)

Diffusion of Christianity

Fig. 6-5: Christianity diffused from Palestine through the Roman Empire and continued diffusing through Europe after the fall of Rome. It was later replaced by Islam in much of the Mideast and North Africa.

Diffusion of Islam

• Muslim armies conquered– Palestine, Persian Empire, India, N. Africa,

Western Europe– Relocation diffusion of missionaries

Diffusion of Islam

Fig. 6-6: Islam diffused rapidly and widely from its area of origin in Arabia. It eventually stretched from southeast Asia to West Africa.

Diffusion of Buddhism

• Not rapid

• Asoka- sent missionaries

• Merchants introduced Buddhism to China

Diffusion of Buddhism

Fig. 6-7: Buddhism diffused gradually from its origin in northeastern India to Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and eventually China and Japan.

• Maps

Judaism

• Practiced in many countries

• Not just country where it originated

• Compare and Contrast 2 universalizing religions and 2 ethnic religions.– Use your notes and book.

Holy Sites in Buddhism

Fig. 6-9: Most holy sites in Buddhism are locations of important events in Buddha’s life and are clustered in northeastern India and southern Nepal.

Buddhist Temple

Bodh Gaya, India

Google Earth- Lumbini

Holy Places (Universalizing)

• Islam– Cities associated with Muhammad

• Mecca- birthplace– Al-Ka’ba- religious shrine

• Medina- supporters – Muhammad’s tomb

Mecca, Islam’s Holiest

City

Fig. 6-10: Makkah (Mecca) is the holiest city in Islam and the site of pilgrimage for millions of Muslims each year. There are numerous holy sites in the city.

Makkah during the Haj Pilgrimage

The Ka’ba stands at the center of the Great Mosque (al-Haran al Sharif) in Makkah.

Holy Places (Ethnic)

• Hindu– Riverbanks and coastline– Tirtha- pilgrimage– Hierarchy- remote locations attract many– Importance of shrines- tradition not doctrine– Ganges River

Hindu Holy Places

Fig. 6-11: Hierarchy of Hindu holy places: Some sites are holy to Hindus throughout India; others have a regional or sectarian importance, or are important only locally.

Ritual Bathing in the Ganges River

Hindu pilgrims achieve purification by bathing in the Ganges.

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Get Check Questions out!

• Maps

Other Ethnic Religions

• African– Animism- plants, stones, earthquakes,

thunderstorms have spirits– Not much known– Hierarchy of divinities– Rapidly declining

Cosmogony

• Ethnic and univ. – differ in relationships b/t humans and nature

• cosmogony– religious beliefs concerning the original of the

universe

• Ethnic– variety of events in physical envir. likely to be

incorporated into religions

Cosmogony

• Confucianism and Daoism– Universe made up of yin and yang

• Christianity and Islam– God created the universe– God more powerful than nature

Forces

• Centripetal:– Forces that tend to unite a state

• Centrifugal– Forces that tend to break up a state– Religious, linguistic, or ethnic

Why do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups?

• Religion vs. religion

• Religion vs. govt. policies– Religious fundamentalism

• Strict and intense adherence to basic principles

Religion vs. Govt. Policies

• Religion vs. Social Change– Taliban vs. Western Values– Hinduism vs. Social Equality

Religion vs. Religion

• Middle East– Jews, Christians, and Muslims– Crusades- Christians and Muslims– Jews vs. Muslims in Palestine

• Israel vs. Palestine video• http://search.discoveryeducation.com/

Hindu Temples

• Temples- house shrines for particular gods rather than for congregation worship

• Small, dimely lit interior, where a symbolic figure rests

• Rest of the temple- ritual possessions

• No Congregational worship– No closed space with seats

Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas

• Elaborate and delicate

• Tall, many sided towers, tier, balconies, and slanting roofs

• Individual prayer done at temple or at home

Christian Churches

• Church plays critical role– Attendance at service of worship is important– Expression of religious principles– Much wealth, construction gone into buildings

Church Architecture

• Reflect culture values and religions architectural heritage

• Many denominations– Led to no single style of church– Availability of building materials influences

appearance• Wood- Northeast• Brick- Southeast• Adobe- Southwest• Stucco/stone- Latin America

Religious Settlements

• Buildings for worship smaller scale manifestations of religion on the landscape

• Settlements- larger scale examples

• Utopian settlement- ideal community built around a religious way of life– Diminished– Early colonial settlement

Forces

• Centripetal:– Forces that tend to unite a state

• Centrifugal– Forces that tend to break up a state– Religious, linguistic, or ethnic

– Be able to give example of a state that have experienced language/religion as being a centripetal force and an example of a state that have experienced language/religion as a centrifugal force

Hierarchical Religions

• Well define geographic structure and organizes terroties into local units– Roman Catholic

• Pope• Archbishops- each heads a province• bishops- administers diocese• Diocese- divided into parishes, headed by a priest

Locally Autonomous Religions

• Self sufficient

• Interaction with other communities is confined to loose cooperation and shared ideas

• Islam

• Judaism and Hinduism

• Protestants- United Church of Christ, Baptist