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Best management practices and reducing climate impacts of

oil palm in peatlands

Suzana Mohkeri , Global Environment Centre

Results of workshop Organised by

Supported by


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Objectives Share information on the nature and impacts of development of

peatlands for palm oil plantation on biodiversity and climate

change and implications for biofuel production

Share experiences and best practices to minimize impactsand maintain production of oil palm plantation on peatlands

Review options to rehabilitate degraded peatlands forproduction and conservation purposes

Stakeholders40 experts drawn from the following fields

peatland managementpeatland greenhouse gas emissions and climate changeOil palm industryBiofuel Industry


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Oil Palm in Peatlands

Oil palm is currently the main crop planted inpeatlands in Se Asia however development of oilpalm plantations in peatlands needs moreinvestment

Development of oil palm on peat also leads to anumber of environmental and social impacts.Development of peatlands for oil palm is asignificant reason for peatland deforestationand degradation in Se Asia


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Impacts of oil palmdevelopment on peat

Peatlands are cleared of their natural forestcover and drained before cultivation of palm oilDrainage dries out the peatlands and enhances

flooding in adjacent areas.Once drained the peat soil rots down ( releasingthe stored carbon) and the ground subsides orsinks.In the dry season drained peatlands becometoo dry and are vulnerable to fire.


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Peat Fires in Plantations

Riau province, Sumatera - 24 th Jan 2005 PKPS , Batang Berjuntai - 2002

South Selangor - 1997


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Working Groups

A. Nature and options for reducing GHG Emission fromdrained PeatB. Best Management Practices (BMP) for palm oil/biofuel

production on peat lands

C. Options for restoration and utilization of degradedpeatlands and associated biodiversity

Discussion to develop :consensus on key issuesidentifying examples/case studiesareas of future action


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The meeting recognized that :

Peatlands are the most extensive natural wetlandecosystems in Se Asia covering 30 million ha

The peatlands are of global significance for carbonstorage, climate regulation and biodiversity as well asgreat importance for local communities.

Degradation of peatlands in the region has led to a lossof natural benefits as well as significant problems withfire, local and transboundary smoke haze as well asmajor GHG emissions


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( contd) Oil Palm is one of the major crops in the region that

contributes significantly to socio-economic development.

Oil palm oil is preferably grown on mineral soils - inMalaysia about 10% of the 4.2 million ha planted area iscurrently on peat.

Demand for vegetable oil for food, industry and biofuel isincreasing worldwide and this is likely to act as astimulant for further expansion of palm oil in the region.

The RSPO Principals and Criteria for Sustainable Palmoil form a key basis for promoting sustainable palm oilproduction


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Findings 1: Best Management Practices (BMP) for palm oil/biofuel production on peatlands

BMP for plantations on peatlands begins with proper siteselection and Social and Environmental Impact assessment(SEIA).There is a need for wider assessment and distribution ofknowledge on peatland types suitable or unsuitable for oil palmcultivationGood implementation of effective water and fertilisermanagement and Integrated Pest Management are essential.There is a need for clear policy, planning and execution at thenational, regional and local level on peatlandsThere are still many challenges with regards to oil palmcultivation on peatlands and so further R&D and continuoustraining are important.


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Findings 2 - Nature and options for reducing GHGEmission from drained Peat

Peatlands in SE Asia are globally important carbon stores, andundisturbed peat swamp forests remove more CO2 from theatmosphere than they release.

Peatlands developed for oil palm plantations lose their storedcarbon through GHG emissions with the rate of net lossdepending on the peat type and management conditions.

Options to reduce emissions from peatlands include:Improved water management and fire prevention in existingplantations,

Conserving and restoring peat swamp forest, andDevelopment of sustainable oil palm plantations in severelydegraded peatlands which may not be possible to be restored tonatural ecosystems


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Cover crops to maintain soil moisture and prevent erosionof peat


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Zero burning and maintenance of high watertables in Oil Palm on peat

Shredding Holing

Planting Along

Drain Side

Planting Along

Windrowed Biomass


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Integrated Pest management


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Findings 3 - Options for restoration and utilizationof degraded peatlands and associated biodiversity.

Clearing of land leads to loss of habitat anddrainage canals cause habitat fragmentation andlimits wildlife movement.

Prioritization of sites and setting of objectives forrestoration should be conducted at the landscapelevel prior to restoration efforts

Restoration should consider the consider the peatbasin as an ecological unit


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Restoration of the hydrological functions is a key firststep for peatland restoration

Restoration or rehabilitation projects can help reducecarbon emissions, conserve biodiversity and generatebenefits for local communities

It is extremely difficult to restore severely degradedpeatlands to its original natural state.

Peatland areas which are severely degraded and whichmay not be possible to be restored to naturalecosystems could be considered for conversion to palmoil plantations or other crops.


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Degradation level of peat swamp forests

Highest Degradation

Low Degradation

High Degradation

Medium Degradation

1 2

3 4


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Rehabilitation of degraded peat area by CCFPI project, KalimantanIndonesia

MAY 2006

June 2004


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Workshop recommendationsCase studies and best practices for the management

and restoration of peatlands should be documented andwidely disseminatedImprove efforts on existing plantations implementRSPO P&C as well as other BMPs to enhance

productivity and sustainabilityIdentify options to fund the protection and rehabilitationof peatlandsUndertake further R&D on specific areas

Relevant experts should continue to work together anddevelop collaborative programmes with otherstakeholders including local communities


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ConclusionFirst attempt to have dialogue and develop a commonview on palm oil and peat conservation

There is an urgent need to assess the status ofdegraded peatlands in South East Asia, level ofdegradation and management options

On 22 November 2007, the RSPO General Assemblyadopted a revised Guidance for RSPO P&C whichrecommended avoiding development of palm oilplantations on peatland


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TH NK YOU

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