"Getting Back to Work: Rebuilding Livelihoods in Post-Conflict Environments Workshop" Report

8/11/2019 "Getting Back to Work: Rebuilding Livelihoods in Post-Conflict Environments Workshop" Report

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Writing and editing by Holly Larson. Event content synopses provided by Ben Oppenheim.

Cover design by Jesse Darling. Report layout and graphics by Efrain Ferrer. Photography by

Orion Spellman. Copyright 2009 Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies. All rights

reserved. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied herein are

those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Postgraduate

School, the US Navy, US Defense Department, or any other agency or organization.

ABOUT THIS EVENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Transforming a War Economy

5 The Confict Environment

13 Tensions and Trends with

Economic Recovery

17 Economic Recovery Initiatives

23 Putting New Insights to Work

25 Conclusion

GETTINGBACK TOWORK

April 26-29, 2009

The Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies held an

interactive workshop, Get t ing Back t o Work : Rebui ld ing Livel ihoods in

Post-Confict Environments, April 26-29, 2009, in Monterey, California,

to explore the topic of creating jobs and sustainable livelihoods in

fragile states around the world. The workshop, which was designed

and facilitated by Dr. Nat J. Colletta and Dr. Sophal Ear, provided

stabilization and reconstruction actors with the opportunity to discuss

the challenges and successes of economic recovery initiatives in a wide

array of post-conict environments, as well as learn new frameworks

and best practices. Participants included 40 US and international

representatives from civilian government agencies, non-governmental

organizations, intergovernmental organizations, the armed forces, andeducational institutions, who provided a wealth of insights into their

own experiences designing and executing economic recovery initiatives.

The Center for Stabilization and Reconstruction Studies(CSRS) is a

teaching institute which develops and conducts educational programs for

stabilization and reconstruction practitioners, including

representatives from US and international nongovernmental

organizations, intergovernmental organizations, government

civilian agencies, and the armed forces. Established by theNaval Postgraduate School in 2004 through the vision and congressional support

of Representative Sam Farr (CA-17), CSRS creates a wide array of programs

to foster dialogue among practitioners, as well as to help them develop new

strategies and rene best practices to improve the effectiveness of their

important global work.

Located at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, CSRS

also contributes to the universitys research and graduate degree programs.

For more information about CSRS, its philosophy, and programs, please

visit www.csrs-nps.org.

Rebuilding Livelihoods inPost-Conflict Environments


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1

TRANSFORMING A WAR ECONOMY

Civil wars are fast outpacing intra-state wars as the major source of

the worlds conicts, according

to leading researchers.1And the

effects are often ruinous: large-scale

destruction of critical infrastructure,

genocide, increased poverty, and

criminalization, to name just a

few. Of equal importance, civil war

tears the social fabric of a country,

creating profound mistrust and

insularity. Riven by grievance,greed, and fear, individuals and

groups focus on self-preservation

rather than engaging in the

cooperative, risk-taking behaviorthat helps move a society forward.

While the average civil war lasts

seven years,3the presence of

natural, lootable resources can

signicantly extend conict by

providing nancing for rebel forces.

When the violence nally ends,

the damage will take years to undo.

Researchers have found that it can

take a countrys economy up to 21

years to return to its pre-conictlevel4and that individuals incomes

are 15 percent lower than they

would have been without the war.5

Practitioners know that one of the

best ways they can bolster support

for long-term reconstruction

programs and forestall a return

to conict is to shore up a fragile

states economy. Many researchers

have traced the link betweenpoverty and violence, demonstrating

that increasing a countrys GDP

signicantly reduces the probability

of a return to civil war during the

ve-year window when states are

most vulnerable. As the graphic at

left depicts, countries with a GDP

of 3,000 USD or higher have only a

quarter of the risk of lapsing back

into civil war as those with $250 USD.

Transforming a War Economy

Source:A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility: Report of the High-level Panel on Threats,

Challenges and Change, United Nations (2004), p. 15. See endnotes for complete citation .2

$250

0

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

$1,000 $2,000 $3,000 $4,000 $5,000

The Link Between Poverty and Civil War

GDP per capita (in US$)

Predictedprobabilityof

civilwaronset

withinfiveyears(percentage)

Researchers have traced the link between povertyand violence, demonstrating that increasing a countrysGDP significantly reduces the probability of a returnto civil war within the five-year window when statesare most vulnerable.


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But the path forward is a rocky

one. Post-conict countries typically

suffer from an array of economic

ills, none of which are easy to rectify.Governments are often shackled

by debt, since revenues have been

funneled into ghting insurgents and

elites have stripped the country of

valuable natural resources. Outsized

militaries are lled with potential

spoilers, troops who are likely to lose

both employment and status when

force reductions begin. Individuals

and communities have often been

displaced, losing access to land

and livelihoods. And social services,which have long been neglected,

must be rebuilt at a time when

capacity, practitioner skills, and

funding are unlikely to meet

states vast needs.

States must make systemic

changes to rebuild the economy,

addressing resource inequities,

creating supportive policies, and

developing an enabling environment

for economic growth. Yet none of

these changes will likely take hold

in the critical few years immediately

after a conict. Thus, states mustbalance long-term initiatives with

short-term programs that provide

quick wins, such as cash for work

programs that provide short-term

employment and aid in rebuilding

communities. Adding to the

complexity, donor aid, which ows

into a country in conicts aftermath,

is often withdrawn after two or three

years at the very time the state has

nally developed the absorptivecapacity to use it effectively.

And external actors, despite their

best intentions, may disrupt the

local economy with ill-considered

practices such as hiring external

contractors or paying above-market

wages to local service providers.

Despite these very real constraints

and challenges, stabilization and

reconstruction (S&R) practitioners

realize that economic recovery maywell represent their best chance

to help communities navigate the

divide between emergency relief

and sustainable development.

Learning ObjectivesGetting Back to Workwas designed to helpparticipants achieve the following learning objectives:

Develop a deeper knowledge

of post-conict economic

forces that inuence stability,

the rebuilding of livelihoods,

and job creation.

Gain familiarity with operational

tools for designing livelihood

and job creation programs.

Explore a range of policy and

programmatic approaches

to rebuilding livelihoods and

promoting job creation and

economic recovery in countries

emerging from armed conict.

Enhance their understanding

of and professional networking

among the other communities

involved in post-conict

reconstruction operations.


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Recognizing that host nations face

an array of societal and economic

ills as they emerge from years

of conict, actors seek to help

create employment generation

and alternative livelihood

opportunities that will employ

special needs populations, bolster

the local economy, and contributeto state building and the peace

dividend. Since each post-conict

environment is unique, practitioners

will need to undertake a detailed

country analysis, studying conict

drivers and resource inequities,

population needs and aspirations,

infrastructure issues, and local and

state economies, among other factors.

Sometimes environments will be

so degraded that actors will simplystrive to create a holding pattern,

hoping to forestall violence by

creating temporary employment

opportunities for individuals and

communities. When conditions are

more conducive, actors and host

nations will typically implement a

multi-faceted initiative that balances

short-term efforts to bolster the

economy and create public goodwill

with longer-term programs to developtechnical capacity; rebuild critical

infrastructure and services; and

strengthen the economy at the

national, regional, and sectoral

levels so that it can withstand the

departure of actors and donor funding.

Getting Back to Workwas designedto help practitioners enhance

their understanding of the post-

conict environment, including

critical conict drivers and

beneciary needs, as well as learn

best practices and new strategies

for job creation and livelihoods.

The event, which was hosted by

the Center for Stabilization and

Reconstruction Studies, assembled

40 representatives from US andinternational non-governmental

organizations, intergovernmental

organizations, government civilian

agencies, the armed forces, and

educational institutions, among

others. Leading practitioners and

thinkers Dr. Nat J. Colletta,

formerly of the World Bank, and

Dr. Sophal Ear, an assistant professor

at the Naval Postgraduate School,

joined with other presenters to

share frameworks, case studies,

and insights on how to develop job

creation and alternative livelihoodprograms that address the needs

of a wide array of fragile states.

To test new insights and skills,

participants practiced developing

job creation strategies for post-

conict environments including

Aceh, Afghanistan, Colombia,

Liberia, and Timor-Leste.

CSRS events provide an opportunity for S&R actors from different communities

to share ideas and strategies and broaden professional networks.


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Economic recovery is just one

of the many critical issues facing

donors, host nations, and actors

working in post-conict environments.

To provide practitioners with the

opportunity to explore important

issues in-depth, CSRS hosts interactive

workshops on a wide array of

cutting-edge topics in the areas of

conflict prevention, humanitarian

relief, economic recovery and

development, institution building

and security sector reform, and

cross-community understanding.Workshops help global actors enhance

their cognitive understanding of

critical topics, sharpen skills by

brainstorming new strategies and

testing new approaches to S&R

challenges, and deepen cross-

community professional networks

they can leverage in the future.

Dr. Nat J. Collettawas the founding manager of the World BanksConflict Prevention and Post Conflict Reconstruction Unit. He now teachesat New College and works with a number of multilateral and bilateralagencies and governments, advising organizations extensively onconflict, security, and development matters.

Dr. Sophal Ear, an assistant professor in the National Security AffairsDepartment of the Naval Postgraduate School, has more than a decadeof experience in development consulting, with a focus on SoutheastAsia. His work experience includes stints with the United Nations

Development Programme in East Timor, the Asian Development Bank,and the World Bank.

Workshop Facilitators


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5

THE CONFLICT ENVIRONMENT

The Conict Environment

While greed and grievance fuel conflict, proving

causation can be difficult. Many factors may combine to

fuel conflict, and individuals and groups may be swayed

as equally by cultural and personal narratives as by

their own analytical assessment of societal issues.

Dr. Robert McNab, associate professor, Defense Resources Management Institute,

Naval Postgraduate School, helped facilitate a discussion about the different

factors motivating conict.

Researchers and practitionershave long debated the role of

greed and grievance in fueling

conict, pinpointing such issues

as scarcity or inequitable resource

distribution, power imbalances,

ethnic and identity struggles, and

scarcity as critical conict drivers.

Yet, according to an educator,

proving causation can be difcult,

if not impossible. Many factors

may combine to fuel conict, and

individuals and groups may be

swayed as equally by cultural and

personal narratives as by their own

analytical assessment of societal

issues. People like to believe

that they make rational decisions

based on a careful analysis of costs

and benets. However, they actin non-rational ways all the time,

said the academic, citing the

behavior of zealous sports fans as a

case in point. In this non-rational

or narrative mode, humans see

history and culture through the

lens of their group identity, whether

it be familial, cultural, ethnic, or

religious. Believing that they play

a vital role in the larger societal

drama, individuals may be motivatedto perpetuate centuries-long feuds

or tribal disputes to preserve group

honor or protect their cultural identity.


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The educator suggested that actors

should use a different lens to examine

conict: economics. Individuals,

whether perpetrators or victims

of violence, are economic agentsand respond to nancial incentives.

When combined with other factors

such as ethnic hatred or religion,

economic issues such as scarcity,

inequitable resource distribution,

and pervasive poverty can prove

powerful catalysts for violence. The

educator and workshop participants

discussed a wide range of case

studies that proved this point. In

Rwanda, Hutus who participated inthe genocide were motivated, in

part, by a politically sanctioned land

redistribution scheme that enabled

them to seize the arable land of

wealthy Tutsi and Hutu farmers if

no heirs could make claim to it.

Meanwhile, in Iraq, a sheiks edict

that Mahdi Army soldiers could

conscate the property of Sunni

militants provided both the religious

sanction and nancial motivation for

property seizures of ordinary Sunni

citizens. Similarly, El Salvadorscivil war was due in large measure

to the socioeconomic injustice of

disproportionate land ownership,

with a handful of families owning 90

percent of the countrys arable land.

And the ongoing violence in Darfur

can be linked to disputes over land

ownership issues and vital grazing

and water rights.

In this model, violence can easilybecome a self-perpetuating cycle.

Conict increases scarcity, driving

demand for limited resources and

increasing prices, disadvantaging

the poor. Since Western business and

legal norms such as a market-clearing

model, rule-of-law, and legal

contracts to structure economic

activity are not present in conict-

torn countries, business partnerships

and nancial transactions become

increasingly precarious. Corruption

can become systemic, as citizens

game the system for their personal

advantage. Resource inequities and

poverty become even more acute,

motivating yet more violence and

destruction and further reducing

opportunities for employment.

An NGO participant challenged

inequitable resource distribution as

a major motivator of conict, sincethis condition is prevalent in many

non-violent countries. However, the

presenter stated that it was, indeed,

a contributor. The argument that

inequality does not cause conict

is spurious, because it is a blanket

statement, said the presenter. It

is not that one thing causes another,

but it does increase the likelihood

of internal violence.

In addition, participating in conict,

corruption, or other illegal activities

often provides the only gainful

employment in war-torn or economically

vulnerable countries. When economic

systems are disrupted, infrastructure

destroyed, and insecurity prevalent,

citizens will often engage in illegal

and often highly dangerous activities

simply to survive. For example,

improvised explosive device plantingin Iraq, piracy in Somalia, and poppy

farming in Afghanistan provide

some of the few means of making

an above-market wage in these

degraded environments; as such,

citizens are willing to face physical

harm or even death for the chance

to provide for their families and

potentially transform their lives.

Individuals, whether perpetrators or victims of

violence, are economic agents and respond to

financial incentives. Participants discussed the

economic incentives fueling conflict in Rwanda,

Iraq, El Salvador, and Darfur.


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In Somalia, in particular, one

successful piracy operation can

ensure the nancial future of an entire

family. Local communities also benet,as pirates use their newfound wealth

to create employment and nancial

opportunities for others. While

actors often seek to eradicate such

behavior by punishing perpetrators

or destroying illegal crops, these

efforts are short-sighted. The US

and British Governments have spent

millions of dollars destroying poppy

elds in Afghanistan, but enterprising

farmers have simply shifted production

to other regions. This same principleextends to economic recovery. If

actors programs privilege one group

at the expense of others, community

members will use diverse strategies

to access and gain benets. A

government civilian agency member

cited a disarmament, demobilization,

and reintegration program (DDR) in

Sierra-Leone which provided economic

incentives for ex-combatants. Not

surprisingly, local citizens quickly

amassed multiple identity cards

identifying them as ex-combatants,

enabling them to prot from this

program. Similarly, when actors

strive to rebuild social services

such as healthcare systems, they

must painstakingly vet would-be

practitioners certicates to

combat the pervasive fraud

that typically ensues.

To change society, one must change

both the historical narrative and the

economic incentives that motivate

violence and illicit behavior. The

presenter cited the work of Mothers

Against Drunk Driving, a US-based

advocacy group, as an example.

This institution has had a profound

effect on US culture in just three

decades, successfully working to

change drinking and driving froman acceptable pastime to an act with

formidable negative legal, social,

and economic repercussions. And

in Sub-Saharan Africa, technological

advances, political pressure, and

negative media coverage combined

to create an environment where

leading jewelry companies were

able to identify diamonds origin

and were motivated to boycott

countries supplying blood diamonds,or gems used to fuel conict,

effectively removing that avenue

of funding for African insurgents.

Actors must work to create new

economic incentives, such as cash for

work, sustainable employment, and

community redevelopment initiatives,

that will motivate citizens to seek

Shannon Rogers, US Agency for International Development (right), shares insights

into creating successful job creation programs with Gwendolyne Sanders,

Naval Postgraduate School.

Participating in conflict, corruption, or illegalactivities often provides the only gainful employment

in war-torn countries. Actors discussed improvised

explosive device planting in Iraq, piracy in Somalia,

and poppy farming in Afghanistan which provide

some of the few means of making an above-market

wage in these degraded environments.


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Financing Models inNon-Western CountriesHow do different states manage their economies and respond to

economic crisis or opportunity? An educator used several case

studies to illustrate different banking and financing models.

Her examples included:

Somaliland, which suffered a crippling trade embargo when

Saudi Arabia, its principal trade partner, refused to purchase livestock

in the wake of an animal health scare. As a consequence, economic

growth ground to a halt. While the nation was economically dependent

on livestock sales, it was forced to diversify into new exports such as

mango juice, henna, frankincense, and labor. Although the country

is not ofcially recognized, it has a crude centralized banking system

that functions quite effectively, said the educator. Currency traders

cluster under the central bankers balcony, allowing him to monitor

exchange rates. When rates are inauspicious, the banker physically

hands over foreign exchange reserves for sale.

Afghanistan, which reestablished a centralized banking and payments

system in the aftermath of 9/11, replacing regional currency systems

that had been implemented by warlords. The nations currency traders

helped implement the system, decreasing the time and cost to

accomplish this important task. The country also leverages a money

transfer system called hawala to ensure the orderly exchange of funds.

East Timor, which decided to adopt US currency as its own. Thatdecision has wreaked havoc on its economy as the nation is not able

to manipulate and devalue its currency.

Countries that have used bulk cash smuggling in the absence of money

transfer networks or to fund illicit activities without detection. Bulk cash

smuggling has been used by Iraqi militants to fund insurgency and by the

Hezbollah to fund reconstruction efforts in Lebanon.

legal forms of employment and invest

in their own and societys future.

These programs must address real

needs, deliver visible gains, and be

sustainable by communities over

the long-term without the support

or resources of external actors. Actors

will often need to work at multiple

levels: helping host nations implement

macro-economic policies, bolstering

local economies, and seeking to

strengthen prominent or promising

industries. In addition, they

must provide the right combinationof economic incentives and legal

protections to motivate participants in

informal economies to join the formal

economy, expanding the tax base

and contributing to the states growth.

As they seek to partner effectively

with host nations, actors struggle

with a professional culture that

favors short in-country assignments

and frequent staff rotations overlonger assignments that would

enable personnel to develop the

cross-community relationships,

knowledge base, professional

reputation, and continuity that

are vital to ensuring the success of

long-term initiatives. We are good

rst responders, said a military

ofcer. We spend a lot of money

and put people to work for a period

of time. But we need to get betterabout generating a successful program

that we can then hand off to the

community. Concurred an NGO

member: NGOs are also notorious

for moving people in for a short

period of time and then moving

them on. Its frustrating. You learn

about a place and then leave. It

is to the detriment of what we

are trying to do.


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STATE FRAGILITY AND

GOVERNANCE

Two workshop presenters facilitated

a discussion on the nature of state

fragility and the importance of

good governance in readying states

for long-term change. Fragile states

have a disproportionate percentage

of the worlds poor and receive

less aid than they need, stated an

educator. As a consequence, they

can often slip in and out of crisis,

which can hinder actors ability tophase economic recovery initiatives

and help states transition from

interim stabilization to longer-term

reconstruction initiatives.

One hallmark of a functioning state

is its ability to maintain an effective

monopoly over its weapons. If states

cannot control their arms, coercion

will become privatized. Citizens will

then be forced to pay for security;

predation will increase; and a states

physical, economic, human, and

social capital will be compromised.

While actors typically focus on

rebuilding physical and economic

capital, from reconstructing

infrastructure to implementingjobs programs, human and social

capital are just as vital. Violence

harms a states human capital,

displacing, wounding, and killing its

citizens, with women and children

among the most affected. In 2008,

47 percent of refugees and asylum-

seekers were women and girls, while

44 percent were children under

the age of 18.6Citizens who live in

insecure environments turn inward,

focusing only on their self-preservation

and protection of their families.

While this type of myopic behavior,

called bonding social capital, helps

individuals navigate crisis, it prevents

states from moving forward.

(See graphic below.)

When states provide security andjustice to all of its citizens, promote

transparency and involvement, and

address resource inequities, they

provide an environment where

citizens can plan for the future. In

such an environment, citizens will

then demonstrate bridging social

capital: taking risks; exhibiting

entrepreneurialism; and forming

personal and professional networks

that cross ethnic, religious, andother divides. This type of capital

promotes public goodwill and

societal cohesion. In addition to

providing good governance, states

can help promote bridging social

capital by investing in civic education.

By involving disenfranchised

populations in the political process,

states can give citizens choice and

voice and increase their buy-in to

governmental decision making.

One participant highlighted a program

in Nigeria where ex-combatants

are taught how to monitor and

track participatory decision making

and spending and serve as election

monitors and observers. They

see that government processes

are credible and learn how to get

engaged, stated the participant.


Source: Dr. Nat J. Colletta and Michelle L. Cullen. Violent Conict and the Transformation

of Social Capital: Lessons from Cambodia, Rwanda, Guatemala, and Somalia,

The World Bank (2000), p. 14.

Different Types of Social Capital andTheir Impacts on States

Inclusion Rule of Law Open Media Effective, Engaging

Non-Corrupt Government

High Social CohesionLow Conflict

Civil Society

Growth-Oriented Markets

THE STATE

INDIVIDUALS / COMMUNITIES

HORIZONTAL SOCIAL CAPITAL

VERTICAL

SOCIAL

CAPITAL

ASSOCIATIVE / NETWORKED

Bridging Social CapitalBonding Social Capital

KIN-ORIENTED

Low Social CohesionHigh Conflict Exclusion Authoritarian State

Oppression Inequality / Inequity


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IMPLEMENTING THE WORLD

BANKS CONFLICT ANALYSIS

FRAMEWORK

Recognizing that conict impedes

long-term development, the World

Bank created a tool to analyze different

conict drivers present in fragile

and failed states and assess both the

probability and opportunities for the

outbreak and escalation of violence.

The framework looks at six critical areas:

social and ethnic relations, governance

and political institutions, human rightsand security, economic structure and

performance, environment and natural

resources, and external factors.

(See graphic below.)

Actors can use the framework to

increase their sensitivity to

conict drivers and ensure they

are adequately addressed in their

long-term strategies. Based on

past experience, actors know that

development and poverty reduction

initiatives have the potential to

mitigate root issues contributing

to conict or exacerbate them.

Participants talked about actors

work in northern Uganda, where

internally displaced persons (IDPs)

are being asked to return to villageswith no supporting infrastructure

as an example of what can happen

when initiatives are poorly conceived

and executed. Concurred an IGO

member: There is a total lack of

preparation in northern Uganda.

Who is to be ashamed here?

The government? The donors?

According to the IGO member,

successful programs will address

not just economic recovery, but also

such factors as security, governance,

and social stability. Since security is

inextricably intertwined with

economic recovery, actors will

often work on two tracks, seeking

to create a safe, secure environmentwhere business and trade can ourish,

while also creating the employment

opportunities themselves.

Source: The Conict Analysis Framework (CAF): Identifying Conict-related Obstacles to Development, Conict Prevention and

Reconstruction Unit, The World Bank (October 2002), p. 2.

Governance andpolitical institutions

Stability of politicalinstitutions

Equity oflaw/judicial system

Links betweengovernment andcitizens

Governance andPolitical Institutions

Role of media andfreedom of expression

Human rights status

Militarizationof the society

Security of civilians

Human Rightsand Security

Availability of naturalresources

Access to naturalresources(including land)

In-country and cross-border competitionover natural resources

Environment andNatural Resources

Social and economiccleavages

Ethnic cleavages

Regional imbalances

Differential socialopportunities

Bridging social capital

Group identity-building

Myth-making

Culture or traditionof violence

Social andEthnic Relations

Regional conflicts

Role of kindred groupsoutside country

Role of diaspora

External Forces

The World Banks Conflict Analysis Framework

Economic growth

External debt

management

Reliance on high-valueprimary commodities

Employment and accessto productive resources

Conflict-inducedpoverty

Income disparities

Per capita incomechanges

Inflationary trends

Economic Structureand Performance


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Although host government priorities

are important, the programs

proposed may not always be

achievable or represent the best

path forward. For example, in

Mozambique in 1992, the Ministry of

Labor wanted to provide vocational

training opportunities for 100,000

ex-combatants. Since it would have

taken up to two years to set up

the appropriate infrastructure, the

World Bank opted instead to pilot

three different types of programs:

nancing for existing vocationalschools; vouchers that ex-combatants

could cash with the provider of

their choice; and wage subsidies

for small businesses willing to train

three to ve ex-combatants for six

months. The program with the best,

most cost-effective results? The

small business apprenticeships. The

voucher program required so much

administrative capacity that it was

never launched, while the vocationalschools provided adequate training,

but at double the cost of the small

business program. Meanwhile, ex-

combatants working side-by-side

with entrepreneurs learned how to

run a business, and in many cases

were hired after the program

concluded. While the small business

owners likely would not have been

motivated to hire the ex-combatants

at the program outset, the programenabled them to train future

employees at no cost to the business

and benet from their labor,

easing both the hiring decision

and ex-combatants transition

into the workforce.

TAPPING THE POTENTIAL

OF LOCAL ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

An IGO member proled the

International Labour Organizations

work in local economic development,

which is a grassroots approach to

fostering community recovery and

development. Actors reach out to

local and provincial agencies to

help local stakeholders use dialogue

and knowledge sharing to design

a strategic framework that meets

the unique needs of the community.To revitalize the local community,

actors help communities create or

reestablish links with vital resources,

such as production-market chains,

technical and production knowledge,

and networks with suppliers and

customers. The IGO member said

that actors seeking to implementa local economic development

model should survey local needs

and foster community ownership

of the approach, before creating a

forum where stakeholders can share

ideas and cooperatively develop

a strategy and coordination and

implementation mechanisms. The

local economic development model

has been deployed in Iraq and was

subsequently used as a foundationfor a large-scale private sector

development program, she said.

Pictured: Major Sean Sutherland, US Air Force, shares his insights on

military-led reconstruction projects with Dr. Moyara Ruehsen, Monterey Institute

for International Studies.


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TENSIONS AND TRENDS WITH ECONOMIC RECOVERY

Participants discussed the tensions

that exist between donors, host

nations, and actors who often have

competing priorities for economic

recovery. Donors may favor expensive,

long-term reconstruction programs

that fail to deliver near-term results

communities can see, but are easierto fund, contract, and manage. Host

nations may have a high awareness

of the societal ills that beset them,

but may struggle to prioritize needs

or favor projects that benet just a

subset of their citizens. And actors

sometimes seek to implement

Western economic and business

norms such as privatization and

economic competition at a time

when host nations are ill-equippedto absorb their impacts. Systemic

changes only work well when an

enabling environment has been

created, the host nation has the

political will to execute them, and

they are capable of being sustained

over the long-term.

Despite donors penchant for

big bang projects, many actors

believe that grassroots, small-scale

projects provide the best mechanism

for creating community goodwill

and generating new economic

opportunities. Local projects

typically reect real needs, aremore efcient than large-scale

development initiatives, are less

likely to go awry in implementation,

and can create easy-to-sustain

processes communities are motivated

to maintain. Of equal importance,

these initiatives give community

members a say in how money is

spent. When there is a nite

amount of money involved, people

get very smart about how tospend it, stated a participant.

Programs such as animal inoculation,

agricultural training, and small

business loans may pay longer-lasting

dividends than high-cost vocational

training or infrastructure projects,

especially if these initiatives are

implemented in the absence of

the basic infrastructure required

to sustain them.

Tensions and Trendswith Economic Recovery

While donors often favor expensive, long-term

reconstruction programs, many actors believe that

grassroots, small-scale projects provide the best

mechanism for creating community goodwill and

generating new economic opportunities.


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Using the UNsJob Creation Framework

Most actors administering community-

level projects promote democratic

decision making, giving disenfranchised

populations, such as women and

youth, a voice in how initiatives

are selected and implemented.

However, a government civilian

agency representative stated thatthese types of initiatives can be

difcult to run, as agencies do not

have the infrastructure to manage

myriad small initiatives unless they

outsource their management

to local contractors.

An educator provided a cautionary

tale of what can go wrong when

actors ignore local needs and

implement Western best practices.The Army Corps of Engineers

undertook a major development

initiative at the Erbil Maternity

Hospital in Iraq, installing a reverse

osmosis system, boilers, and an

incinerator. Within seven months,

the hospital had suffered major

process failures, as staff did

not understand how to use or

maintain new equipment.

One Programme on Three Concurrent Tracks(curves measure intensity of programmes)

Stabilization Track:Stabilizing Income Generation& Emergency Employment

Local Reintegration Track:Local Economic Recoveryfor Employment Opportunities and Reintegration

Transition Track:Sustainable Employment Creationand Decent Work

Peace Building Process

PeaceNegotiation

Pre-PeaceAccord

Planning

PilotProgrammes

A presenter proled the United Nations (UN) employment and reintegration

framework for post-conict environments. The framework, which was designed

to maximize the effectiveness and ensure the coherence of UN agencies working

in a fragile state, seeks to help restore the economy; generate employment

for special needs populations such as ex-combatants, refugees, and IDPs; and

contribute to the peace dividend. It is governed by ve guiding principles: to

be coherent and comprehensive, to do no harm, to be conict-sensitive, to

aim for sustainability, and to promote gender equality.

The framework has three tracks, all of which are designed to be launched in

post-conict environments before peace accords are signed. (See graphic below.)

The stabilization track provides emergency employment for special needs

populations, such as cash and food for work projects and short-term skills training,

as well as startup kits and seed money for livelihoods. The reintegration track

targets specic geographies and seeks to build local capacity and promote

community recovery by using local labor for infrastructure reconstruction projects

and providing a wide array of business services, including counseling and referral,

short-term vocational training, and micronance opportunities. Finally, the

transition track works on the macroeconomic level to promote sustainable

employment by implementing the right policies and ensuring rule-of-law.

Recognizing that donor involvement is nite, the UN also seeks to involve

the private sector in recovery and development efforts.

Source: United Nations Policy for Post-Conict Employment Creation, Income

Generation and Reintegration, United Nations (May 2008), p. 8.


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As a contrast, when offered

development assistance to update

failing pumps at the Sadr Water

Station, local government ofcials

accepted, but opted to manage

the design and contracting process,

maintaining tight control over

all decision making. Rather than

implement state-of-the-art

technology, the ofcials decided

to replace their existing systems.The pumps remain in use to this

day in large measure because

maintenance personnel know

how to repair them.

So what are some of the best practices

and emerging trends with economicrecovery? Participants discussed:

Replacing commodities grants, which

can undermine the local economy

and create a high cost, complex

supply chain, with cash for work.

Cash for work is an important

part of stabilization, said an

IGO member. By putting cash in

peoples hands actors empower

recipients, letting them prioritizetheir needs. Funds are usually

spent in the local community,

fueling recovery and providing a

trickle-down effect that improves

quality of life for many.

Pairing employment programs

with basic life skills and psychosocial

programs. In countries as various

as Colombia and Uganda, actors

have taught ex-combatants theprinciples of basic nance by

depositing funds into bank accounts,

enabling them to build credit and

plan for expenses. Meanwhile,

special needs populations often

have complex psycho-social issues

and need access to counseling

services, mentoring, and other

resource-intensive programs to

address the legacy of conict.

Pictured from left to right: Ben Oppenheim, University of California at Berkeley; Ineba

Elizabeth Bob-Manuel, International Foundation for Education and Self-Help; Paul

Greening, International Organization for Migration; and David Odigie, MARKETS.


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Considering gender issues and

creating programs that help women

build livelihoods and provide for

their families, while respecting

cultural norms. In cultural milieus

where patriarchalism and domestic

violence is rampant, it can be

extremely difcult to design

programs that empower women.

However, many organizations

have realized that women are

vital to a countrys economic

recovery. The Grameen Bank and

other micronance entities havedemonstrated that women often

use small business loans more

effectively than men, may be the

nancial mainstay of their families,

and are more likely to repay loans

than their male counterparts. In

fact, as of May 2009, 97 percent

of Grameen Banks 7.86 million

borrowers were women.7

Working with states to develop

business-friendly policies, easing

regulation and taxation for start-ups

and addressing resource inequities

and needs such as property rights,

access to credit, and materials.

An IGO member cited a state with

a 29-step registration process,

which discouraged local citizensfrom legitimizing their businesses

and deprived the state of vital tax

revenues. In the short-term, the

informal economy absorbs a lot of

labor, stated the IGO member. But

in the long-term, it holds states back.

Involving multi-nationals in

creating vital capacity by assessing

skill needs, partnering with trade

associations to design trainingprograms, and creating tax breaks

and other benets to motivate

employers to hire local employees

and expand their operations.

Fully considering the long-termimplications of major policy

and programmatic interventions.

While actors efforts to promote

competition and restructure

existing industries may be well-

intentioned and represent desirable

long-term objectives, they may

have unforeseen negative impacts

if abruptly implemented. The

US Governments decision to

privatize the Iraqi Army and remove100,000 troops, including its most

highly educated and managerially

experienced ofcers, had a hugely

detrimental impact on the local

economy, stated an educator.

Each military member supported

a subsistence network of ve or

more individuals, meaning that

job losses reverberated far

throughout the community.


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ECONOMIC RECOVERY INITIATIVES

Economic Recovery Initiatives

REBUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

AND PROMOTINGJOB CREATION IN IRAQ

Two military ofcers presented on

armed forces-led reconstruction and

job creation projects in Iraq. They

stated that the militarys short eld

assignments made it difcult to study

critical issues and interdependencies

before launching programs. One of

the ofcers cited his work in Iraq as

an example, where black market fuel

sales, illegal energy and water use,

and load-shedding issues complicated

the militarys attempts to provide

businesses with power. If the militaryhad discussed these issues at the

provincial and national level with

host nation agencies, they could

have been better addressed. Military

forces involved in reconstruction

programs often operate in a data-

starved environment: lacking access

to vital socio-economic data, insights

to connect micro-economic activity

with macro-economic policy, and

relationships with other privatesector and civilian actors operating in

the same space. I would never send

a mission to take out a target with

such depraved data, and yet we did

it every day in the economic realm

in Iraq, stated an ofcer.

Participants heard presentations from practitioners with a wealth of experience in

designing and implementing job creation and alternative livelihood strategies.


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In addition, ill-thought-out

reconstruction projects can meet

with failure or potentially worsen

the economic environment. The

military ofcer cited the example

of a clinic, built to appease a local

sheik, that could not get adequate

stafng, because it had no support

from the Ministry of Health. And the

trucking industry, which ourished

when the US military closed the rail

network, now employs thousands

of people. When a renery in Anbar

began transporting fuel by rail,rather than truck, truckers retaliated

by placing improvised explosive

devices on the track. If we started

the railroads again, we would

steal livelihoods from a second

economy that has now sprung up,

the ofcer stated.

The opportunity in Iraq lies not

with state-owned industries, which

continue to pay their employeeseven as operations lie idle, but

with small businesses and private

enterprises, said the ofcer. Small

businesses spring up to meet market

needs, employ local citizens, and are

non-energy-intensive. While small

businesses typically qualify for grants

and micro-loans, other enterprises

often have nancing challenges as

they are too large for micro-loans

or too small for venture capital

or investment bank funding. The

growth problem is with the missing

middle, stated the ofcer. The

middle market isnt served well by

most programs. They dont needjust $1,000; they need $10,000 to

$300,000. To provide organizations

in Anbar with lending opportunities,

the military contracted with a non-

prot organization which will qualify

businesses readiness for funding and

facilitate access to capital markets.

We measure internal rates of return

for businesses, nancial rates of

return for investors, and economic

rates of return for communities. Weshould also measure a stabilization

and reconstruction rate of return.

Is a happier wealthier, entrepreneur

more likely to be a peaceable,

law-abiding citizen? We need to

gure that out, stated the ofcer.

UNDERSTANDING GENDER

ISSUES IN COLOMBIA

An NGO member presented on

gender issues in Colombia that

affect job creation and livelihood

programs. Educational achievement

for women has risen over the past

several decades, but only 22 percent

complete college. Women also earn

signicantly less than their malecounterparts in the workforce.

While oil, mining, and private

security provide many of the best

employment opportunities for

Colombians, women are excluded

from these industries. In addition,

they lack access to day care

services that would enable

them to take advantage of work

opportunities, a critical problem

since women head 40 percent ofhouseholds in Colombia.

While the Colombian government has

launched a comprehensive program

to reintegrate ex-combatants, it has

ignored female victims of the conict

who have been displaced, raped, and

forced into polygamous relationships

with guerilla or paramilitary ghters.

Domestic violence and polygamy is

culturally accepted in Colombia,the NGO member said.


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Women need legal protection to

settle labor disputes, protect land

rights, and pursue domestic violence

claims. While cultural change is slow

in coming, there have been small-

scale successes. A new law makes it

impossible for women to withdraw

from domestic disputes once they

have led suit. Since many victims

withdraw their cases due to societal

pressure or stigma, this law could

help more women pursue justice

against their attackers, she said.

INCREASING CITIZEN

INVOLVEMENT IN GUATEMALA

An IGO member presented a case

study on a new vision for security

in Guatemala. Deep-rooted social

inequalities and a failed attempt at

democratization have fed a thirty-year conict in the country. While

the government negotiated a peace

accord in 1996, it has not yet been

implemented, due to a lack of

political will and capacity. Critical

issues that fed the conict, such

as inequitable land distribution,

insufcient reparations, and human

rights, have not been satisfactorily

addressed, and the countrys

current economic gains benet theprivileged at the expense of the

poor. As a consequence, the country

has suffered a signicant upswing in

organized crime and social violence,

with the majority of homicides

occurring in poor, non-indigenous

municipalities. If Guatemala is to

create sustainable employment

and livelihoods, international

governments must apply pressure

on the country to fulll its peace

accords, as well as provide vital

investment and technical support.

The speaker also stressed the

need for a new model ofpolitical involvement he called

citizen security, providing local

communities with choice and

voice in political decision making.

PREPARING FOR REINTEGRATION

IN NORTHERN UGANDA

A presenter offered his insights

into an IGOs efforts to generate

employment in Northern Uganda.

The country faces numerous

challenges, including the return

and reintegration of IDPs and ex-

combatants, an economy that is

heavily dependent on subsistence

farming, and continued insecurity.

Donors, government authorities,

and NGOs have worked together at

the district level to set priorities and

fund programs. Community groups

were used to deliver basic services

to IDPs in the camps, includinghealthcare, education, and water

during the conict, and UN agencies

are now providing services through

the cluster system. Donors are

providing training and cash grants

villagers can use to purchase supplies

and start businesses such as tailor

shops and transportation services.

Villagers contribute earnings to

savings cooperatives, enabling

others to borrow money and createbusinesses of their own. Subsistence

farmers, who represent 88 percent

of the population in transition sites

and villages, receive supplies such

as seed, oxen, and ploughs, as

well as basic literacy classes.

Melanie Peyser, Ofce of the Secretary of Defense, discusses government civilian

agency priorities with Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Chisholm, US Marine Corps.


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According to the presenter, Consolidated

Appeals Process (CAP) funding has

been cut 50 percent, from $450

million to $225 million, as donors

seek to move into the recovery

phase. However, systemic problems

still remain: While ex-combatants

from the Lords Resistance Army

are participating in cleansing

ceremonies to gain community

acceptance, many of the youth

will likely not want to return to

home villages from which they

were kidnapped up to two decadesearlier. Senior combatants have

assumed positions of authority

in the districts,exercising undue

sway over contracting decisions.

And villages lack basic infrastructure,

including access to water, sanitation,

and medical services, making IDPs

reluctant to leave camps. However,

most of the camps are located on

private land, which landowners

are now seeking to reclaim fortheir own use.

We are taking the people to

villages where there is no water,

no toilets, no classrooms, stated

the presenter. There is no structure,

and yet we are trying to move

swiftly from stabilization to

recovery. This country case study

provides a cautionary tale of what

can happen when conict driversand infrastructure issues are not

addressed, yet donors still strive

to adhere to rigid funding models

and implementation frameworks.

PROMOTING SOCIAL

COHESION AND

REINTEGRATION IN ACEH

An NGO member proled a project

to promote economic recovery and

social cohesion in Acehs rural villages.

Villagers work together to develop

proposals for grants of $8,000 to

use on small-scale reconstruction

project or revitalization projects,select implementation teams,

and monitor progress to ensure

accountability. The villagers do the

work themselves. With contractors,

you get corruption, stated the NGO

member. Villages that opted to

use the work for reconstruction

projects built roads or dug drainage

ditches to prevent flooding,

making land usable year-around.

Some villages used grants to

purchase agriculture equipment

such as tractors and threshing

machines, which could be rented

to generate income. However, most

villages chose to purchase wedding

and party equipment. The reason

why? Village weddings and ceremonies

were highly elaborate and a

source of civic pride. Purchasing

equipment allowed the villages to earn

rental income by renting it to other

villages and make it available to poor

residents, who previously were not

able to afford such luxuries.

Actors required that projects had to

include the participation of at least

40 percent of the villages women

to ensure that they had a voice in

decision making processes. Most of

the villages also selected womenas their project bookkeepers,

since they were deemed to be more

honest and reliable than their male

counterparts. Ex-combatants were

included in the implementation

phase of projects.

Because the project emphasized

transparency, inclusiveness, and

democratic decision making, it

was widely accepted by areacommunities. In many cases,

villagers added their own money

to grants to expand the scope of

what they undertook. Villagers

were eager to learn new skills,

such as preparing proposals and

budgets, monitoring projects, and

keeping books. And at the end of

each project, villages hosted a

handover and a blessing ceremony,

creating social cohesiveness.


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LEVERAGING THE PRIVATE

SECTOR IN HAITI

An NGO member highlighted a job

creation program funded by the US

Agency for International Development

which was designed to legitimize the

government and reduce the potential

for conict in Haiti. The four-year

program, which targeted urban areas

where unemployment was high,sought to create 100,000 short-term

jobs and 10,000 long-term jobs. Youth,

who were involved in gangs and

drug trafcking, were among

the groups targeted.

To focus efforts effectively, donors

conducted a workforce gap analysis,

identifying the critical skills required

by private sector companies and

the gaps that existed betweenprospective employees abilities

and these benchmarks. The program

delivered entrepreneurship training,

helped beneciaries link to local

micronance institutions and apply for

loans, and facilitated private sector

investment and market linkages.

Since textile manufacturing is one

of the countrys most successful

industries, the NGO designed a three-

track program that would capitalizeon the countrys preferential trade

agreements with the United States.

At the national level, the program

sought to build up the industrys

infrastructure; at the sector level,

actors partnered with private sector

companies to establish a training

center that would help prospective

workers learn garment making and

life skills; and at the individual rm

level, companies received operational

assistance and training. A lot of

people consider the private sector as

the bad guys, but it makes sense

to build on pre-conict industries

and leverage existing relationships,

stated the speaker.

The NGO member stressed the

tension between donors desire to

achieve rapid results and the long

timeframes and high investment

required to accomplish institution

building. Theres a tendency tohit numbers, instead of make

the critical investments that are

needed to build up the government

and the private sector, she stated,

adding that it can take years to

build the right relationships with

private sector rms.

Pictured in foreground: Arturo Matute, United Nations Development Programme.


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AN NGO TARGETS

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Although Nigeria has abundant

natural resources, the country lacks

vital infrastructure and its people

live in poverty, with more than 70

percent dependent on subsistence

agriculture. A participant proled the

work of an agriculture-focused NGO,

which seeks to work collaboratively

with local communities to deploy

quick-impact, high income projects

that address the entire agricultural

value chain. Not everyone can

work on farms, said an NGO

member, but agriculture can

also generate jobs in production,

marketing, and transportation.

The NGO trains community members

on agricultural best practices,including seed replacement,

fertilization, and cultivation of

indigenous crops, holding eld

demonstrations so that farmers will

be able to replicate new techniques

on their own. The NGO also works

on the sector level, facilitating

credit and micronance opportunities

for farmers. The system is working

so well, stated the NGO member,

that farmers in the Ebonyi Stateare now able to plan for the future

by building homes, buying cars or

motorbikes for transportation, and

educating their children. While

the NGO has had success in several

states, it has also had to abandon

some projects due to insecurity.

The presence of afuent

multinationals, some of whom

work for companies that havedespoiled natural resources, is

a concern for NGOs and other

actors operating in the area. If a

politician dangles money and tells

citizens to burn houses, they will

do it. We need to give people the

opportunity to create a livelihood,

so that they have choices and

dont resort to violence.

CSRS holds workshops

on a wide array of

cutting-edge topics for

S&R practitioners.

CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR:

Cognitive learning

Practical skills development

Professional, cross-community networking

CSRS Workshops


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PUTTING NEW INSIGHTS TO WORK

To help participants practice new

skills, workshop facilitators assigned

case studies, instructing participants

to perform country analyses and

then design a job creation strategy

that met the unique needs of that

particular post-conict environment.

Countries included Aceh, Afghanistan,

Colombia, Liberia, and Timor-Leste.

The facilitator challenged the group

to design specic projects that wouldpromote social reconciliation and

jumpstart the economy, while

also laying the groundwork for

longer-term recovery.

Aceh:Since Aceh has a functioning

government and economy, the

Aceh group stated that they would

implement public works projects

such as irrigation initiatives in remote

areas to bolster the economy. Mid-term, actors would work with local

governments to implement supportive

policies, such as tax breaks and

anti-corruption campaigns, promote

exchange programs to build internal

capacity, and increase media and

governmental transparency.

Putting NewInsights to Work

Pictured from left to right: Master Sergeant Miguel Espinoza, US Army; David Odigie;

and Dr. Isabel Londono, Women for Colombia Foundation.

Participants practiced new skills by performing

country analyses and designing job creation

strategies for countries as various as Aceh,

Afghanistan, Colombia, Liberia, and Timor-Leste.


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PUTTING NEW INSIGHTS TO WORK

Afghanistan: Since illicit agribusiness

dominates the Afghan economy,

the Afghanistan group decided to

focus on promoting sustainable

livelihoods. The group decided to

work collaboratively with tribal

leaders, district ofcials, women,

and other stakeholders to design

a local job creation strategy. To

create short-term gains, the group

would fund public works projects

such as bridge and road building

and reforestation and offer formal

security training to provide youthwith the opportunity to join police

or local security forces, rather

than the Taliban. In addition,

the group decided to offer civic

education to strengthen public

involvement in political decision

making. Longer-term, the group

hoped to make Kandahar the primary

source of midwives for the Middle

East. Two facilitators challenged

the group and asked members ifthey had considered developing

institutional capacity, strengthening

nancial systems, and developing

pro-business economic policies.

However, the group stated that they

wished to consult with local leaders

before developing a longer-term vision.

Colombia:Since Colombia has such

a high number of ex-combatants,

the group decided to develop a

life skills and vocational training

program. Each ex-combatant,

who would be paired with a

civilian, would receive basic life

and vocational skills training, with

the goal of passing the General

Education Development exam and

entering a new career path such

as forest preservation or poultry or

dairy farming. Each ex-combatant

would also be eligible for a grantof $5,000 to start a new business.

Civilians would receive remuneration

for administering training, which

would reduce community ill-will to

ex-combatants and motivate their

participation in the program.

Timor-Leste:While Timor-Leste

benets from oil revenues, the

government has committed to

overly generous pensions, whichcould hurt the economy if resources

diminish or oil prices fall. The group

decided to focus on the Baucau

region, which suffers from high

unemployment, an unskilled labor

pool, environmental problems, and

infrastructure destruction, among

other ills. The group decided to

involve village chiefs, women, and

civil society organizations in the

design and implementation of a

local economic development and

income generation program. Social

objectives included a drive to

increase school enrollment for youth

and women in an effort to reduce

high illiteracy and decrease fertility

rates and the promotion of karate

groups to provide participants with a

socially appropriate outlet for their

aggression to help reduce family

violence. Job creation efforts would

include small business training, the

creation of irrigation systems, andenvironmental projects to prevent

erosion and clean up local rivers

and communities. To create new

nancial systems, the group proposed

developing agricultural credit unions

that would provide small business

loans. To encourage the diaspora to

return, the group would offer loan

forgiveness programs in return for

short-term volunteerism. However,

the group acknowledged that it hadnot adequately considered how to

build and mobilize local capacity.

Liberia:The Liberia group proposed

conducting an assessment to

determine the state of agricultural

infrastructure and supply processes.

Job creation programs would include

public works such as roads and small

bridges and training in the areas

of communication and agriculture.The program would also address

critical issues such as land ownership

and allocation, the availability of

agricultural supplies such as tools

and seeds, and the development of

agricultural cooperatives. Longer-

term, the program would strive to

strengthen related industries such

as food processing and packing.


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CONCLUSION

ConclusionViolence and poverty: The two

are inextricably linked, yet can be

broken with the right interventions.

Decades of academic research

have conrmed what S&R actors

have long suspected, which is that

rebuilding broken states economiescan not only stop the vicious cycle

of conict, but can also help build

bridges over the sharp religious,

ethnic, and other schisms that have

historically fractured them. At the

most basic level, actors seek to

work with host nations to replace

economic incentives for perpetuating

conict with economic incentives

for sustaining peace.

How to bolster fragile states

economies remains a topic of

much debate. Actors know that

they must help host nations with

some formidable challenges.

Bloated militaries will need to be

reduced, social services restored,

inequities rectied, and special

needs populations employed. But

how to accomplish these goals

will necessarily vary with each

country. However, some constants

remain: ensuring host government

ownership, involving the full range

of stakeholders in program design;

considering community needs;

working at the local, regional, andsectoral levels; and planning for

sustainability. Workshop participants

also stressed the need for exibility

in crafting programs that address

the needs of local populations and

the limits of degraded environments,

in funding and sequencing economic

recovery phases, and in deploying

teams for longer assignments to

post-conict environments. Too

often, they said, donor requirements,political objectives, and organizational

mandates limit the effectiveness

of what actors can accomplish on

the ground by prescribing or

circumscribing initiatives.

Violence and poverty are inextricably linked, yetcan be broken with the right interventions. At themost basic level, actors implementing job creation

programs are replacing economic incentives for

perpetuating conflict with economic incentives

for sustaining peace.


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If actors and host nations can craft

the right mix of programs that

improve the lives of ordinary citizens

while setting the stage for long-

term recovery, they can help a

nation begin to build a different

kind of future. In this new future,

the state creates an enabling

environment, while citizens exhibit

entrepreneurialism and risk-taking,

investing in their own futures.

Economic gains help citizens reap the

benets of the peace dividend and

give a state vital time to strengtheninstitutions, build capacity, and

implement good governance.

Getting Back to Workhelped

practitioners, many of whom have

been instrumental in rebuilding

fragile states economies around

the world, understand the full

range of issues, resources, and

best practices involved with

designing and implementing job

creation and alternative livelihood

programs. Workshop presenters

shared strategies, illuminating both

successes and shortcomings from past

initiatives, as well as frameworks

participants could put to use infuture eldwork. As practitioners

work hand-in-hand with host nation

counterparts to design culturally

appropriate, sustainable programs,

they will be able to leverage a wealth

of insights and tools gleaned from

Getting Back to Work.

CONCLUSION

Endnotes

1A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility: Report of

the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change,

United Nations (2004),p. 11.

2 Ibid, p. 15. Graphic based on research undertaken by Macartan

Humphreys (Columbia University), using data provided by

the World Bank, the Department of Peace and Conict

Research at Uppsala University and the International

Peace Research Institute, Oslo.

3Paul Collier. Breaking The Confict Trap. (Washington, DC:

The World Bank and Oxford University Press, May 2003), p. 3.

4Paul Collier and Anke Hoefer. Civil War. (Oxford, England:

University of Oxford, March 2006), p. 24.

5Paul Collier. Breaking the Confict Trap, p. 2.

62008 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Inter-

nally Displaced and Stateless Persons, UN High Commissioner for

Refugees (June 16, 2009), p. 2. Available online at: http://www.

unhcr.org/4a375c426.html (accessed June 11, 2009).

7 Grameen Bank website, available online at http://www.

grameen-info.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id

=16&Itemid=112. Accessed on June 11, 2009.


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Dr. Howard Anderson

Chief, Field Assistance Division

US Peace Corps

Ms. Rachel Blum*

Senior Advisor, Economic Development

CHF International

Ms. Ineba Elizabeth Bob-Manuel

Regional Programs Manager, South

International Foundation for Education

and Self-Help

Major Amy Bumgarner, US Air Force

Graduate StudentUS Naval Postgraduate School

Mr. Jeffrey Callahan

Director, Development

Global Majority

Mr. John Calogero

Consultant

Armadillo at Large

Mr. Norberto Celestino

Senior Program Ofcer

Emergency and Reintegration Unit

International Organization for Migration

Dr. Wayne Cheatham

Special Assistant to the Surgeon

General US Navy

Ms. Knowledge Chikondo

Operations Director

World Vision Zimbabwe

Lieutenant Colonel Matthew Chisholm,

US Marine Corps*Civil Affairs Ofcer, 3rd Civil Affairs Group

US Marine Corps

Lieutenant Jihoon (Perry) Choi, US Navy

Graduate Student

US Naval Postgraduate School

Ms. Erin Cornish

Livelihoods Program Manager

for Aceh, Indonesia


Major Herb Daniels, US Army

Graduate Student


Master Sergeant Miguel Espinoza, US Army

A Company

Civil Military Operations Center

Non-Commissioned Ofcer in Charge

98th Civil Affairs Battalion

US Army

Lieutenant Kristin Garrott, US Navy

Team 106 Ofcer in Charge

Maritime Civil Affairs Squadron ONE

US Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant Juan Giraldo, US Army

A Company

Civil Military Operations Center

Non-Commissioned Ofcer

98th Civil Affairs Battalion

US Army

Event Speakers and Participants

27

EVENT SPEAKERS AND PARTICIPANTS

* Event speaker


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28

EVENT SPEAKERS AND PARTICIPANTS

* Event speaker

CSRS TEAM

Mr. John Christiansen

Senior Program Advisor

Dr. Nat J. Colletta

Workshop Co-facilitator

Mr. Jesse Darling

Multimedia Designer

Dr. Sophal Ear

Workshop Co-facilitator

Ms. Shukuko Koyamo

Workshop Presenter

Ms. Holly Larson

Report Writer

Mr. Ben Oppenheim

Rapporteur

Ms. Miriam Turlington

Program Assistant

Mr. Nicholas Tomb

Program Coordinator

Mr. Matthew Vaccaro

Program Director

Mr. Paul Greening*

Project Manager

Post-Conict Community Reintegration


Mr. Andrew Harris

Graduate Student


Chief Petty Ofcer Dennis Harris, US Navy

Team 107 Leading Petty Ofcer

Maritime Civil Affairs Squadron One

US Navy

Ms. Sabrina Hill

Logistics Portfolio Manager

Department of Homeland Security

Ms. Shukuko Koyama*Socio-economic Reintegration Expert

International Labour Ofce

Mr. Brian Kriz

Safety Nets and Livelihoods Recovery Specialist

Save the Children

Dr. Isabel Londono*

Executive Director

Women for Colombia Foundation

Ms. Lana Lynn

West Coast Representative

Center for Humanitarian Cooperation

Mr. Arturo Matute*

Program Specialist on Violence Prevention

United Nations Development Programme

Mr. Maxie Joseph Muwonge

Senior Program Assistant

Information Counseling and Referral

Services, Uganda


Lieutenant Brian Nichols, US Navy

Team 107 Ofcer in Charge


US Navy

Mr. David Odigie*

Program Ofcer/Financial Services Specialist

MARKETS

Mr. Ben Oppenheim*

Research Fellow

University of California, Berkeley

Lieutenant Commander Aaron Park, US Navy

Graduate Student

Naval Postgraduate School

Ms. Melanie Peyser

Program Director, Civil Military Initiative

Ofce of African Affairs

Ofce of the Secretary of Defense

US Department of Defense

Ms. Georgianna Platt

Regional Advisor, East Central Africa

US Agency for International Development

Ms. Shannon RogersProgram Manager, Peace and Security

US Agency for International Development

Lieutenant Colonel Charles Royer,

US Marine Corps*

Economic Advisor, 3rd Civil Affairs Group

1st Marine Expeditionary Force

US Marine Corps

Dr. Moyara Ruehsen*

Associate Professor

Monterey Institute for International Studies

Ms. Gwendolyne Sanders

Graduate Student


Chief Petty Ofcer Daniel Scholler, US Navy

Team 106 Leading Chief Petty Ofcer


US Navy

Major Sean Sutherland, US Air Force

Graduate Student


Lieutenant Colonel Carol White, US Army

Civil Affairs Plans Ofcer

US Special Operations Command

Lieutenant Khalid Woods, US Navy

Graduate Student



31/32

C

For more information about CSRS, its philosophy, and programs,

please visit www.csrs-nps.org.


32/32

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"Getting Back to Work: Rebuilding Livelihoods in Post-Conflict Environments Workshop" Report

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