Get it Free from: Page | i Manual.pdfj Knowing number of days from 01-01-01 AD 12 k Knowing number...

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Published for SofexIndia by:

Ali Publications,

515, C Wing, Humaira Park,

Pathanwadi, Malad (East)

Mumbai- 400 097

Email: [email protected]

© SofexIndia

Sixth Edition November 2018

Under the guidance of:

An experienced software engineer,

M.Tech., Chartered Engr.(India), F.I.E.(India)

Ex-Lecturer of Electrical Engg., BIT Sindri

Zeenat Manzil, Idgah Road, Shamshernagar,

PO: Polytechnic, Dhanbad – 828130.

JHARKHAND (INDIA)

Email: [email protected]

User’s Manual of SofexIndia’s ±10000 HIJRI Calendar

Get it Free from: http://www.sofexindia.com P a g e | 1

CONTENTS

SN DESCRIPTION Page

No.

I Installation of the software 4

II Display features 5

1 Sunrise Sunset User Interface 5

2 ±10000 Year Hijri Gregorian Calendar 6

3 10000 Year Hijri Calendar with date conversion 6

III Description of Sunrise Sunset User Interface 7

a Setting Ayatal Kursi to be recited on opening 7

b Features in the Sunrise-Sunset user interface 7

c Setting default location for sunrise sunset display 8

d Selecting a listed city/ location for default display 8

e Adding a new city/ location for default display 8

f Sehari and Iftar times of the displayed city 8

g GMT Offsets of worldwide countries 9

IV ±10000 Year Hijri Gregorian calendar 9

a Simultaneous view of HIJRI & Gregorian months 9

b Month by month display movement 10



SN DESCRIPTION Page

No.

c Date Conversion from Gregorian to HIJRI 10

d Date Conversion from HIJRI to Gregorian 10

e How to change between AH & BH 11

f Date display range of Gregorian Calendar 11

g Date conversion range of Gregorian Calendar 11

h Date display range of HIJRI Calendar 11

i Date conversion range of HIJRI Calendar 11

j Knowing number of days from 01-01-01 AD 12

k Knowing number of days from 01-01-01 AH/ BH 12

l How to find Julian day 12

m About the interface menu items 12

n Verification of important known Hijri Gregorian

dates 13

V 10000 Year Hijri Calendar with date conversion 13

i Description of Interface displayed items 13

ii 10000 AH Calendar date conversion features 14

VI Development of HIJRI Calendar 14

Origin and Mathematics of the 30-Year Cycle 14



SN DESCRIPTION Page

No.

Converting Dates between the Hijri (Islamic) and Gregorian and

Julian Calendars 15

Converting Between Islamic and Western Dates 16

Date Converter of the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Saudi Arabia 16

Length of Lunar Month 17

Julian Day [Number] & Absolute Time 18

Numbering the years- al-Biruni's astronomical works 20

Astronomical considerations 22

Theological considerations 23

IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE ISLAMIC HISTORY 24

IMPORTANT DATES IN THE ISLAMIC (HIJRI) YEAR 25

VERIFICATION- KNOWN HISTORICAL DATES 26



I. INSTALLATION OF THE SOFTWARE

±10000 Year Hijri Gregorian Calendar is a ‘Windows’ based software.

Some precautions are necessary during installation for proper working of

this software.

The installation setup file is available in CD/DVD or can be downloaded

FREE from the following site:

http://www.sofexindia.com/freesoft/Setup_Hijri_10000.exe

Follow the steps as shown here:

� Run the setup file is “Setup_Hijri_10000.exe”

� Select Language during installation

� Accept the agreement of the software

� Check both the Check Boxes of additional shortcuts

� Create a desktop shortcut

� C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup

� Click ‘Next’ and upto ‘Finish’

� Re-Start your system

� The application will open automatically on start up

� Close (Don’t Exit) the appearing interface

� The new interface is your ±10000 Year HIJRI Gregorian Calendar

interface. Check the displayed date numerals of HIJRI part. They

must be readable Arabic numerals.


Get it Free from: http://www.sofexindia.com

� If the numerals are not readable then INSTALL the font

‘sofexindia.ttf’ which is available with the CD/DVD

downloaded FREE from the link:

http://www.sofexindia.com/wirasat/SofexIndia.ttf

Once, this Font is installed re-start your system. For further

query, please contact at email [email protected]

II. DISPLAY FEATURES

1. Sunrise Sunset User Interface

This interface looks like this (Picture-I):

±10000 HIJRI Calendar

P a g e | 5

If the numerals are not readable then INSTALL the font

which is available with the CD/DVD or can be

http://www.sofexindia.com/wirasat/SofexIndia.ttf

start your system. For further

[email protected]



2. ±10000 Year Hijri Gregorian Calendar

This interface looks like this (Picture-II):

3. 10000 Year Hijri Calendar with date conversion

This interface looks like this (Picture-III):


P a g e | 6



III. DESCRIPTION OF SUNRISE SUNSET USER INTERFACE

a. Setting Ayatal Kursi to be recited on opening

By default this option is already Checked. Noble Aayat of the Holy

Qura’n ‘Ayatal Kursi’ will be recited once every day. However, if

you are opening your system second time or rebooting, you will

be asked whether to Recite the Ayat or not.

To stop Reciting on opening the system or rebooting, you just

‘UnCheck’ the option visible at bottom left of the interface. This

can also be done in the ‘±10000 Year Hijri Gregorian Calendar

Interface’.

This interface will stay live for 32 seconds and after that it will

switch to next interface automatically.

The meaning of the Noble Ayat of the Holy Qura’n can be seen by

clicking the menu item ‘Ayaalkursi’.

b. Features in the Sunrise-Sunset user interface

i. Default City is displayed at upper left part

ii. Longitude & Latitude of dropout box City are displayed on the

right side of the dropout box in Degree, Minute & Second.

iii. GMT Time Offset of dropout box City is displayed in Hours

iv. Sun Rise & Sun Set timings of the city on date are displayed on

the right part of the screen.

v. System Time, Apparent Sunrise, Apparent Sunset & Solar

Noon (Zawal) times for Local and Universal Time zone are



displayed in the mid part of screen shown in maroon color for

the date shown above it on the screen.

c. Setting default location for sunrise sunset display

At the lower part of the interface you will find option to Select/

Edit Default City.

Press the command button ‘Edit’ -> Change values in the related

four boxes viz. City Name, Offset from GMT (Hrs), Latitude in °

(deg) & Longitude in ° (deg) -> Finally Click ‘Update’ command

button.

d. Selecting a listed city/ location for default display

From the Menu item Press ‘Select City’ -> Select and double Click

the City of the Country appeared on right side -> Four required

values mentioned at ( i.) will automatically be filled in the Edit

section -> Press ‘Edit’ & and finally Click ‘Update’ command

button.

e. Adding a new city/ location for default display

From the Menu item Press ‘Add City’ -> Fill in Country and the

Four required values as mentioned at (i.) in the section appeared

on left part of screen ->Press ‘Add City’ command button -> Finally

Click ‘Close’ command button.

f. Sehari and Iftar times of the displayed city

End of Sehari Time and Iftar Time are suggested for the City &

Date mentioned therein just above the EDIT section in deep blue

background color.



g. GMT Offsets of worldwide countries

On pressing the menu item ‘GMT Offsets’ a list of countries will

appear on the left side of the screen. GMT Offset of required

country can be found from the displayed list.

IV. ±10000 YEAR HIJRI GREGORIAN CALENDAR

This screen appears when the opening Sunrise Sunset screen is

closed or the option ‘Ayatalkursi’ is Unchecked.

A. Simultaneous view of HIJRI & Gregorian months

The HIJRI & Gregorian months are displayed side by side as shown

above. A typical view of October 1582 AD is shown here. This

corresponds to 5th

month of Hijra calendar Jamaadil


P a g e | 9

On pressing the menu item ‘GMT Offsets’ a list of countries will

appear on the left side of the screen. GMT Offset of required

opening Sunrise Sunset screen is

(Picture-IV)

are displayed side by side as shown

above. A typical view of October 1582 AD is shown here. This

month of Hijra calendar Jamaadil-Awwal 990



AH. The 1st

, 2nd

and 3rd

Jamaadil Awwal will correspond to 4th

, 15th

and 16th

October 1582 respectively. Moreover, 1st

, 2nd

and 3rd

of

October 1582 will correspond to previous Hijri month i.e. Rabi-ul-

Aakhir (4) of 990 AH. Similarly, 19th

Jamaadil Awwal 990 AH to 30th

Jamaadil Awwal 990 AH will correspond to 1st

November 1582 AD

and so on.

B. Month by month display movement

Refer to Picture-II & Picture-IV. Month by month, forward or

backward movement, of either Gregorian or HIJRI calendar, can

be done just by clicking the RED arrows visible below the

displayed months. AH (After Hijri) or BH (Before Hijri) can also

changed by Clicking on AH or BH shown on lower right side of

screen.

C. Date Conversion from Gregorian to HIJRI

Refer to Picture-II & Picture-IV. Set Gregorian date using the drop

out boxes on the lower left part below the displayed month. Type

the year also. Now, click the green command button ‘Gregorian to

Hijri’. Gregorian & Hijri months will be displayed on the screen.

Converted Hijri date corresponding to Gregorian date will be

displayed in deep green background on right of the command

button. Hijri date will also be changed in the dropout boxes below

Hijri month display.

D. Date Conversion from HIJRI to Gregorian



Refer to Picture-II & Picture-IV. Set Hijri date using the drop out

boxes on the lower right part below the displayed Hijri month.

Type the year also. Now, click the black command button

(Hijri to Gregorian). Gregorian & Hijri months will

be displayed on the screen. Converted

corresponding to Hijri date will be displayed in deep green

background on left of the command button. Gregorian

also be changed in the dropout boxes below Hijri month display.

E. How to change between AH & BH

On the left of black command button, you will see BH | AH with

upward arrow. By clicking the bold AH or BH, AH to BH or vice

versa can be done.

F. Date display range of Gregorian Calendar

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator A

display range of Gregorian Calendar.

G. Date conversion range of Gregorian Calendar

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator C

Conversion range of Gregorian Calendar.

H. Date display range of HIJRI Calendar

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator B

display range of HIJRI Calendar.

I. Date conversion range of HIJRI Calendar


P a g e | 11

IV. Set Hijri date using the drop out

boxes on the lower right part below the displayed Hijri month.

Type the year also. Now, click the black command button

Gregorian & Hijri months will

d Gregorian date

date will be displayed in deep green

Gregorian date will

also be changed in the dropout boxes below Hijri month display.

mmand button, you will see BH | AH with

upward arrow. By clicking the bold AH or BH, AH to BH or vice

shows the Date

shows the Date

shows the Date



Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator G shows the Date

Conversion range of Gregorian Calendar.

J. Knowing number of days from 01-01-01 AD

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator D shows the number of

days beginning from 01-01-01 AD.

K. Knowing number of days from 01-01-01 AH/ BH

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator H shows the number of

days beginning from 01-01-01 AH/ BH.

L. How to find Julian day

Refer to Picture-IV. The marked indicator F Shows the Julian day

number associated with the solar day is the number assigned to

a day in a continuous count of days beginning with the Julian day

number 0 assigned to the day starting at Greenwich mean noon

on 1 January 4713 BC.

M. About the interface menu items

a. 1000Year AH Calendar

Clicking this will display 10000Year AH Calendar (Picture-III).

b. Today

This will display both Gregorian & Hijri current month

c. SunriseSunset

This will display Sunrise Sunset User Interface (Picture-I).

d. Fonts

This will tell about the embedded font with this software.

e. About Calendars



Tells about development of Calendars and important Hijri

with corresponding Gregorian dates.

f. ChangeBGColor

Click this to change background colors of displayed months.

Re-Clicking will change to default.

g. Ayatalkursi

This will display the meaning of the noble ayat of the Holy

Qura’n along with Hadiths related to this Ayat.

N. Verification of important known Hijri Gregorian dates

Click the menu item ‘About Calendars’ to view a list of HIJRI date

and their corresponding Gregorian dates.

10000 Year Hijri Calendar with date conversion

V. 10000 YEAR HIJRI CALENDAR WITH DATE CONVERSION

I. Description of Interface displayed items

Refer to Picture-III. The Hijri month is displayed in the middle part

with Arabic/ Urdu numerals. The Hijri month is displayed above it

with YEAR, a GO Command button and two red arrows for

forward and backward movement of month.

YEAR value can be changed by typing its value in the Year box.

This will display on clicking the command button GO.

Current date is highlighted with orange color.

Current Hijri date and Corresponding Gregorian date can be

viewed below the month display in Green & Blue backgrounds.



The latitude and Longitude of the default city may be viewed at

the lower right side.

A clip of the Holy Qura’n with reference is presented in the

rectangular text box with a heading ‘Aaj Ki Baat’. Different tip

(thought for the day) appears every day throughout the year. The

tip display back color is maroon for festivals/ special days.

If the current day is a festival or any special occasion then it will

also be displayed below the Holy Qura’n clip in the box ‘Today is:’

as well as in the status bar of the screen.

II. 10000 AH CALENDAR DATE CONVERSION FEATURES

This option appears on the lower right part of the screen. Date

conversion versa is possible for Gregorian to Hijri and vice.

Starting Date Conversion is 1st Muharram 1 Hijri (16th July 622

AD) while the limiting Date of Date Conversion is upto 30th

Jumadis-Sani 20874 AH (30/05/20874 AH) correspondingly 30th

May 20874 AD (30/05/20874 AD).

VI. DEVELOPMENT OF CALENDARS

Origin and Mathematics of the 30-Year Cycle

Early Islamic astronomy was largely based on that of the Hellenistic

astronomer Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria (150 CE) and the astronomical

tables in his Almagest served as the basis of many similar Islamic

astronomical tables. For the length of a lunation – the average interval

from new moon to new moon – Ptolemy adopted the value of 29; 31, 50,

8, 20 days (expressed in sexagesimal notation) that had been used during

the last few centuries before the Common Era by Babylonian priest-

astronomers. The same value, equivalent with 29d 12h 44m 3⅓s



(29.530594) in modern time units, is still used in the present-day Hebrew

calendar (where it is expressed as 29d 12h 793p).

From this value, the length of a lunar year with 12 lunations thus equals

354; 22, 1, 40 days, which can be approximated without great loss of

accuracy to 354;22 days. Thus, by adding 22 intercalary days in every 60

years – or equivalently, 11 intercalary days in every 30 years – a tabular

lunar calendar can be constructed which on average will closely follow the

visible phases of the moon for several millennia.

A complete 30-year cycle contains (19 × 354) + (11 × 355) = (30 × 354) + 11

= 10631 days or 1518 weeks and five days. Thus after seven 30-year cycles

(or 210 years) the weekdays will repeat exactly again on the same days in

the tabular lunar calendar. For this reason medieval Islamic calendrical

tables were often given for a period of 210 years.

Converting Dates between the Hijri (Islamic) and Gregorian and Julian

(i.e. Western) Calendars

Often a student of Islamic Studies will encounter dates written only using

the Hijri calendar or dates only in the Gregorian or the Julian calendars. In

order to compare events the dates of which are written with different

calendar systems, it is necessary to convert such dates to the same

system. Hence, it is common for scholars to write the Hijri date followed

by the Gregorian or Julian date for a particular event (e.g. for the current

year: 1424/2004 or 1424 AH / 2004 CE). For reasons noted below, the

conversion is not simply a matter of adding or subtracting years. Hence a

formula, computer program, or book of date equivalencies is used to do

the conversion.

Because the Christian calendar changed from the Julian to the Gregorian

calendar in 1582, the general scholarly convention is that for dates before

990/1582, Julian dating should be used. Although the Gregorian calendar

was established by Papal bull on 24 February 1582, Gregorian dating did

not begin until October of 1582. More precisely, the last day of the Julian



calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 (16 Ramadan 990 AH); and then

the next day was the beginning of the Gregorian calendar, which was

Friday, 15 October 1582 (17 Ramadan 990 AH). The link to the converter

below at the Institute of Oriental Studies automatically converts according

to the Julian calendar for dates on or before 16 Ramadan 990 AH (4

October 1582). Also, for dates on or after 17 Ramadan 990 AH (15

October 1582), it automatically converts according to the Gregorian

calendar.

• Converting Between Islamic and Western Dates at the Institute of

Oriental Studies in Zurich.

Visit http://www.oriold.unizh.ch/static/hegira.html

For example, the passing of the Prophet Muhammad on Monday (yawm

al-ithnayn) 13 Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 11 AH correctly converts to 8

June 632 CE (Julian).

Simple programs that convert between the Gregorian and Hijri calendars

are the following:

• Date Converter of the Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Saudi Arabia This is

accurate for Gregorian dates. Although it does not state that dates prior

to 17 Ramadan 990 AH will be converted to Julian that is in fact what it

does. Unfortunately, it is one day early, mistakenly equating 16 Ramadan

990 with 3 October 1582. Visit

http://prayer.al-islam.com/convert.asp

• Hijri Date Converter at Islamicity (but you must hit the Gregorian to Hijri

date converter button when you start using it). Like the converter of the

Ministry of Islamic Affairs (above), it too mistakenly converts to Julian

dates one day early. Visit:

http://www.islamicity.com/PrayerTimes/defaultHijriConv.asp

• Gregorian to Hijri Converter from IslamicFinder: Its correct dates in

Before Hijri dated. Can be accessed at the following address:



http://www.islamicfinder.org/dateConversion.php?mode=ger-

hij&day=8&month=6&year=632&date_result=1

• 20000 Year Hijri (± 10000 Hijri) Calendar with converter from 01-01-

0001 AD- The calendar developed by SofexIndia Software Solutions is very

nearer to perfection for both Hijri & Gregorian dates. Can be downloaded

from the link below:

http://www.sofexindia.com/freesoft/Setup_Hijri_10000.exe

Length of Lunar Month

The length of a month orbit/cycle is difficult to predict and varies from its

average value. Because observations are subject to uncertainty and

weather conditions, and astronomical methods are highly complex, there

have been attempts to create fixed arithmetical rules.

The average length of the synodic month is 29.530589 days. This requires

the length of a month to be alternately 29 and 30 days (termed

respectively hollow and full). The distribution of hollow and full months

can be determined using continued fractions, and examining successive

approximations for the length of the month in terms of fractions of a day.

In the list below, after the number of days listed in the numerator, an

integer number of months as listed in the denominator have been

completed:

29 / 1 (error: 1 day after about 2 months)



443 / 15 (error: 1 day after about 30 years)

502 / 17 (error: 1 day after about 70 years)

1447 / 49 (error: 1 day after about 3 millennia)

25101 / 850 (error: dependent on change of synodic month value)

765433 / 25920 (error: 1 day after about 16 millennia)



These fractions can be used in the construction of lunar calendars, or in

combination with a solar calendar to produce a lunisolar calendar. Isaac

Newton proposed the 49-month cycle as the basis of an alternative Easter

computation around 1700. The tabular Islamic calendar's 360-month cycle

is equivalent to 24×15 months minus a correction of one day.

Julian Day [Number] & Absolute Time - Counting days and converting

days to absolute time...

From a scientific perspective, a calendar is not about measuring time; it's

about counting actual solar days. No amount of averaging will ever be

able to equate the two concepts over long periods of time, because the

rotation of the Earth on its own axis is steadily slowing down (due to tidal

braking): The average length of a day currently increases by about 2

milliseconds each century. This observation is a fairly recent discovery,

which affects the continuing accuracy of any calendar whose structure is

based on some definite value of the solar year and/or the lunar month

expressed in actual days. (The scientific day unit of precisely 86400atomic

SI seconds is not directly relevant to calendars.)

This flaw is not present in the Julian Day numbering scheme, arguably the

simplest of all calendars, because no attempt is made at counting

anything but days--not years, not months, just days. However, the

lengthening of the astronomical day may not be neglected when absolute

time differences (in atomic seconds) are to be obtained from calendar

dates, in this or any other calendar.

The following definition of the Julian Day Number (JDN) has been given in

1997 by the 23rd International Astronomical Union General Assembly:

The Julian day number associated with the solar day is the number

assigned to a day in a continuous count of days beginning with the Julian

day number 0 assigned to the day starting at Greenwich mean noon on 1

January 4713 BC, Julian proleptic calendar -4712.



The JDN is thus a proper calendar, a well-defined method for counting

days, fully specified by the JDN assigned to some specific day in a known

calendar. It's closely related to the Julian Date (JD), which is a continuous

measure of time obtained by adding to the JDN the fraction of a day

elapsed since noon GMT.

When it's more convenient to have days start at midnight (GMT), it's best

to use the so-called Modified Julian Date (MJD) which is equal to the

Julian Date minus 2400 000.5. In other words, the Modified Julian Date is

the number of solar days elapsed since midnight (0:00 UTC) on

Wednesday November 17, 1858 (JD = 2400000.5, JDN=2400000).

This numbering scheme was invented around 1583, in the wake of the

Gregorian reform, by Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609). Scaliger put the

origin in 4713 BC because this year predates all our recorded history, and

it can be construed as a common beginning to the following three

noteworthy cycles:

• The 28 year cycle of the Julian calendar.

The pattern of weekdays and leap years repeats with a 28 year cycle in

the Julian Calendar (it's 400 years with the modern Gregorian calendar).

• The 19 year Metonic cycle.

19 tropical years (about 6939.602 days) are only two hours short of

235lunar months (about 6939.688 days). For any reasonably accurate

solarcalendar, a given phase of the Moon will thus occur [nearly] at the

same calendar date after a period of 19 years. Conversely, if we use a

perfect lunar calendar and estimate the solar year to be 235/19 lunar

months, we'll drift away from the solar seasons at a rate of less than half a

day per century (this is essentially how the Jewish calendar is

constructed).

• The 15 year Roman indiction cycle.



This tax cycle was only abolished in 1806. It had been introduced on

September 1, 312, by Constantine the Great (c.274-337), the founder of

Constantinople (modern Istanbul) and the first Roman emperor to

become a Christian (baptized on his deathbed). The indiction number was

used as a calendrical era (e.g., "third year of the fourth indiction").

The lowest common multiple of these is a period of 7980 years, which is

known as Scaliger's Julian period. Scaliger reportedly named the thing

after his late father (Julius Caesar Scaliger, 1484-1558), so the

etymological connection with the Julian calendar (named after Emperor

Julius Caesar) is an indirect one.

Numbering the years- al-Biruni's astronomical works

An illustration from al-Biruni's astronomical works, explains the different phases of the moon.



In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major

event, which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha,

governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum

(Ethiopia), attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army, which included

several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became

known as the Year of the Elephant, during which Muhammad was born

(sura al-Fil). Most equate this to the year 570 CE, but a minority use 571

CE.

The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after

events in the life of Muhammad according to Abū Rayān al-Bīrūnī.

The year of permission The year of enquiring

The year of the order of fighting The year of gaining victory

The year of the trial The year of equality

The year of congratulation on marriage The year of exemption

The year of the earthquake The year of farewell

In 638 CE (17 AH), Abu Musa Ashaari, one of the officials of the Caliph

Umar in Basrah, complained about the absence of any years on the

correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to

determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced

Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the

issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should include the

date of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before

Muhammad's arrival). Uthman ibn Affan then suggested that the months

begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at

that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of

Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even

though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I. Because of

the Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijra calendar.

The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar (1 Muharram 1 AH)

was Friday, 16 July 622 CE, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight

period) in the Julian calendar. The Islamic day began at the preceding



sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined

by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own

tabular Islamic calendar, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in

each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-

Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE. Although not used

by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine

the Islamic epoch, the thin crescent moon would have also first become

visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding

sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated dark moon

(astronomical new moon) on the morning of 14 July.

Astronomical considerations

The Islamic calendar is not to be confused with a lunar calendar that is

based on astronomical calculations. The latter is based on a year of 12

months adding up to 354.37 days. Each lunar month begins at the time of

the monthly "conjunction", when the Moon is located on a straight line

between the Earth and the Sun. The month is defined as the average

duration of a rotation of the Moon around the Earth (29.53 days). By

convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up

over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only a small

monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for, which adds up to a total

of 24 hours (i.e. the equivalent of one full day) in 2.73 years. To settle

accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar

calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian

calendar, every four years. The technical details of the adjustment are

described in Tabular Islamic calendar.

The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions.

Each month has either 29 or 30 days, but usually in no discernible order.

Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset)

of the first sighting of the hilal (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the

hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either

because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright

when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th.



Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying

before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day

that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in

astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many

centuries.

This traditional practice is still followed in the overwhelming majority of

Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly

observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30

days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. But,

the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 15–18 hours after the

conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable

conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as

various astronomical parameters. Given the fact that the moon sets

progressively later than the sun as one goes west, western Muslim

countries are likely to observe the new moon one day earlier than eastern

Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning

of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, and the

information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend

beyond the current month.

A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties

by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning

of months. Thus, Malaysia, Indonesia, and a few others begin each month

at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after

sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the

moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the

available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies

between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they

actually do.

Theological considerations

The three successive forbidden months mentioned by Muhammad

(months in which battles are forbidden) are Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah,



and Muharram, months 11, 12, and 1. The single forbidden month is

Rajab, month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the

new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar, although

whether they maintained their "forbidden" status after the conquest of

Mecca has been disputed among Islamic scholars.

IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE ISLAMIC HISTORY

Before Vahee (Revelation)

BH AD- 569 Death of his father, 'Abd Allah'; Before Holy Birth

BH AD- 570 Event of Year of Elephant: 27 March 570 AD (Thursday)

BH AD- 570 Possible date of birth, May 5: Mecca

BH AD- 576 Death of Mother Bibi Amena; 6th year after Birth

BH AD- 578 Death of Grandfather Abu Mutalib; 8th year after Birth

BH AD- 583 First business trip towards Syria; 13th year after Birth

BH AD- 585 Participation in Harb-e-Fajar (battle for Kabba's Hurmat); 15th year after Birth

BH AD- 593 Second business trip (with Mehsra slave of Bibi Khadeeja RA); 23rd year after

Birth

BH AD- 595 Meets and marries Khadijah (RA); 25th year after Birth

BH AD- 605 Resolved tribe conflicts (fixing of Hajr-e-Asvad); 35th year after Birth

BH AD- 606 Starting to go to Cave Hira; 36th year after Birth

BH AD- 610 First reports of Qur'anic revelation (Vahee); 40th year after Birth

After Vahee (Revelation)

BH AD- 610 Appears as Prophet of Islam

BH AD- 613 Begins spreading message of Islam publicly

BH AD- 614 Begins to gather following in Mecca

BH AD- 615 Emigration of Muslims to Ethiopia

BH AD- 616 Banu Hashim clan boycott begins

BH AD- 618 Medinan Civil War

BH AD- 619 Banu Hashim clan boycott ends

BH AD- 619 The year of sorrows: Khadijah and Abu Talib die

BH AD- 620 Isra and Mairaj: Rajjab 27, 2 BH

AH AD- 622 Emigrates to Medina (Hijra)

AH AD- 624 Battle of Badr: Muslims defeat Meccans

AH AD- 624 Expulsion of Banu Qaynuqa

AH AD- 625 Battle of Uhud: Meccans defeat Muslims

AH AD- 625 Expulsion of Banu Nadir

AH AD- 626 Attack on Dumat al-Jandal (Syria)

AH AD- 627 Battle of the Trench

AH AD- 627 Destruction of Banu Qurayza



AH AD- 627 Subjugation of Dumat al-Jandal

AH AD- 628 Treaty of Hudaybiyya

AH AD- 628 Gains access to Meccan shrine Kaaba

AH AD- 628 Conquest of the Khaybar oasis

AH AD- 629 First hajj pilgrimage

AH AD- 629 Attack on Byzantine empire fails: Battle of Mu'tah

AH AD- 630 Attacks and bloodlessly captures Mecca

AH AD- 630 Battle of Hunayn

AH AD- 630 Siege of Taif

AH AD- 630 Conquest of Mecca

AH AD- 631 Rules most of the Arabian peninsula

AH AD- 632 Attacks the Ghassanids: Tabuk

AH AD- 632 Farewell hajj pilgrimage

AH AD- 632 Death (June 8): Medina

IMPORTANT DATES IN THE ISLAMIC (HIJRI) YEAR

� 1 Muharram (Islamic New Year)

� 10 Muharram (Day of Ashura) For Sunni Muslims, the crossing of the Red Sea

by Moses (Musa). For Shia Muslims, the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the

grandson of Muhammad, and his followers. Both are recognized by all

Muslims.

� 12 Rabi al Awal (Mawlud un Nabi for some Sunni Muslims and Some Shia)

� 17 Rabi al Awwal (Mawlud un Nabi for Shia Muslims Twelvers)

� 13 Rajab (Birthday of Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).)

� 27 Rajab (Isra and Mi'raj)

� 15 Sha'ban (Mid-Sha'ban, or Night of Forgiveness), and the birthday of

Muhammad al-Mahdi (The Twelfth Imam)

� 1 Ramadan (first day of fasting)

� 21 Ramadan Ali ibn Abi Talib's martyrdom.

� 27 Ramadan (Nuzul Al-Qur'an) (17 Ramadan in Indonesia and Malaysia)

� Last third of Ramadan which includes Laylat al-Qadr

� 1 Shawwal (Eid ul-Fitr)

� 8-13 Dhu al-Hijjah (the Hajj to Mecca)

� 9 Dhu al-Hijjah (Day of Arafa)

� 10 Dhu al-Hijjah (Eid al-Adha)

Get it Free from: http://www.sofexindia.com Page 26

MAJOR EVENTS WITH KNOWN HIJRI DATES

Name Event Gregorian Date Day Hijri Date

Hadhrat

Mohammad

‘Sallallaho Alaihe

Wasallam’

Birth 5 May 570 AD Mon 12 Rabi ul Awwal 54 BH

Isra 26 February 621 AD Thu 27 Rajjab 2 BH

Death 8 June 632 AD Mon 13 Rabi ul Awwal 11 AH

Hijrat to

Madinah Hijrat 24 September 622 AD Fri 12 Rabi ul Awwal 1AH

Battle of Badr Battle 14March 624 AD Wed 17 Ramadhan 2 AH

Battle of Uhad Battle 31 March 625 AD Sun 15 Shawwal 3 AH

Battle of

Khandaque Battle 31 March 627 AD Tue 7 Dhul-aquada 5 AH

Fateh-e-

Makkah Battle 11 January 630 AD Thu 20 Ramadhan 8 AH

Hajjat al-Wada Hajja 9 March 632 AD Mon 10 Dhul Hijja 10 AH

Hadhrat Abu

Bakr (Abdullah

ibn Abi

Quhafa)

Start 8 June 632 AD Mon 13 Rabi ul Awwal 11 AH

End 23 August 634 AD Tue 22 Jamadil thani 13 AH

Death 23 August 634 AD Tue 22 Jamadil thani 13 AH

Hadhrat Umar

ibn al-Khattāb

Start 23 August 634 AD Tue 22 Jamadil thani 13 AH

End 8 November 644 AD Mon 2 Muharram 24 AH

Hadhrat

Uthman Ibn

Affan ‘RA”

Start 11 November 644 AD Thu 5 Muharram 24 AH

End 17 July 656 AD Sun 18 Muharram 36 AH

Death 17 July 656 AD Sun 18 Muharram 36 AH

Hadhrat Ali

‘RA’

Birth 10 October 599 AD Sat 13 Rajjab 24 BH

Start 17 July 656 AD Sun 18 Muharram 36 AH

Death 29 January 661 AD Fri 21 Ramadhan 40 AH

Hadhrat Imam

Hasan ‘RA’

Birth 1 March 625 AD Fri 15 Ramadhan 3 AH

Death 6 March 670 AD Wed 7 Safar 50 AH

Hadhrat Imam

Hussain ‘RA’

Birth 8 January 626 AD Wed 3 Sha’ban 4 AH

Death 10 October 680 AD Wed 10 Muharram 61 AH

Shaikh Abdul

Qadir Jeelani

‘RA’

Birth 31 October 1077 AD Tue 10 Rabi-II 470 AH

Death 14 February 1166 AD Mon 11 Rabi-II 561 AH

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