• get Vitamin D handout

• Quiz #1 opens today and is available until Monday 4/9 at 11pm

Bone Tissue

Quiz information• 6 quizzes during the quarter• 5 questions worth 2 points each = 10 points total• Available Tuesday’s at 3pm until the following

Monday at 11pm• No make ups!!• Clinical cases with multiple choice answers• No time limit, open as many times as you want,

change your answers – until you “SUBMIT”• You need to “SUBMIT” the quiz• After quiz closes, answers, scores and feedback

will be available

Tissue type?

Cell type?

Type of epithelium?

Where is it found(one example)?

Tissue type (be specific)?

To do list for today

• functions of the skeleton• bone shapes• general features of bone – parts• bone histology = cells + matrix• structural disorders of bone

• osteoporosis • introduction to skeleton

• bone markings• appendicular skeleton

long short flat irregular

Show bones

Fig. 6.2a(TE Art)Epiphysis

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

Spongy boneEpiphyseal line

Compact bone

Medullary cavity

Endosteum

Articular cartilage

Periosteum

Articular cartilage

Fig. 6.2b(TE Art)

Compactbone

SpongyBone(diploe)

Suture

periosteum

endosteum

osteon

Central canal

trabeculae

Perforating canal

Perforating fibers

Compact boneSpongy boneBone marrow

Osteoprogenitor

** osteocyte **

** Osteoblast **

Bone cells

canaliculi

Stem cells

osteoclast

Bone dissolving macrophages** Osteoclast **

Why dissolve bone??

Bone matrix

• 1/3 organic = flexibility• collagen• protein-carbo complexes

• 2/3 inorganic = strength• calcium phosphate salt• magnesium, sodium, potassium…

Calcium and vitamin D• need vitamin D to absorb calcium in the small intestine• need UV to make vitamin D• rickets = deficient vit D, soft bones

Shell-less chickno calcium, no ossified bone

Bone deposition = resorption

Osteoporosis = porous bones

• decreased deposition• increased resorption• spongy bone affected

• bones become brittle• women > men

• less bone mass• lose it earlier & faster• decrease in estrogen

• build bone mass 25-40!

Drink milk?

What about my latte milk?Does that count?

Things that affect bone resorption or deposition:• steroids – reduce osteoblast activity, lower Ca absorption• estrogen & testosterone – increase osteoblast activity• caffeine – binds Ca so it’s excreted• smoking – decrease osteoblast production, impairs Ca absorption, interferes with ERT

www.pdrhealth.com/

Osteoporosis and Anatomy….

Areas with more spongy bone

kyphosis

“To name all of our

bones!”

Fig. 7.1(TE Art)SkullFrontal bone

Clavicle

Maxilla

Parietal bone

Mandible

Temporal boneOccipital boneMandible

Humerus

Femur

Tibia

Calcaneus

Fibula

UlnaRadius

ScapulaClavicleScapula

Vertebral columnPelvic girdle

Patella

Metacarpal bones Carpus

Tarsus

Thoraciccage

SternumRibs

Phalanges

Metatarsal bones Phalanges

Zygomatic boneaxial

appendicular

Crest

LineLinea aspera

Head

Trochanters

Epicondyles

CondylesBones remodel when stressesare placed on them!

Appendicular skeleton

• Identify bone 1, 2, 3 & 4

• The humerus is ____________ to the radius.

• The radius is ____________ to the ulna (anatomical position).

• List the bones that articulate with the humerus.

Anatomical position??

12

3

4

Fig. 8.4(TE Art)OlecranonOlecranon

Anterior Posterior

Head ofradius

Head ofradius Neck ofradius

Styloidprocess

Neck ofradius

Styloidprocess

Styloid processArticular facets

Head of ulna

Interosseousmembrane

UlnaRadius

Trochlear notch

The Axial Skeleton

• Bones of the skull• parts of the skull• sinuses• development of skull

• Vertebral column• curves• vertebrae & discs• C1 & C2

• Thoracic cage• parts• ribs• bony landmarks

Axial skeleton

cranial

facial

Fig. 7.4a(TE Art)

Parietal boneFrontal bone

Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

Mandible

Ethmoid bone

Lacrimal bone

Nasal bone

Zygomatic boneMaxilla

Occipital bone

Mandibular condyle

Styloid processMastoid process

Fig. 7.3(TE Art)

Parietal bone

Frontal bone

Lacrimal bone

Vomer

Mandible

Sphenoid bone

Ethmoid boneNasal bone

Nasal conchaeZygomatic bone

Maxilla

Temporal bone

Fig. 7.5a(TE Art)Zygomatic bone

External occipitalprotuberance

Foramen magnum

Carotid canal

Palatine bone

Temporal bone

Occipital bone

Parietal bone

Occipital condyle

Vomer

Nasal choana

Frontal

Ethmoid

Maxillary

Sinuses

Mucous membrane: pseudostratified columnar epithelium, ciliated, goblet cells

(Sphenoid)

Skull changes over time

Mandible without teeth

Fig. 7.31(TE Art)Coronal suture

Lambdoid sutureSquamous suture

Anterior fontanel

Sagittal sutureParietal bone

Posterior fontanel

Sphenoidbone

MandibleSphenoid fontanel

SpineVertebral columnBackbone

Normal and abnormal curves of the vertebral column

Spinous process

Transverseprocess

Body

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

Intervertebral disc

posterior

Annulus fibrosus = fibrocartilage

Herniated disc (slipped disc)

C1 or Atlas

C2 or Axis

Transverseforamen

Superior articularfacet

Dens

C1- occipital condyle• nodding “yes”

C1- C2 via dens• rotation “no”

View?

Ribs & thoracic vertebraearticulations

Summary….

• Please go over joint movements!!

• Think about a joint injury you’ve had (sprained ankle, knee or wrist). How did you do it? What happened to that joint after the injury?