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48
SOILS & NUTRIENTS APRIL 15, 2012  www.goodfruit.com VOL. 63, NO. 8
Transcript

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 148

SOILS amp NUTRIEN

APRIL 15 2012 wwwgoodfruitcom VOL 63 NO 8

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 248

2 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for useDuPont trade Fontelis trade may not be registered for sale or use in all states Contact yourDuPont representative for details and availability in your stateThe DuPont Oval Logo DuPont trade The miracles of science trade and Fontelis trade are trademarksor registered trademarks of DuPont or its affiliatesCopyright copy 2012 EI du Pont de Nemours and Company All Rights Reserved SPEPN025610P424AVA

Why take a chance Now you have disease control thatrsquos ready for just about anythingNew DuPonttrade Fontelistrade fungicide delivers broader-spectrum coverage for fast-acting and

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need to improve your odds for high-quality high-yielding crops fontelisdupontcom

Count on DuPontto help you deal withjust about anything

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

24

32

14

FEATURES

SOILS amp NUTRIENTS

18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

20 Protect peaches from nematodes

To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes

that transmit them

22 Organic matter matters

Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties

24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts

about making profitable orchards

26 Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices make the most money

28 Orchard floor management

Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored

30 Glyphosate resistance

Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant

32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe

8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright

Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi

10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered

Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control

14 Pheromones explored for psylla

16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks

becoming a commodity

wwwgoodfruitcom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 448

4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD GRAPE GROWER

36 Options for when

itrsquos time to replant

Identify why a vineyard needs

replanting before planning

how to do it

38 Reestablishing a vineyard

has its challenges

DEPARTMENTS

6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go

40 Good Stuff

41 Good Deals

45 Advertiser Index

45 Classifieds

46 Last Bite Braeburn

WEB EXTRAS

Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit

industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER

staff writers

Fertilizing pear orchard

Walter Hugh Ranch

Hood River Valley

Oregon

photo by laNce JohNsoN

yakima washiNgtoN

22 James Cassidy

30 Brad Hanson

18 Ron Perry

36

copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN

Managing Editor Jim Black

jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512

EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330

Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen

mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922

Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001

Advertising ManagerDoug Button

dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514

Advertising SalesRick Larsen

rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517

Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516

Production Manager Nancy Jo Born

nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513

ProductionAurora Lee

rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518

CirculationSteve Call

stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515

Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin

Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well

Mike Wittenbach

US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946

Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the

Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279

The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good

Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement

POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177

copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA

105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901

509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521

E-mail growinggoodfruitcom

wwwgoodfruitcom

growing with growers since 1946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 548

S

Y

S S

T

E

M

trade

S E

R

I E

S

AGRO-K CORPORATION

copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks

of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF

Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California

Sysstem-CALreg

The Perfect

PGR Partner

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important

early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the

developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal

growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K

can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools

used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are

critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you

can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic

calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar

calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner

Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per

acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos

positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly

Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound

effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in

maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the

same time for better firmness and storage life

In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene

(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had

smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg

128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the

treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin

and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and

the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca

from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness

in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo

Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want

early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but

calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from

WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have

documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg

allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire

blight more effectively

The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid

calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium

is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall

development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out

while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit

wwwagro-kcom

trade reg

Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545

Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602

Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm

2271 4617 67 6699 556 625

Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605

Untreated Control Control 156 c

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm

191 b

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a

Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130

Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts

Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts

390 370 240

Science-Driven Nutrition SM

m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth

0 wk

Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009

1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk

Check

Apogee

Apogee + Sysstem-CAL

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013

Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks

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1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330

We ship nationwide so please call

for price and availability

Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689

ptvergyakgenextnet

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QUICK BITES

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00

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Free from fungus apples

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Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

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THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

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Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications

R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

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5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

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trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

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GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

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CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 248

2 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Always read and follow all label directions and precautions for useDuPont trade Fontelis trade may not be registered for sale or use in all states Contact yourDuPont representative for details and availability in your stateThe DuPont Oval Logo DuPont trade The miracles of science trade and Fontelis trade are trademarksor registered trademarks of DuPont or its affiliatesCopyright copy 2012 EI du Pont de Nemours and Company All Rights Reserved SPEPN025610P424AVA

Why take a chance Now you have disease control thatrsquos ready for just about anythingNew DuPonttrade Fontelistrade fungicide delivers broader-spectrum coverage for fast-acting and

long-lasting protection thatrsquos preventive and curative Itrsquos the power and flexibility you

need to improve your odds for high-quality high-yielding crops fontelisdupontcom

Count on DuPontto help you deal withjust about anything

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

24

32

14

FEATURES

SOILS amp NUTRIENTS

18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

20 Protect peaches from nematodes

To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes

that transmit them

22 Organic matter matters

Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties

24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts

about making profitable orchards

26 Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices make the most money

28 Orchard floor management

Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored

30 Glyphosate resistance

Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant

32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe

8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright

Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi

10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered

Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control

14 Pheromones explored for psylla

16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks

becoming a commodity

wwwgoodfruitcom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 448

4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD GRAPE GROWER

36 Options for when

itrsquos time to replant

Identify why a vineyard needs

replanting before planning

how to do it

38 Reestablishing a vineyard

has its challenges

DEPARTMENTS

6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go

40 Good Stuff

41 Good Deals

45 Advertiser Index

45 Classifieds

46 Last Bite Braeburn

WEB EXTRAS

Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit

industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER

staff writers

Fertilizing pear orchard

Walter Hugh Ranch

Hood River Valley

Oregon

photo by laNce JohNsoN

yakima washiNgtoN

22 James Cassidy

30 Brad Hanson

18 Ron Perry

36

copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN

Managing Editor Jim Black

jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512

EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330

Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen

mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922

Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001

Advertising ManagerDoug Button

dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514

Advertising SalesRick Larsen

rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517

Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516

Production Manager Nancy Jo Born

nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513

ProductionAurora Lee

rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518

CirculationSteve Call

stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515

Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin

Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well

Mike Wittenbach

US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946

Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the

Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279

The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good

Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement

POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177

copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA

105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901

509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521

E-mail growinggoodfruitcom

wwwgoodfruitcom

growing with growers since 1946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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S

Y

S S

T

E

M

trade

S E

R

I E

S

AGRO-K CORPORATION

copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks

of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF

Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California

Sysstem-CALreg

The Perfect

PGR Partner

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important

early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the

developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal

growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K

can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools

used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are

critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you

can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic

calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar

calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner

Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per

acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos

positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly

Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound

effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in

maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the

same time for better firmness and storage life

In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene

(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had

smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg

128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the

treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin

and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and

the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca

from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness

in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo

Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want

early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but

calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from

WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have

documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg

allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire

blight more effectively

The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid

calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium

is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall

development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out

while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit

wwwagro-kcom

trade reg

Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545

Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602

Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm

2271 4617 67 6699 556 625

Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605

Untreated Control Control 156 c

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm

191 b

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a

Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130

Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts

Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts

390 370 240

Science-Driven Nutrition SM

m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth

0 wk

Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009

1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk

Check

Apogee

Apogee + Sysstem-CAL

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013

Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks

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1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330

We ship nationwide so please call

for price and availability

Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689

ptvergyakgenextnet

CONTRACTS FOR 2013 2014 2015

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industry news

QUICK BITES

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00

ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo

ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo

Free from fungus apples

stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and

works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases

improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability

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to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide

Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

REQUEST FREE SAMPLE

Nelson engineers have

made an impressive number

of advancements to Rotator

Technology in the 25 years

since the sale of the first

R20 back in 1987

FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED

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No hang up in weeds or crop

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Long wear life

THE R10 OFFERED

Lower application rates

Color-coded nozzles

A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers

Highly uniform full coverage irrigation

THE BR200 INTRODUCED

Modularity

Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles

The ACME thread

THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity

via an ingenious new diffuser technology

A road guard

THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

Even lower application rates with high uniformity

THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

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distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity

First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

on portable pipe in the United States

LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP

Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi

Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications

R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS

New two-speed rotation technology

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of throw

R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO

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After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

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5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

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trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

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GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

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CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

24

32

14

FEATURES

SOILS amp NUTRIENTS

18 Mounding Honeycrisp may overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

20 Protect peaches from nematodes

To lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes

that transmit them

22 Organic matter matters

Organic matter has a big influence on soil properties

24 Planning new apple orchardsCornell pomologist Dr Terence Robinson shares his thoughts

about making profitable orchards

26 Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices make the most money

28 Orchard floor management

Sod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

29 Avoid weedy orchard floors where pests are harbored

30 Glyphosate resistance

Some orchard and vineyard weeds are resistant

32 Selecting herbicides for tree fruit

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

34 Get the most out of glyphosateThe many formulations available do about the same job but rates diffe

8 The future for organic apple sales is not bright

Economist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook than organi

10 Second Washington State cherry referendum considered

Stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

12 Pear growers plead for help with pear psylla control

14 Pheromones explored for psylla

16 Marketing new varieties is the hard part When a new apple is launched as an open variety it risks

becoming a commodity

wwwgoodfruitcom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 448

4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD GRAPE GROWER

36 Options for when

itrsquos time to replant

Identify why a vineyard needs

replanting before planning

how to do it

38 Reestablishing a vineyard

has its challenges

DEPARTMENTS

6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go

40 Good Stuff

41 Good Deals

45 Advertiser Index

45 Classifieds

46 Last Bite Braeburn

WEB EXTRAS

Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit

industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER

staff writers

Fertilizing pear orchard

Walter Hugh Ranch

Hood River Valley

Oregon

photo by laNce JohNsoN

yakima washiNgtoN

22 James Cassidy

30 Brad Hanson

18 Ron Perry

36

copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN

Managing Editor Jim Black

jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512

EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330

Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen

mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922

Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001

Advertising ManagerDoug Button

dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514

Advertising SalesRick Larsen

rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517

Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516

Production Manager Nancy Jo Born

nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513

ProductionAurora Lee

rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518

CirculationSteve Call

stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515

Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin

Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well

Mike Wittenbach

US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946

Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the

Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279

The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good

Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement

POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177

copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA

105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901

509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521

E-mail growinggoodfruitcom

wwwgoodfruitcom

growing with growers since 1946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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S

Y

S S

T

E

M

trade

S E

R

I E

S

AGRO-K CORPORATION

copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks

of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF

Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California

Sysstem-CALreg

The Perfect

PGR Partner

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important

early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the

developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal

growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K

can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools

used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are

critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you

can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic

calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar

calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner

Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per

acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos

positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly

Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound

effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in

maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the

same time for better firmness and storage life

In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene

(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had

smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg

128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the

treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin

and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and

the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca

from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness

in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo

Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want

early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but

calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from

WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have

documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg

allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire

blight more effectively

The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid

calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium

is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall

development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out

while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit

wwwagro-kcom

trade reg

Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545

Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602

Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm

2271 4617 67 6699 556 625

Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605

Untreated Control Control 156 c

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm

191 b

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a

Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130

Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts

Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts

390 370 240

Science-Driven Nutrition SM

m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth

0 wk

Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009

1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk

Check

Apogee

Apogee + Sysstem-CAL

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013

Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks

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1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330

We ship nationwide so please call

for price and availability

Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689

ptvergyakgenextnet

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QUICK BITES

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00

ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo

ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo

Free from fungus apples

stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and

works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases

improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability

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to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide

Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

REQUEST FREE SAMPLE

Nelson engineers have

made an impressive number

of advancements to Rotator

Technology in the 25 years

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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED

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THE R10 OFFERED

Lower application rates

Color-coded nozzles

A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers

Highly uniform full coverage irrigation

THE BR200 INTRODUCED

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Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles

The ACME thread

THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity

via an ingenious new diffuser technology

A road guard

THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

Even lower application rates with high uniformity

THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

on portable pipe in the United States

LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP

Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi

Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications

R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS

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After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL

AWESOMEVALUABLE

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Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)

Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)

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trade reg trade reg

trade trade trade trade

Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn

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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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1-800-487-9946

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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4 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD GRAPE GROWER

36 Options for when

itrsquos time to replant

Identify why a vineyard needs

replanting before planning

how to do it

38 Reestablishing a vineyard

has its challenges

DEPARTMENTS

6 Quick Bites39 Good To Go

40 Good Stuff

41 Good Deals

45 Advertiser Index

45 Classifieds

46 Last Bite Braeburn

WEB EXTRAS

Go to wwwgoodfruitcom for the latest tree fruit

industry news from GOOD FRUIT GROWER

staff writers

Fertilizing pear orchard

Walter Hugh Ranch

Hood River Valley

Oregon

photo by laNce JohNsoN

yakima washiNgtoN

22 James Cassidy

30 Brad Hanson

18 Ron Perry

36

copy2012 No reproductioN or display without writteN permissioN

Managing Editor Jim Black

jimblackgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3512

EditorGeraldine Warnergwarnergoodfruitcom bull 509-665-3330

Associate EditorsMelissa Hansen

mhansengoodfruitcom bull 509-968-3922

Richard Lehnertlehnertgoodfruitcom bull 616-984-6001

Advertising ManagerDoug Button

dbuttongoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3514

Advertising SalesRick Larsen

rickgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3517

Theresa Currelltheresagoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3516

Production Manager Nancy Jo Born

nancybgoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3513

ProductionAurora Lee

rorieleegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3518

CirculationSteve Call

stevegoodfruitcom bull 509-853-3515

Advisory Board Jeff Colombini Lindsay Hainstock Denny HaydenSteve Hoying Jim Kelley Jim McFerson Ian Merwin

Don Olmstead Mercy Olmstead Marvin Owings MarkRoy Vicky Scharlau Mark Tudor Chris Van Well

Mike Wittenbach

US SUBSCRIPTIONS $3500 per year 3 years $7500 CANA-DIAN SUBSCRIPTIONS $5500 per year (US funds CanadianGST included GST Registration 135100949) SUBSCRIP-TIONS OUTSIDE USA amp CANADA $10000 per year (pay-ment by credit card only) WASHINGTON STATE GROWERSUBSCRIPTION RATES $200 per year to deciduous tree fruitgrowers in the state of Washington who pay assessments on com-mercially shipped fruit either to the Washington State FruitCommission or to the Washington Apple Commission Back issuesare not available Single copies of current issues are $500 To subscribe call 1-800-487-9946

Good Fruit Grower (ISSN 0046-6174) is published semi-monthly January through May and monthly June through December by the

Washington State Fruit Commission 105 South 18th Street Suite205 Yakima WA 98901-2149 Periodical postage paid at YakimaWA and additional offices Publications Mail Agreement No1795279

The publication of any advertisement is not to be construed as anendorsement by the Washington State Fruit Commission or Good

Fruit Grower magazine of the product or service offered unless it isspecifically stated in the advertisement that there is such approval orendorsement

POSTMASTER Send address changes to Good Fruit Grower 105South 18th Street Suite 217 Yakima WA 98901-2177

copy 2012 by Good Fruit Grower Printed in USA

105 S 18th St 217 Yakima WA 98901

509frasl 853-3520 1-800-487-9946 Fax 509frasl853-3521

E-mail growinggoodfruitcom

wwwgoodfruitcom

growing with growers since 1946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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S

Y

S S

T

E

M

trade

S E

R

I E

S

AGRO-K CORPORATION

copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks

of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF

Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California

Sysstem-CALreg

The Perfect

PGR Partner

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important

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developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal

growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K

can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools

used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are

critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you

can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic

calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar

calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner

Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per

acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos

positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly

Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound

effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in

maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the

same time for better firmness and storage life

In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene

(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had

smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg

128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the

treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin

and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and

the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca

from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness

in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo

Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want

early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but

calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from

WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have

documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg

allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire

blight more effectively

The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid

calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium

is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall

development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out

while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit

wwwagro-kcom

trade reg

Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545

Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602

Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm

2271 4617 67 6699 556 625

Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605

Untreated Control Control 156 c

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm

191 b

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a

Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130

Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts

Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts

390 370 240

Science-Driven Nutrition SM

m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth

0 wk

Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009

1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk

Check

Apogee

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013

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We ship nationwide so please call

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Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

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Free from fungus apples

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED

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THE R10 OFFERED

Lower application rates

Color-coded nozzles

A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers

Highly uniform full coverage irrigation

THE BR200 INTRODUCED

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Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles

The ACME thread

THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity

via an ingenious new diffuser technology

A road guard

THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

Even lower application rates with high uniformity

THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

Enclosed plate channel and new plate bearing increase

distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity

First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

on portable pipe in the United States

LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP

Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi

Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications

R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS

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After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus

CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

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oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

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RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

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trade reg trade reg

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn

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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

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Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

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1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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CASCADE

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

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ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 548

S

Y

S S

T

E

M

trade

S E

R

I E

S

AGRO-K CORPORATION

copy 2012 Agro-K Corporation Sysstem-Cal is a trademark of Agro-K Corporation Sevin MaxCel and Fruitone are registered trademarks

of Bayer Valent and AMVAC respectively Apogee is a registered trademark of BASF

Use of Sysstem-Cal as a spray adjuvant with PGRs is not registered in California

Sysstem-CALreg

The Perfect

PGR Partner

Apple growers need to do many things early season at the same

time to ensure quality fruit at harvest Four of the most important

early seasons tasks are 1) maximizing calcium uptake into the

developing fruit 2) improving fruit size 3) managing terminal

growth and 4) managing tree fruit load Sysstem Cal from Agro-K

can improve the performance of the most important PGR tools

used for sizing thinning and managing terminal growth that are

critical to maximizing fruit quality and grower profitability Now you

can do all these critical tasks while also supplying systemic

calcium during peak demand Sysstem-CALreg Agro-Krsquos foliar

calcium is the perfect apple PGR tank-mix partner

Large firm apples free from bitter pit generate the highest per

acre return Private and university research shows Sysstem-Calrsquos

positive effects on size Dr Duane Greene UMass stated ldquoclearly

Sysstem-CAL when combined with MaxCel reg had a profound

effect on increasing fruit sizerdquo Not only does Sysstem-CAL aid in

maximizing fruit size but it also supplies needed calcium at the

same time for better firmness and storage life

In 2011 Dr Fallahi (Univ of ID) saw similar results as Dr Greene

(UMass) and had these comments ldquoUn-treated controlled had

smallest fruits But those with Sysstem-Caltrade 2Qts + MaxCel reg

128oz at 5-10mm200GA had the largest fruit of any of the

treatments Fruit from trees receiving Growerrsquos Treatment (Sevin

and NAA) had lower firmness at harvest as compared to control and

the Sysstem-Cal trade and MaxCel reg treatments Enrichment with Ca

from Sysstem-Cal trade could have also contributed to higher firmness

in Sysstem-Cal trade -treated fruitsrdquo

Apples need early season calcium for best quality Growers want

early applications of Apogeereg to manage terminal growth but

calcium can be antagonistic to Apogeereg University research from

WSU Penn State and UMass as well as private researchers have

documented that Sysstem-CALtrade does not interfere with Apogeereg

allowing it to control terminal growth and help growers manage fire

blight more effectively

The unique formulation of Sysstem-CAL links calcium to a highly

systemic phosphite This patent-pending technology provides rapid

calcium penetration and translocation into the fruit where calcium

is most needed Sysstem-Cal maximizes calcium and cell wall

development resulting in reduced bitter pit and improved pack-out

while maximizing storage and shelf life Call 800-328-2418 or visit

wwwagro-kcom

trade reg

Control 1882 2977 82 6950 582 545

Maxcel 128oz PF 2177 2967 111 6953 804 602

Sysstem-Cal + Maxcel128oz 5-10mm

2271 4617 67 6699 556 625

Grower Std(Sevin amp NAA) 2216 3678 84 6146 1071 605

Untreated Control Control 156 c

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm

191 b

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +NAA 75 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal

Carbaryl 1 lb100 gal +MaxCel 100 ppm + Sysstem-

CAL 2 qts100 gal255 a

Carbaryl 24 oz Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts 460 410 130

Carbaryl 24 oz +Sysstem-Cal 2qts

Carbaryl 24 oz + Maxcel 2qts+ Sysstem-Cal 2qts

390 370 240

Science-Driven Nutrition SM

m e a n s h o o t l e n g h t ( c m )

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Sysstem-CAL Effect on Apogee and Shoot Growth

0 wk

Trial conducted by Dr J Schupp Penn State - 2009

1 wk 3 wk 5 wk 7 wk 9 wk 11 wk

Check

Apogee

Apogee + Sysstem-CAL

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

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T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus

CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about

Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works

inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos

quality longer shelf life and increased marketability

In short Luna helps keep your cherries healthy so you can deliver a

high quality product and deliver more of it Can you really afford to

wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide

Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

ldquoWithout Lunareg

life would be the pitsrdquo

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1448

14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of

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By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second

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reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the

classrdquo Inspire Super

copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The

instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and

seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before

buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412

Syngenta Inspire

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

balance of nutrients

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Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions

Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176

CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

you expect and deserve

100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom

Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

yelsean KyRinf

withkedorwnetellwear

oducprganicoramptionalenvonc

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yompanegor CcGrM

oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

w

opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

omcegorrmcgwww

5092974296opia Eltdest RW

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5096273917Kennewick

der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

New andUsed Refurbished Buildings Available

Storage Solutions Delivered to your site

Contact us at

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built to meet

built to meet

built to meet

30 Fire Protection Ventilation

O R D E R

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)

Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Products and services for progressive growers

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choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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wwwfannowsawcom

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POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

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Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

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509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

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1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

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for more

information

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Significantly improves quality

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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

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If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

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August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

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December November 1

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

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No job too big or small

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Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

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Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

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ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

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o

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

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morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

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I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 648

WSU begins

facultysearch W ashington State University is seeking candidates f

two faculty positions that have been created asresult of a commitment of $27 million made recently by the Washington pome fruindustries The money will come from a special research assessment on growers

One of the positions is an endowed chair in tree fruit physiology and production sytems based at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center in Wenatchee This perso will work on practical fruit production issues that will enhance the profitability and competitiveness of the Washington apple and pear industry Areas of research may includcrop load management training systems rootstockscion interactions drought annutrient stresses flowering and fruit set plant growth regulators physiological aspects orchard system performance whole tree photosynthesis and cold or heat tolerance

WSU molecular biologist Dr Amit Dhingra is chair of the search committee whic will begin screening applications for the physiologist position on April 22 The targ hiring date is September 1

The second new position is extension tree fruit program leader who will lead efforto disseminate information and technologies from WSUrsquos expanding tree fruit researcprograms and develop an applied research and extension program that relates to majissues or opportunities in the tree fruit industry This position can be based either i Wenatchee or at the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in ProsseScreening of applications will begin on May 13 with a target hiring date of August 16

Fruit Commissionannounces appointments

The Washington State Fruit Commission has asked the Washington State Departmeof Agriculture to reappoint five board members whose terms expire in May Ta

Mathison and Mike Wade from the northern district and Mark Roy Mark Zirkle an

Peter Verbrugge from the southern district The commission is required to submit twnominations for the Agriculture Director to consider for each position Alternates nominated are Mike Taylor and Danny Gebbers for the northern positions and Rick DerreEric Monson and Robert Kershaw for the southern positions

Mike Wade has been reappointed as the Washington State Fruit Commissionrsquos reprsentative on the Northwest Horticultural Councilrsquos board of trustees for the coming yeGip Redman has been reappointed as the commissionrsquos representative on the HoCouncilrsquos Science Advisory Committee for a two-year term

Rob Lynch was reappointed to represent the Fruit Commission on the board of th Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission serving a three-year term

Hybrid protein blocksPiercersquos disease

A team of researchers has found a way to engineer grapevines to block Xyle

fastidiosa a bacterium that causes Piercersquos disease and poses a significant threat grape growers

Researchers from the Los Alamos National Laboratory University of California anUS Department of Agriculture created specially engineered grapevines that producehybrid antimicrobial protein that can block Xf infection The research was published the February 20 edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

By helping the vine fight the microbe with specific proteins growers may be able reduce pesticide sprays currently used to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter ainsect with a wide host range that carries the disease Early in an XF infection moleculon the outer membrane of the microbe interact with cells of the grapevine By interfeing with that interaction scientists can help the vines block the disease and go on produce a healthy crop of grapes according to a news release

The antimicrobial gene may also protect other plants from Xf-related diseases sucas phony peach disease plum leaf scald almond leaf scorch and citrus X disease Brazil

6 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

A TIMELY REMINDERbull Time to order 2013

Dormant Eyes 2014and 2015 Trees and2013 Rootstocks

509662-6931 wwwcameronnurserycom

1261 Ringold Rd PO Box 300 bull Eltopia WA 99330

We ship nationwide so please call

for price and availability

Paul Tvergyak 509-669-0689

ptvergyakgenextnet

CONTRACTS FOR 2013 2014 2015

Custom Contracted ApplePear Cherry amp Peach Trees

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Go to

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for the latest

industry news

QUICK BITES

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00

ldquoIrsquom getting hungryrdquo

ldquoDonrsquot even think about itrdquo

Free from fungus apples

stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and

works inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases

improved quality longer shelf life and increased marketability

In short Luna helps keep your apples healthy so you can deliver

a high quality product and deliver more of it Can you really afford

to wait to use this revolutionary new fungicide

Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about

Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works

inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

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oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

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78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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Since 1948

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product i nformation call toll-free 1-866- 99-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceusCR0112LUNAAA0214-R00

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Free from fungus apples

stay fresh and delicious longerIntroducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and

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Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

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a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

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Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

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T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

REQUEST FREE SAMPLE

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FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED

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THE R10 OFFERED

Lower application rates

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A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers

Highly uniform full coverage irrigation

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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

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THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

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oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

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opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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5092974296opia Eltdest RW

yompanegor CcGrhe M T

5096273917Kennewick

der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

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RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

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September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

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Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

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PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

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Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 848

8 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

The future for organicapple sales is not brightEconomist suggests that ldquosustainablerdquo has a better outlook

by Richard Lehnert

Eastern United States apple growers fear thatorganic fruit production will really take off That was evident in questions posed to the speaker

ldquoHow can we compete with western growers who grow in desert conditions when we have all

hese insects and diseases to contend withrdquo asked PaulRood fruit grower from southwest Michigan ldquoWill we beable to modify organic practices to fit our conditionsrdquo

ldquoI hear that Walmart is going organic big timerdquo saidFruit Ridge apple grower Harold Thome ldquoIf they go thatway all the other big retailers will follow and where willhat leave usrdquo

The speaker apple industry analyst DesmondOrsquoRourke didnrsquot seem to share their fears He noted thatorganic practices are rigid not flexible andmdashaddressing Roodrsquos questionmdashcanrsquot be altered no matter what the sit-uation That he said is a huge disadvantage ldquoItrsquos like try-ng to fight Muhammad Ali with one hand tied behind

your backrdquo he said The only reason growers would

choose to do that is if there is a price premium

His take on Walmart was not at all likeThomersquos ldquoWalmart has had a long dal-liance with organic and has decided itdoes not fit the needs of their clientelerdquo hesaid ldquoWalmart is very lukewarm onorganics and its prospects at Walmart are definitely up in the airrdquo

About 8 or 9 percent of the appleacreage in the West is organic he said butin some years as much as 20 percent of thefruit is sold as conventional because it doesnrsquot meet buy-ersrsquo standards So the price premium is not there for allthe fruit that organic growers raise

ldquoThere has been no increase in organic apple acreagein Washington in the last two yearsrdquo he said The pricepremium once more than 50 percent has fallen to 30percent now

What organic producers need is a tageted marketing campaign somethinthey have not so far done

In his view ldquosustainablerdquo has a mucbetter outlook than does ldquoorganicrdquo

OrsquoRourke who is president of BelrosInc came to Michigan from Pullma Washington to speak to the Michigan Prcessing Apple Growers Association abothe future of the apple industry The growers belong to a legally constituted assocition accredited under Michigan law

bargain with apple processors on price and other terms sale The association enjoys good grower support wiabout 60 percent of processing applesmdashwhether sort-ouor apples grown especially for processingmdashrepresented bthe members At their annual meeting they were enjoyinsuccessmdashprices for juice apples and apples for othprocessed products have been good in recent times

Contact Doug Anyan (509)949-9231

dougagslongcom

GS Long Co

Redox Chemicals LLC wwwredoxchemcom

a manner that is environmentally responsible Traditional

old resulting in increased application rates and repeated

calls to reduce or ban the very nutrients needed to

accomplish your goals

Through the science of Redox we have solutions that

lower application rates by as much as 98 percent ndash

including both phosphorus and nitrogen ndash while improving

or maintaining crop quality and yields without increasing

the overall cost of treatments

Technical data demonstrates that Redox product solutions

are the environmentally friendly choice for superior fertility

management But the results that matter are the show up

in exceptional yields and not in the streams

Ask your GS Long Co representative about how you can grow

ldquogreenrdquo while seeing more ldquoblackrdquo on your bottom line

Distributed By

Green Through Better Technology

Yakima WA Wenatchee WA and Hood River OR wwwgslongcom

T H E

P O

W E R

O F

NA TUR E

T H E S C I E

N C E

O F

R E D O X

Desmond OrsquoRourke

ldquoWalmart

is very

lukewarm

on

organicsrdquomdashDesmond OrsquoRourke

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 948

Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

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These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

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since the sale of the first

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THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

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THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

Even lower application rates with high uniformity

THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

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First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

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LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about

Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works

inside plants to protect them from the most problematic diseases Lunarsquos

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

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Deserves World Class Care

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oundfbecanbusiness

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

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78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

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Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

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Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

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protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

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Built for where crop

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Still as OrsquoRourke noted those prices while stronger inMichigan by one or two cents a pound than in New York and Washington are not close to fresh-market fruitprices Current prices in Michigan were running about$11 a hundredweight for juice apples and $14 and up forpeelers

His statistics indicate that in Michigan about 65 per-cent of the apple crop goes for processing just slightly ess than the 67 percent of 15 years ago Meanwhile the

US industry as a whole has moved strongly to fresh mar-ket Some 55 percent were sold fresh 15 years ago andabout 68 percent were sold fresh in 2010 ldquoYou still have a

ong way to gordquo he told the Michigan growersIn general OrsquoRourke paints a less than optimistic

uture for apples While US consumption has risenslightly over the last 15 years to about 48 pounds per per-son all the increase has come in juice consumptionmdashwhere more than 85 percent of the product is importedalmost all from China

ldquoPer-capita consumption of fresh canned frozen anddried have all fallenrdquo he said ldquoOnly fresh apple slices arehigher but they represent only 1 percent of the totalrdquo

World apple production has grown from 502 millionmetric tons in 1995 to 713 million metric tons in 2009 andwill continue to grow OrsquoRourke said While rising incomesn some countries will foster increased consumption

worldwide demographic changes toward smaller familiesand older populations are causing a decline in ldquocoreapple-buying householdsrdquo those with two adults and twochildren And older people eat less he added

In the United States incomes are high but growing slowly and added income is not spent on basic foodsEven when buying fruit they prefer fresh over processed

exotic over mundanerdquo he saidThe current recession has wrought permanent

changes Many consumers have lost assets income andaccess to credit so they have become financially stretched and more thrifty ldquoThe experience may colorbuying habits for years just as the Great Depression didrdquohe said

Moreover long-term residue from the recession andhe large generation of young people unemployed andooking for work will affect young peoplersquos income

spending and savings delay marriages and formation of new households delay births and negatively affect con-sumption of products like apples

Expansion strategiesThe apple industry has tried and is trying many strategies to expand demand OrsquoRourke said Thesenclude lowering costs by adopting new technologies and

getting larger and vertically integrated experimenting with new varieties and strains investing in club varietiesdiversifying into other fruits expanding into niches likeorganic or local trying new products like fresh slices andexporting more apples

By 2020 Washington Statersquos annual fresh productionwill have grown by 10 to 15 million cartons he said and if hese apples stay in the US market it will drive prices

down But to gain more sales in export may require con-cessions to countries like China allowing more of theirresh apples into US markets

ldquoMany worry that what China did with apple juiceconcentratemdashflood the market with low-priced prod-uctmdashit could also do in fresh applesrdquo he said On the

other hand China has been exporting less apple juiceconcentrate as its own citizens gain greater wealth andeat more fresh apples

ldquoChinarsquos decisions may be crucial to world fresh andprocessed apple marketsrdquo he said

In the final analysis however OrsquoRourke says the realcompetition is not between producing states or produc-ng nations but between the apple industry and ldquothose

other fruits and snack foods that are vying for the favor of etailers and consumersrdquo

The industryrsquos promotional efforts are weak he saidwith well-funded programs like those once run by theWashington Apple Commission now gone ldquoMany inte-grated marketers continue to promote but their goal is towin retailer business not expand the total apple marketrdquohe said

Bottom line he said the apple industry will survive ast has for centuries The challenge for an orchardist is to

be among the survivors bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

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1987 mdash R20

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about

Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

When it comes to fungicides

one star seems to stand out

The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of

Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others

By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second

highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit

almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend

on its superior performance Proven across the

world it stops disease in its tracks For power and

reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the

classrdquo Inspire Super

copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The

instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and

seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before

buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412

Syngenta Inspire

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

balance of nutrients

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Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions

Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176

CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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withkedorwnetellwear

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yompanegor CcGrM

oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

w

opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

omcegorrmcgwww

5092974296opia Eltdest RW

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5096273917Kennewick

der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

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5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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built to meet

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30 Fire Protection Ventilation

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

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140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

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nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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POLLINATION

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CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

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A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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NECTARINES

PEACHES

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PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

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December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

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Joe Trepanier Owner

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

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ldquoDependableFrost

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o

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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

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I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1048

10 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Second cherry referendum consideredWashington stone fruit growers would vote again on a special research assessment

by Geraldine Warner

T

he Washington Tree FruitResearch Commission is consid-ering rerunning a referendumasking Washington soft fruit

growers if they are willing to pay a special assessment to fund research atWashington State University

In a referendum last fall apple andpear growers voted to pay a special assess-ment in addition to the regular research

assessment but cherry and soft fruitgrowers voted it down The proposedassessment rate was equal to the rate they already pay $4 a ton for cherries and $1

for soft fruits The rate is $1 a ton forapples and pears Research assessmentsare paid on both fresh and processed fruit

The additional funds collected throughthe special apple and pear assessment which should amount to $27 million over

the next eight years will pay for new research and extension positions andresearch orchard updates all focusing exclusively on pome fruits

Only 44 percent of the 308 ballotsreturned in the cherry referendum were infavor of the special assessment A similarpercentage of stone fruit growers voted infavor Simple majorities were required forthe measures to pass

At a meeting in March the WashingtoState Fruit Commissionrsquos board membeattributed the failure of the cherry refeendum to an incomplete mailing list an

a lack of information about why chergrowers were being asked to pay $4 a tocompared with $1 a ton for the othfruits

Gip Redman Washington State FruCommission chair said he fears that thcherry industry will miss out as WSrecruits some of the best researchers the world to work on pome fruit issues

ldquoWersquore now no longer at the tablerdquo hsaid ldquoOur voice has been taken awa

Because of the financial crisis at the unversity therersquos no guarantee that cherresearch will be provided at the level wthink it should be providedrdquo

BJ Thurlby Fruit Commission presdent said the cherry mailing list has sinbeen updated to make it more compleand accurate The Fruit Commissioboard recommended unanimously ththe Research Commission consider runing the referendum again and ensuthat growers understand why a rate of $4ton is called for

Tom Butler a Research Commissioboard member said the higher rate f

cherries reflects the higher value of thcrop on both a per-ton and per-acre bas

Research

A special assessment of $4 a ton ocherries would generate betwee$600000 and $700000 a year based oncrop of 150000 to 175000 tons It woube collected on fresh and processed fru

Jim McFerson manager of thResearch Commission said it seemeclear given the Fruit Commissionrsquos unaimous vote that it should move ahea with another referendum He said a raof less than $4 on cherries would limit thamount of research that could be done

ldquoItrsquos the only thing fiscally that maksenserdquo he said ldquoA dollar a ton doesn

amount to much It would probably nfund more than one or two projects Yodonrsquot attract researchers to work on a cro where therersquos less fundingrdquo

The apple and pear assessment gointo effect with the 2012 crop this fall bthe cherry assessment could not beguntil the 2013 crop

Ben McLuen assistant director fdevelopment at WSU said it would proably take at least three months to prepafor another referendum and as long as smonths if the state requires another studof the potential impacts on sma businesses

McFerson expected that the soft frureferendum would be run again also bull

ldquoWersquore now no

longer at the

tablerdquomdashGip Redma

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

1991 mdash BR200

1997 mdash R5

1991 mdash R10

1994 mdash R2000

These products are no longer inproduction

1998 mdash R2000WF

2007 mdash R2000LP

2009 mdash R33

REQUEST FREE SAMPLE

Nelson engineers have

made an impressive number

of advancements to Rotator

Technology in the 25 years

since the sale of the first

R20 back in 1987

FROM THE BEGINNING THE ROTATOR PROVIDED

No riser vibration

No hang up in weeds or crop

No splash down from impact arm

Long wear life

THE R10 OFFERED

Lower application rates

Color-coded nozzles

A new class of low-cost mini sprinklers

Highly uniform full coverage irrigation

THE BR200 INTRODUCED

Modularity

Quick change and easy-to-clean nozzles

The ACME thread

THE R2000 ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDED

Greater throw distance combined with high uniformity

via an ingenious new diffuser technology

A road guard

THEN THE R5 ROTATOR CAME ALONG GIVING US A micro-sprinkler retrofit option with full coverage

Even lower application rates with high uniformity

THE R2000WF PERFORMS ldquoBETTER THAN BRASSrdquo

Enclosed plate channel and new plate bearing increase

distance of throw and deliver superior outdoor uniformity

First plastic sprinkler to see widespread use (in the millions)

on portable pipe in the United States

LOWER PRESSURES MADE POSSIBLE WITH R2000LP

Designed to have highest uniformity between 35-40 psi

Fast rotation speed implemented for cooling applications

R33 amp R33LP TAKE ON 34rdquo IMPACTS

New two-speed rotation technology

improves uniformity in larger-sized

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of throw

R5 POP-UP TAKES IRRIGATION TO

A NEW LEVEL

The most durable micro-sprinkler

and stake assembly ever sold

The first rapid flush-and-clean

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The first complete protection of

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And full protection from insect intrusion

After 25 years Nelson Irrigation thanks the

fruit industry for its tremendous support of our

Rotator Technology We affirm our commitment

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CONTACT US FOR A FREE R5 ROTATOR

POP-UP AND RECEIVE A NELSON ROTATOR

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Nelson Irrigation Corporation

848 Airport Road Walla Walla WA 99362

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Rotatorreg Evolution

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

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5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

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(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

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trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

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GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

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CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

I R R I G A T I O N T E C H N O L O G Y F O R T H E F U T U R E

2010 mdash R5 POP-UP

1987 mdash R20

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

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Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

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OREGON

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Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

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See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

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we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

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Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

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Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

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Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

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COMPOST

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Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Free Shipping Call for free brochure

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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12 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pear growers plead for help with pestWSU can no longer dedicate a full-time scientist to work on pear psylla control

by Geraldine Warner

P

ear growers in Washingtonrsquos Wenatchee Valley are hoping that Washington State University will help them find ways to control their key pest pear psylla so they can stay in business

Last year the pest got out of control in theate season leaving trees sticky with honeydew and much

of the fruit downgraded Pickers donrsquot likeo work in sticky trees and growers are

also concerned that when labor is shorthey might have difficulty finding peopleo pick their crops

Since WSU no longer has a researcherdedicated to pear entomology the growerselt they had no place to turn for help

ldquoTherersquos no way we can operate in thepear industry without an entomologist onpearsrdquo field horticulturist Fred Valentineold the Washington Tree Fruit Research

Commission during its February pearesearch review

Growers have been battling pear psyllasince it was first discoverd in WashingtonState in 1939 Entomologist Dr EverettBurts joined WSUrsquos Tree Fruit Research Center inWenatchee in 1958 to work on pear psylla which had by hen developed resistance to parathion Several other

organophosphates such as malathion diazinon andazinphos-methyl which were introduced in the 1950scontrolled the pest for a time But the pest has shown aemarkable ability to develop resistance to chemicals

ldquoWersquove had over 17 chemicals in my career of dealing with pear psylla controlrdquo Valentine said ldquoWersquore so close to

losing this pear industry that itrsquos very frightening If youdrive up and down the Wenatchee Valley you will observethe fact that wersquore not controlling pear psylla Trees areblack from pear psylla honeydewrdquo

Honeydew is a sticky substance that forms on thenymphs When psylla populations are high honeydew

can drip onto leaves and fruit and serve asa medium for growth of sooty mold

which can turn trees black Honeydew on fruit can causerusset and make the fruit unmarketable

Budget cutsDr John Dunley joined WSU in 1995 to work on pear

entomology after Burts retired Dunley left WSU two yearsago to work in private industry He is not being replaced

Over the past several years WSU has endured severebudget cuts Five researchers have left the Wenatchee

research and extension center lately in addition Dunley Entomologist Dr Elizabeth Beers one of the fifaculty remaining has a small program screening nepesticides for efficacy against pear psylla

Bob Gix field horticulturist with Blue Star Growein Cashmere said the need for a pear entomologist very real

ldquoGrowers spend close to $4000 per acre to producecrop of pears and that $4000 is put at risk if they canrsquot gpeople to pick it because the trees are very sticky or if thfruit is marked and is not marketablerdquo he said

Pear psylla is found in other areas such as Californbut Washingtonrsquos cold winters seem to toughen the inseand make it harder to control with pesticides he said

In Washington prebloom treatments are considerekey to successful season-long control Psylla migrate oof the orchards in the winter Growers apply a kaolin clato the trees in the delayed dormant season to deter thefrom moving back into the trees The insects donrsquot like thclay surface and it dries out some of the eggs Growealso apply Thiodan (endosulfan) in the delayed dormaseason but use of that product on pears will end in 201Gix said growers have used pyrethroids in the dormaperiod but in his career six to eight products have beelost because of resistance

Got behindCool wet windy weather last spring made it difficu

for growers to get their sprays on which made summcontrol so much harder ldquoWe got behind the eight baand at the end of the year we had more growers wisticky fruit than in many yearsrdquo Gix said ldquoItrsquos a numbegame If you can knock the numbers down early in th year it makes the rest of the season work easier

ldquoIf wersquore not able to control pear psylla the pear indutryrsquos pretty seriously damagedrdquo he said ldquoWersquore slightdifferent from apple in that regard because we have ainsect that pretty much can take us out of businessthink Fred is just reminding us that even if we have

[dwarfing] rootstock and even if we can control decay wcanrsquot get there without controlling pear psyllardquoDr Dan Bernardo dean of WSUrsquos College of Agricu

ture Human and Natural Resources said WSU does nhave the resources to hire personnel to work on singcommodities Bernardo said the focus today is mucmore interdisciplinary than in the past and WSU has sresearch entomologists based in Prosser and Wenatche who are expected to work with the specialty cro industries to address their concerns

ldquoI think having a pear entomologist doesnrsquot fit how wneed to serve the industry nor how our faculty need compete federally and regionally for fundsrdquo he saildquoWersquore just not going to hire a pear specialistmdashor a rasberry specialistmdashin entomology They need to be able work across commodities and be responsive to th industryrdquo

Dr Jay Brunner executive director of WSUrsquos Tree Fru

Research Center has since discussed the options wipear industry representatives Dr Peter Shearer researcentomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columb Agricultural Research and Extension Center in HooRiver who works with pear growers in Oregon took pain the discussions

The scientists are working with the industry to priortize some researchable topics and draw up research prposals to obtain funding Brunner said itrsquos possible thatpostdoctoral scientist could be assigned to Wenatchee work with Beers Shearer and scientists at the UDepartment of Agriculture in Yakima who are working opear psylla management

Shearer told the Good Fruit Grower he believes an intgrated approach is needed to address pear pest problemThis would include using different products at differetimings enhancing biological control of key pests usinmating disruption for codling moth and ultimatelbreeding psylla-resistant pear varieties bull

ldquoTherersquos no way

we can operate in

the pear industry

without an

entomologist

on pearsrdquomdashFred Valentine

Fred Valentine

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1348

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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509-884-7041

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509-667-8180

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509-453-9983

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

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If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

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Using

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

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SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

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GRAFTING SERVICES

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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Bayer CropScience LP 2 TW Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park NC 27709 Always read and follow label instructions Bayer the Bayer Cross and Luna are registered trademarks of Bayer Luna is not registered

in all states For additional product informati on call toll-free 1-866-9 9-BAYER (1-866-992-2937) or visit our Web site at wwwBayerCropScienceus

CRP0112LUNAAA0216-R00

Increased storability means cherrieshave plenty to be happy about

Introducing Lunareg a breakthrough systemic fungicide that lives and works

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In short Luna helps keep your cherries healthy so you can deliver a

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Check out the difference Luna makes at LunaFungicidescom

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

When it comes to fungicides

one star seems to stand out

The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of

Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others

By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second

highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit

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on its superior performance Proven across the

world it stops disease in its tracks For power and

reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the

classrdquo Inspire Super

copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The

instructions contain important conditions of sale including limitations of warranty and remedy All crop protection products and

seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before

buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412

Syngenta Inspire

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

balance of nutrients

Pasco WA | 5095459329

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Yakima WA | 5092486171

Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions

Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176

CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

you expect and deserve

100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom

Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters

2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e

Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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The McGregor Company

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Deserves World Class Care

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Products and services for progressive growers

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almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

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Fanno Saw Works

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

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in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

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Still available for

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reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-932-4242

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509-544-9000

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509-667-8180

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509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

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HIGH DENSITY

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We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

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509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

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ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

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nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

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Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

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GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

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Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

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October September 6

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December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

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ldquoDependableFrost

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bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

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Irrigation Design

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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

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Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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14 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Pheromones explored for psyllaMale psylla are attracted to pheromone lures

by Geraldine Warner

R

educing pear psylla popula-tions in the spring is the key tokeeping the pest in check laterin the season entomologists

say and a recently discoveredpear psylla pheromone might play a role

Currently pear growers apply pesti-cides with oil in the delayed dormant sea-son to target winterform adults as they

return to orchards after spending the win-ter on other hosts Growers also coat thetrees with Surround (kaolin clay) which issomewhat repellent to the psylla and

deters females from laying eggs Howeverboth oil and Surround need to be appliedmultiple times to be effective

Dr Dave Horton entomologist withthe US Department of Agriculture in

Yakima believes that it might be possibleto use the pear psylla pheromone to dis-rupt mating and delay egg laying by win-terform females after they return to the

orchard as a supplement to the standardcontrols although he cautions that this isall very hypothetical at the moment He isexploring in the laboratory whether satu-ration of airspace with pheromone could

affect the ability of males to rapidly finfemales and thus delay mating

Delays in egg laying lead to mo synchrony in egg hatch which in tur

simplifies control of the developin summerform generation Horton said

Horton and colleague Dr ChristelGueacutedot began testing the pheromone the field three years ago The researcshows that therersquos a period in January anFebruary when the females are n producing the pheromone during whicmales are attracted to traps wipheromone lures Once the winterforfemales begin producing the pheromonin March the traps with lures become leeffective in attracting males Horton is tring to improve the lure by testing differedosages of the pheromone and differetypes of traps

Horton and Gueacutedot have also studiethe summerform pear psylla and founthat the competitive effects of females aless From June through August trap with lures consistently attract more mapsylla regardless of the psylla densitHorton said he will explore this further btests of different pheromone dosages an will explore whether saturation with thpheromone could affect the ability of thmales to find females and thus dela mating and egg laying

Unlike the pheromones of some othinsects the psylla pheromone appeaonly to work at close range he said Thpheromone was isolated from the cuticof the female insect and is not known this time to be something she emits

Horton said that a scientist in Japa

has discovered a simple procedure to sythesize the pheromone so if it does havcommercial potential for controlling pepsylla the new procedure might hekeep costs down

ldquoI would suggest that if we could findpractical purpose for this the best oppotunity might be in disrupting winterforfemales as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo he said ldquoThe females are not ymated at that time of year Growers wato push that egg laying back as far as posible and if we can saturate the orcha with enough pheromone there might ba way of slowing mating in late winter anspring as theyrsquore returning to thorchardrdquo

RepellentHorton is also testing a psyllid repe

lent that was discovered by scientisexploring why citrus trees planted neguava trees had fewer citrus psyllids Thcompound dimethyl disulphide (DMSDidentified in volatiles emitted by thguava trees was found in laboratory testo be highly repellent to citrus psylliRecent trials have shown that the potapsyllid is also repelled by the compound

ISCA Technologies has manufactured wax-based formulation called SPLAT release DMDS In tests in citrus psyllidleft plots that were treated with the repelent within three days Horton said thDMDS disappeared within 28 days asvolatilized but in pears an applicatio would only need to cover the period

When it comes to fungicides

one star seems to stand out

The powerful broad-spectrum disease control of

Inspire Superreg fungicide stands out above all others

By combining a best-in-class triazole with a second

highly effective fungicide growers of pome fruit

almonds grapes and many vegetables can depend

on its superior performance Proven across the

world it stops disease in its tracks For power and

reliability therersquos no better choice than ldquotop of the

classrdquo Inspire Super

copy2012 SyngentaImportant Always read and follow all bag tag and label instructions before buying or using Syngent a products The

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seed treatments may not be registered for sale or use in all states Please check with your state or local extension service before

buying or using these products Inspire Superreg the Alliance frame the Purpose icon and the Syngenta logo are trademarks of a SyngentaGroup Company Syngenta Customer Center 1-866-SYNGENT(A) (796-4368) wwwFarmAssistcom MW 10CC2006-Super-NB2 0412

Syngenta Inspire

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

balance of nutrients

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Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

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withkedorwnetellwear

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linestoducpreompletcwithequippedfullyearo TampanyR

yompanegor CcGrM

oundfbecanbusiness

vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy

andevicsertisexperehe T

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tionoduc

orflinesequipped

he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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opia5251 Elt

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5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL

AWESOMEVALUABLE

Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

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Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)

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trade reg trade reg

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn

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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1548

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

ate winter when the insects are returning o the orchard Horton plans to test theesponse of both winterform and sum-

merform psylla to the repellent on cagedpear trees bull

Dave Horton USDA-Yakima

Scientists are testing traps with pheromone lures to find out if they could be used to disrupt mating of pear

psylla in the spring and delay egg laying

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

balance of nutrients

Pasco WA | 5095459329

Wenatchee WA | 5096638753

Yakima WA | 5092486171

Forinformation onlyNota labelPriorto usealwaysreadand follow theproductlabel directions

Wilbur-EllisIdea sto Grow With andFOLI-GRO areregistered trademarks of Wilbur-EllisCompany K-0312-176

CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

you expect and deserve

100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom

Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters

2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e

Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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withkedorwnetellwear

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yompanegor CcGrM

oundfbecanbusiness

vineyampfruiteetrouryorftanwouy

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tionoduc

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he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

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opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

omcegorrmcgwww

5092974296opia Eltdest RW

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5096273917Kennewick

der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

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5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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built to meet

built to meet

built to meet

30 Fire Protection Ventilation

O R D E R

T O D A Y

8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

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Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

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COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

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packers shippers and

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

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almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

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are specialist in whatwe do We have

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

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Available 2012 for your cherry needs

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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

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c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

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Most all rootstocks

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509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

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Now at six locations

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509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

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We Repair

All Brands of

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GOOD FRUIT GROWER

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We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

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If you needbench grafts

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we cando it

Using

proven

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

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SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

the integrity of your crop Apply FOLI-GRO

CALCIUM 6 to your fruit and vine crops to

keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

you expect and deserve

100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom

Your Krymsk reg 5 amp 6 Headquarters

2013O r d e r N O W BE S T S e l e c t io n BE S T P r ic e

Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

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Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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USPP 13753

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509-884-7041

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509-667-8180

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509-453-9983

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

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If you needbench grafts

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Using

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

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knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

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Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

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for more information

We understand

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Built for where crop

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

Keep the Gearsin Motion

Adequate calcium is critical to maintaining

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keep the plant vigor in motion with proper

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CALCIUM 6

Verbrugge said his experience with club varieties hasshown that it takes a certain critical mass in terms of vol-ume to achieve consumer recognition in the marketplace

Sage has two managed varietiesmdashSonya and Breezemdashboth from New Zealand It has purchased the marketing ights to several other varieties that are at the testing stage

ldquoIt takes a large amount of time and money to builddemand for a varietyrdquo Verbrugge said ldquoAnd thatrsquos one of he struggles wersquove seen with the club varieties It makes itough to be successful if you donrsquot do thatrdquo

The whole idea behind managed varieties was that theicensee could control the quality and control the market

and pricing but since there are now so many available inhe marketplace they are competing with each other

ldquoI can control the price of Sonya but the retailer cansay lsquoI can buy Jazz cheaperrsquo They become competitivewith each otherrdquo said Verbrugge who is nonetheless stillooking for exceptional new varieties

ldquoWe feel like we need to be doing thatrdquo he said ldquoWersquorestill making sure wersquore investing in and looking at varietiesand club varietiesmdashmaking sure we have control overhem because it does create excitement in the

marketplacerdquo

Great nameFor Verbrugge to be interested the variety must have a

great name along with all the right quality attributesOther shippers agree that a new variety would have a

better chance of success if it was marketed under onename

Wolter said if the variety was going to be a small-vol-ume item to sell in a few markets around the countrymdashsohat marketers wouldnrsquot be competing against each

othermdashit might be possible to have multiple names But if t is going into large-scale production having multiple

names would make it challenging and confusingldquoHaving the right name is hugerdquo Sand said ldquoWho

could have come up with a better name than HoneycrispAnd when they came up with Red Delicious it was a greatapple but it had a great namerdquo bull

Rainier Fruit Company is focusing

on promoting Junami before taking

on other managed varieties

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

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tionoduc

orflinesequipped

he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

w

opia5251 Elt

T

5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

omcegorrmcgwww

5092974296opia Eltdest RW

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5096273917Kennewick

der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL

AWESOMEVALUABLE

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)

Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)

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trade reg trade reg

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

APPLES

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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn

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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

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September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

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ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1848

18 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchardists growing Honeycrisp apples on

weak soils might want to try mounding soilthree or more inches above the graft unionand leaving it for the first two or three yearsafter planting

Michigan State University horticulturist Dr Ron Perry gave that advice while speaking to growers in the TraverseCity Michigan area where soils are sandy even gravellyand Honeycrisp trees propagated on dwarfing rootstocksoften runt out before they fill their space in the orchardPerry spoke during the Northwest Michigan Orchard andVineyard Show in January

ldquoYou can grow high-quality Honeycrisp heremdashproba-bly better than anywhererdquo he said ldquoBut itrsquos a weak-grow-ng variety You definitely want to keep the precocity of he dwarfing rootstocks so donrsquot use MM106 to get

greater vigorrdquoPerry noticed that mounding increased the vigor of

Honeycrisp trees when he tried mounding of apple trees

on dwarfing rootstocks to avoid problems with dogwoodborer

ldquoWe are beginning to notice that mounding may alsoimprove canopy vigor on this weak-growing varietyrdquo hesaid emphasizing that this is an observation not theresult of a controlled scientific study

Growers donrsquot want to plant trees deeper because thatcan cause scion rooting Perry stressed He recommendsthat apple trees be planted with the graft union four to six inches above the soil line Scion rooting can result in treesthat are 20 feet tall after ten years which makes themproblematic in high-density plantings

Trees settle in the ground following planting ldquoOver-growth at the union on dwarfing rootstocks can result inthe expansive scion tissue reaching down to the soil andstriking rootsrdquo Perry explained ldquoScion roots more thanone-half inch in diameter will negate the dwarfing rootstock influence especially after the fifth growing seasonrdquo

Taming burr knotsGrowers face something of a Catch 22 When the unio

is set at six inches or higher above the soil the rootstoshank is exposed which for most dwarfing rootstockmeans the potential development of burr knots he saiBurr knots are troublesome because they attra damaging insects

The MSU horticulturists found that covering the graunion will protect newly planted trees from dogwooborers and also from cold weather during the first winteBorers and also woolly apple aphid are attracted to thburr knots feeding on and laying eggs in these ldquoprimodial rootrdquo sites he said The borer larvae invade and castunt or even girdle and kill the trees New Yoresearchers estimate that half of the apple trees on dwar

ing rootstocks in that state will be infested by borerPerry said He suggested that it is nearly that high Michigan as well

Growers now use an annual trunk spray of Lorsba(chlorpyrifos) to control borers the only chemical treament available and one that might not survive US Envronmental Protection Agency scrutiny in the futurThorough coverage is needed on the lower trunk in eac year of the first five years in late June to mid-July

MSU researchers reported in 2005 that almost totcontrol could be achieved by covering the rootstock witsoil eliminating the need for the insecticide treatment

At the same time covering burr knots will encourathe resting primordial roots to extend into the soil adventitious roots and that may add vigor to the growintree in the early years Perry said

In his work with dogwood borer suppression soil mounded about three inches above the union within

month after planting After three years he noticed if thmound is still in place adventitious roots might initiaabove the union from scion tissue and that should bavoided By the third year the mounded soil might haveroded and settled to below the union but if not it mube removed with high-pressure water or some othmethod Adventitious roots that initiate from the scioonce exposed to air will die or can be clipped off woody scion roots have been established cut them off

Meanwhile the roots that initiate from the burr knoon the rootstock shank extend into the soil profile and nlonger provide a food source for the insect larvae Theroots become woody with bark similar to that seen o

100 YEARSBecause we offer the QUALITY

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100 Years at Newcastle Ca 800-675-6075 FowlerNurseriescom

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Perryrsquos presentation can be foundin video and PDF format atwwwhrtmsueduronald-perrypg3

Soils amp Nutrients

Mounding Honeycrispmay overcome weak soils

Mounding might keep Honeycrisp from runting out

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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oundfbecanbusiness

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he Tta

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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opia5251 Elt

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ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

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+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

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$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

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S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

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Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

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Is your orchard

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

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Available 2012 for your cherry needs

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

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Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

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Representing leading nurseries

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From Grower to Grower

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Still available for

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reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

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We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

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S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

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If you needbench grafts

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we cando it

Using

proven

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

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SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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O U R C O N T RA C

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L L

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GRAFTING SERVICES

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 1948

branches and trunks These bark-covered roots do notexpress phytotoxic symptoms when herbicide treatmentsare directly applied Perry said

Trees in orchards where scion roots have been gener-ated will show excessive vigor after six or seven years andhis problem canrsquot be rectified he said

Dwarfing effect

The higher the bud union is above the ground themore dwarfing effect there is on the tree ldquoEuropeans haveused this knowledge for years in ultra-high density plant-ngs to keep trees weak by planting so that unions are as

high as 12 inches above soilrdquo Perry saidHis ldquorule of thumbrdquo suggests that for the M9 root-

stock every inch the graft union is above the groundranslates to 6 to 12 inches reduction in tree height

In using the practice of mounding to avoid problemswith dogwood borer he has noted that those trees thatgenerated roots on the rootstock shanks have improvedvigor

In the case of weak-growing Honeycrisp on dwarfing ootstocks this could be an additional benefit beyond

avoidance of dogwood borers he said ldquoThatrsquos already quite a benefit when considering that forming the mounds only done once at planting time rather than treating thensects each year as they attempt to infest during thoseirst seven years when trees are vulnerable to attackrdquo bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 1

WIND MACHINESmdash

The standard by which all others are measured

ldquoMy Brother Bill and I farm 300 acres of blueberries here in

Michigan We have solid-set irrigation and use water to frost protect we have four Orchard Rite reg Wind Machines to protectwhere we canrsquot get water (pumping 3000 gallons of water perminute we just donrsquothave enough water tocover the farm) Wersquolloften have temperaturesaround 26 to 28 degreesWith our wind machineswe can gain 3 to 5degrees The auto startoption has been our sav-ior on cold nights It justgives me 4 less things todo I wouldnrsquot buy anoth-er one without autostart

We have nine moreOrchard Rite reg WindMachines in partnershipoperations in Washingtonand Oregon I can tell you these machines really work Theyrsquovesaved a lot of fruitrdquo

George and Bill FritzBrookside Farms Gobles Michigan

For nearly two decades Ihave been farming viniferagrapes in the Grand River Val-ley of Ohio Starting with a 2-acre leased field my familynow owns 85 acres and man-ages another 80 acres for

three wineries Today hun-dreds of wind machines dotthe east coast fruit region butback in 1995 when weinstalled our first machinenobody was running themToday we use five machinesto move cold air winter and

spring in frostwinterkill areas The original propane machine nowhas 500 hours and still starts on the first or second crank at sub-zero temperatures

The most commonly asked question about our Orchard Rites reg

are 1) Do they work amp 2) How much do they raise the winter lowtemperature In our best site currently protected by one 165hpunit the machine protects up to 15 at-risk acres and raises temper-ature 8-12deg F on the coldest January nights when started early On

poorer sites less temperature increase is to be expected (3-4deg F)although the machines clearly lessen the time that the vineyardspends at the nights lowest temperatures On a 10 acre site withwine grapes at $1500ton avoiding a one-time 16 tpa loss willcover the initial investment On any one of the coldest nightsbetween 2003-2005 each Orchard Rite reg paid for itselfrdquo

Gene SeigeSouth River Vineyard Grand River Valley Ohio

Let us help you solve your unique frost control needs

reg

My Orchard-Ritesreg paid for themselves

These machines really work

1615 W Ahtanum bull Yakima WA 98903 bull 509-248-8785 ext 612

For the representative nearest you visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

Researchers used a grape hoe to build

a berm covering the dwarfing rootstock

and protecting it from dogwood borer

infestation They also noticed a boost in

tree vigor

BENEFITSof mounding bull Facilitates surface drainage of water away from

tree and avoidance of crown rotbull Allows shallow planting which avoids potential

of scion rooting but exposes rootstock shank toair encouraging burr knots on dwarfing clonalrootstocks Burr knots deform the trunk andattract dogwood borers and woolly apple aphids

bull When covered root primordia in burr knots

extend into soil reducing the burr knotrsquos attrac-tiveness to dogwood borer Mounding is the leastcostly and most sustainable approach to avoid-ing dogwood borer

bull Mounding can protect and insulate the rootstock-unionshank in first winter

bull Extension of adventitious root initials canenhance canopy vigor

p h o t o b

y R o N

p E R R y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

Deserves World Class Care

yelsean KyRinf

withkedorwnetellwear

oducprganicoramptionalenvonc

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oundfbecanbusiness

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andevicsertisexperehe T

quickwith

tionoduc

orflinesequipped

he Tta

darviney

toducpr

ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

oinf ttinenperotesscac tionmaor

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opia5251 Elt

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5419380205 ORertaeewron-FiltM

ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

omcegorrmcgwww

5092974296opia Eltdest RW

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der Relt1020 S Clodf

CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

WASHINGTON WASHINGTON CALIFORNIA OREGON OREGON MICHIGAN N EUROPE

DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

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bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL

AWESOMEVALUABLE

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Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)

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trade reg trade reg

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

APPLES

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Granny Smith Hilwell Braeburn

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LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

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Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2048

20 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

P

each trees it is often said love to die and willfind any excuse to do it

Thatrsquos a bit harsh But peach trees and other

stone fruits are much more susceptible to virusdiseases than are the pome fruits like apple

and these viruses wear down orchards Growers lose aew trees every year until finally the orchard is uneco-

nomical The name of the game is warding off tree deathas long as possible There are no cures for virus-causeddiseases or for nematodes that often transmit the virusesThe name of the game is prevention

Dr John Halbrendt a Pennsylvania State University plant pathologist specializing in nematode and virus dis-eases at the Fruit Tree Research and Extension Center inBiglerville recommends a step-by-step approach thatstarts with a soil test for nematodes before planting a new orchardmdasha test that can be done even before an oldorchard is pulled out

Peaches are susceptible to four different nematodesand knowing which ones are present determines the nextsteps Nematodes are plant parasites that attack rootscausing loss of vigor reduced yield reduced winterhardiness and that may vector viruses that kill trees

Dagger nematodesDagger nematodes are the most severe threat as they

vector tomato ring spot virus to which all peach root-stocks are susceptible The virus causes peach stem pit-ing Dagger nematodes by themselves cause little direct

damage from their feeding on peach roots unless they carry the virus

ldquoPeach stem pitting is the most insidious and poten-tially costly disease affecting stone fruit in the NortheastrdquoHalbrendt said ldquoInfected trees show symptoms of stress

and die within two or three years of infectionrdquo Trees may become infected anytime after planting

The natural hosts for dagger nematodes are broad-leaved weeds like dandelions plantains and lambsquar-ters Because these weeds are widespread so are daggernematodes These weeds are resistant to the tomato ring spot virus but the peach trees arenrsquot

Not all weeds are infected with the tomato ring spotvirus and not all dagger nematodes are infected Butbecause the virus can actually be carried in weed seedsorchards are always at risk from new weeds introducedand growing from infected seed Halbrendt said His rec-ommended approach is a combination of nematicidesapplied before planting and good ongoing weed controlto suppress broad-leaved weeds and limit nematodeaccess to the virus

Grasses are not hosts for tomato ring spot virus butthey are good hosts for dagger nematodes Grass alleys inan orchard do not pose a threat to the peach trees Thekey is to keep these nematodes free of the virus by controlling nongrassy weeds

Other nematodesRing nematodes occur on sandy soil especially in the

South and are a major cause of a complicated diseasecalled peach tree short life

An orchard can be fine and then collapse completely within two to three weeks in spring

If tests show that ring nematode is the primary problem on a site the rootstocks Lovell and Guardian providprotection but both of these rootstocks are very suscep

tible to root-knot nematodes The rootstock Nemaguar which provides resistance to root-knot nematodes highly susceptible to ring nematode

Root-knot nematode is a cause of the disease callepeach tree decline Infected orchards show a slow declinas they lose vigor and leaves

Root lesion nematodes are associated with peacreplant disease Infected trees donrsquot grow or grow onslowly because the nematode kills small feeder roots anstarves the trees

Methods of controlNematode problems are more likely on replant sit

than on new sites but new sites may be infected so a teis recommended Halbrendt said Herersquos the program hrecommendsbull Remove tree root residues to reduce population densi

of nematodes and other soil-borne pathogensbull Subsoil or deep plow to rework the soil profile an

improve internal drainagebull Rotate to field crops for at least two years to redu

pathogen populations help eradicate weeds anincrease soil organic matter

bull Lime and fertilize to adjust soil pH and nutrient levefor optimum tree growth and fruit production

bull Submit a follow-up soil sample in the fall before trplanting to determine nematode population densitiand the need for soil fumigation

Protect peaches from nematodesTo lengthen tree life control viruses and the nematodes that transmit them

by Richard Lehnert

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2148

Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

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Kennewick WA5096273917

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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

5251 Eltopia West Rd Eltopia WA 5092974296

wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

IMPROVED

Lightweight ATV Pollen Applicator

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DampM Chemical Wilson Irrigation Tom Majors Tim Polehn Blue Mountain Growers Alpers Tree Sales Fruit ConsultMichael Ellingson 5094539983 Central Valley CA The Dalles OR Dennis Burkes Suttons Bay MI Jan Peeters

5096785750 5592878900 5413409238 5419383391 2316338358 0031653410921

5095200686

bull Applesbull Pearsbull Cherries

bull Apricotsbull Plums

bull Increases the rate of pollen germination

bull Increases honeybee activity

bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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509-884-7041

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509-667-8180

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509-453-9983

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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Since 1948

ORCHARD

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SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

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L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

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800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

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Insurance

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May 15 April 20

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December November 1

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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1-800-487-9946

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Member of Better Business Bureau

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Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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o

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IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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agrimgtcom

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Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

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mdash Since 1974 mdash

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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Soil fumigationSoil fumigation is recommended if nematode densi-

ies exceed damaging levels if the site has a history of

other soil-borne diseases or if highly susceptible cultivarsare to be planted Halbrendt said He recommends using Telone C-17

Because fumigation is expensive and increasingly raught with regulations an alternative approach is ldquonat-

uralrdquo fumigation sometimes referred to as ldquobiofumiga-ionrdquo This method involves planting a crop or even

better two crops one immediately after the other of thebrassica species Dwarf Essex rape The rape contains pre-cursor chemicals that release those that actually suppressnematodes and these are released only when the plant ismacerated

ldquoThe crop needs to be thoroughly chopped using a flailmower and the residue incorporated into the soil to work effectivelyrdquo Halbrendt said bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

A f f o rd a b l e

F r o s t A l a r m s

Leah Bosma

wins iPad Although entries came in from around the

world the winner of the Good Fruit Grower

promotion came from Outlook Washingtonmdash

less than an hourrsquos drive from our headquarters

in Yakima Congratulations Leah

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2248

22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

1560 S Main

Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

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wwwmcgregorcom

Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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opia5251 Elt

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ain1560 S M 1020 S Clodf

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

HIGH QUALITY POLLEN and the Means to Apply It forhellip

Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

NEW FOR 2012FirmYield Pollenrsquos

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bull Effective with ATV pollen applicationor BeeBoster pollen inserts

J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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Quality Fruit Trees

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

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Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

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protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

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Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

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22 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Organicmattermatters

Add organic matter Thatrsquos the shortanswer to better managing your soilsays James Cassidy soil scienceinstructor at Oregon State University and manager of the student-run

university farmCassidy known for holding his student

audience spellbound during soil lecturesthrough his enthusiasm and wit links every-thing in life back to soil ldquoItrsquos all about soilmdashit allcomes from soil and all goes back to soilsooner or later Every single atom in your body

has been through the soil sys-temrdquo He believes that a betterunderstanding of soilmdashhow it works and stores nutrientsmdash will lead to growing better qual-ity fruit

Soil is the most diverse habi-

tat on earth composed of 45percent minerals 5 percentorganic matter and the rest air

and water A single pinch of soil contains morethan a billion living organisms existing in afour-dimensional complex habitat he saidSoil which has formed over time throughdecomposition is essentially ldquorotted rocks anddecomposing organic matterrdquo he explainedduring a cherry research symposium spon-sored by Oregon State University and held atThe Dalles Oregon earlier this year

Aggregate of soil A complete ecosystem is contained within

an aggregate of soil In an aggregate a speck of soil less than a millimeter in size or about thesize of a broken pencil lead the following are

foundmdashBacteriamdashDifferent sized rock particles (sand silt and

clay)mdashMycorrhizaemdashActinomycetesmdashSaprophitic fungusmdashNematodemdashCiliate protozoamdashFlagellate protozoamdashMitesmdashWater ndash held by capillary force

DiversityldquoThe soil activity is whatrsquos happening in

between the soil particlesrdquo Cassidy said ldquoThething to be managing conceptually is manag-ing the pore space and size of the poresrdquo

Diversity is the key to pore space and sizeBig medium small and super tiny pore sizesdistributed throughout the soil profile help thesoil drain and hold water as well as provide airto the roots

Macro pore sizes like worm channels helppull raindrops irrigation water and oxygentogether bringing water and gas exchange to

the roots ldquoThe way to manage pore size is todisturb the soil as little as possiblerdquo he saidadding that minimizing soil disturbance is agood way to preserve pore size distribution

ldquoWe have the power with large tractors to work the soil but resist that urgerdquo he said ldquoThemore we disturb soils the less water and oxy-gen get in One measure of soil quality is how quickly water penetrates

ldquoDiversity of pore size leads to diversity of soil habitat that leads to diverse organisms thatleads to diversity of function that leads to thebreaking down of rockrdquo said Cassidy While itrsquosall about diversity he acknowledges that inagriculture growers are trying to grow onething which can work counter to building adiverse ecosystem

Negative chargeThough sand and silt are primary minerals

that have been ground down into small pieces(sand is just a larger piece than silt) clay is asecondary mineral created by the dissolutionof primary minerals and then recrystallized orsynthesized into layered mineral sheets Thesilica tetrahedral sheets in the clay are wherenutrients like aluminum silica magnesiumpotassium and such are held by net negativecharges that are a result of isomorphic substi-tutions in mineral crystal at the time of recrys-tallization Sand and silt donrsquot have a chargebut clay has the all important negative charge

ldquoAnd what gets stuck to the negativechargerdquo he asks ldquoPositively charged nutrientslike potassium calcium magnesium and mosteverything else a tree needs to growrdquo Withoutthe negative charges he noted that nutrients

could not be stored in the soil and would leacaway

A soilrsquos cation exchange capacity is a meaure of the amount of net negative charge pkilogram of dry soil and therefore a measure how much nutrient can be stored he saidsoil test number of 20 would be good belowis considered low and above 40 would be hig

Moreover the cation exchange capacidetermines the value of a soil he said as so with low CEC have a low net negative charand do not hold nutrients in the soil as well asoils with a high CEC number

Small portion but mightyOrganic matter which is only a small po

tionmdashat best 5 percentmdashof the total makeup soil packs a mighty punch Organic mattinfluences soil properties and plant growth fgreater than its low percentage would indicat

Cassidy said that organic matter adds nutents to the soil provides nutrient storabecause itrsquos negatively charged and is the gluthat creates soil structure Organic matter wiitrsquos negative charge can help improve soils wilow cation exchange capacity It also provid

carbon and energy (food) for the soil microrganisms

The easiest way to add organic matter to sois to grow it in place and mow and blow thgreen manure where itrsquos wanted But addincompost is also effective He advised growerspay attention to the organic matter percentain their soil test results and experiment oparts of their orchard to raise soil organic mater levels Over time see if water infiltratiorates improve and organic matter levels aincreased

Cassidy noted that slow water infiltratiorates are undesirable for several reasons Thfirst two things lost in the runoff are clay partcles and organic matter That causes the soil become sandier and because sand doesnhave a charge the soil loses some of its negativcharge and canrsquot store nutrients bull

Organic matter has

a big influence on

soil properties

by Melissa Hansen

Soils amp Nutrients

Adding compost to soils will help raise the organic matter levels in soil though i

may take several years

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

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Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

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J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

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+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

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$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

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wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

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GOOD STUFF

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

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For more information contact

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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Quality Fruit Trees

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We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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field or c onstruction sites

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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

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Using

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

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in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

1020 S Clodfelter Rd

Kennewick WA5096273917

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Milton-Freewater OR5419380205

The McGregor Company

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Deserves World Class Care

World Class Fruit

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he Tta

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ell 5093089262Cyelsean KyR

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opia5251 Elt

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CONTROLLED POLLINATION

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Phone 509453-4656 bull Fax 509469-3689wwwfirmyieldpollencom

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J

ohn Carter cherry and apple grower from The Dalles Oregon is anorganic matter convert He like soil scientist instructor James Cas-sidy believes that organic matter is critical and gives credit to

organic matter for improving his abused soilsldquoThe place I bought had 75 years of abuserdquo said Carter who

describes his orchards as sitting on a sandstone shelf ldquoMy organicmatter level was very lowmdashI canrsquot even comprehend 5 percentmdashandmy cation exchange capacity was in single digitsrdquo

Today after several years of adding compost compost teas andother natural products he has raised his soilrsquos organic matter level to2 percent (four years ago it was 14 percent) and his cation exchangecapacity is in the low double digits

Start with soil sampleHe recommends that growers start first with a soil sample having

the lab use a paste-extraction instead of a chemical-extractionmethod The paste-extraction method will tell about the soil solubility he said

ldquoThen add compost that matches what nutrients you need in thesoilrdquo he said ldquoAnd do it slowly Irsquove seen recommendations calling for 2 to 70 tons of compost per acre You canrsquot afford 70 tons per acrerdquo

An application of five tons per acre is less than a half-inch of com-post covering the area he noted Few growers can afford to do whatrsquosneeded to dramatically raise the organic matter level all in one yearbut they can begin at lower rates of several tons per acre

ldquoItrsquos the soil microbes that you are trying to enhance and providefood forrdquo he said adding that enhancing soil microbes will crank uptheir activity and make the soil better ldquoYou have to get an analysisfrom the compost mix because it not only has benefits of organic matter but it also has nutrientsrdquo mdashM Hansen

ORGANIC MATTER convert

p h o t o b

y g l e n n

m c g o u r t y

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

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ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Quality Fruit Trees

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2448

24 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER

Cornell University pomologist Dr Terence Robinson would never tell applegrowers what to dohellipexactly Their decisions are strictly up to them he tellsthem

But when in the next sentence he starts ldquoIn my opinionrdquo or ldquoWe recom-mendrdquo donrsquot be surprised He firmly states his views and backs them up with

slides showing experimental results graphs showing yields and charts showing economic data that he has steadily built over a dozen years

Robinson is a popular speaker on the winter horticultural meeting circuit He and his colleagues at CornellmdashSteve Hoying Mike FargioneMario Miranda Alison DeMaree Kevin Iungerman and othersmdashhavebeen experimenting with and developing an orchard design system

called tall spindle and a management system to go with it for almost twodecades Robinson has the model orchard firmly in his mind and he givesa passionate talk as he conveys the image to growers

Robinson gave one of those talks to apple growers during the Mid- Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention inHershey Pennsylania in February

Not too oldldquoFor those growers who think they can

coast along with their existing plantings or are too old tochange I hope to change your mindsrdquo he said

He described a ldquo50-40-10rdquo plan for orchard planting and renewal in which growers make some new plantingsevery year He recommends that half the new plantingsbe made using solid-performing wholesale varieties while 40 percent are planted to the best new high-pricehigh-demand varieties and 10 percent are new varietiesthat look promising but are gambles on the future Here

are his recommendations step by stepmdashConduct a continual replanting programldquoIrsquom con-

vinced that every apple grower should be planting somenew orchards every yearrdquo he said ldquoIt allows you to stay onthe cutting edge of new varieties and new fruit systemsand to take advantage of the new things you learn each yearrdquo

mdashReplant 4 to 5 percent of the farm annually Thiskeeps the nonbearing percentage under 15 percent andallows the entire farm to be replanted over 20 to 25 yearshe said

mdashPlant fresh fruit blocks at a density of 900 to 1300trees per acre in the tall spindle systemTrees should be3 to 4 feet apart with 10 to 12 feet between rows and athousand trees per acre is probably the most profitabledensity

mdashPlant processing fruit blocks at a density of 500 to700 trees per acre in the vertical axis system Treesshould be 5 feet apart with 13 to 14 feet between rows

PLANNINGnew apple

orchardsCornell pomologist

Terence Robinson

shares his thoughtsabout making

profitable orchards

by Richard Lehnert

Terence Robinson

travels widely and

speaks frequently his

laptop computer

keeping him in touch

with home base at

Cornell University

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2548

mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

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WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

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800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

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Fanno Saw Works

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

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Still available for

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Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-932-4242

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509-544-9000

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ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

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GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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If you needbench grafts

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Using

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

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GRAFTING SERVICES

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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mdashPlant highly feathered trees and manage them with no pruning but by bending and tying down lateral branches (feathers) in the first year so they will bear fruit already in the second leaf

mdashChoose the right varietiesldquoThe price you receive for your fruit is more importantthan any consideration of orchard designrdquo he said

Right varieties

While Robinson believes that the best profits for grow-ers will come from growing apples for the fresh market heacknowledged that in the Northeast half or more of allapples are grown for processing and many growers planto continue to plant and grow blocks of apples especially for processing Still he said fresh fruit is more profitableby about five orders of magnitude than fruit grown forprocessing

Some varieties can go for either fresh or processingand anybody growing for processing should plant somefruit varieties that can go fresh he said Nonetheless hehas two separate lists of apples to grow depending on theintended market

To minimize risk he said plant the best fresh-marketvarieties on 50 percent of new orchards For New York growers these solid performers include red strains of Gala like Brookfield red strains of McIntosh like LindaMac RubyMac Snappy and Acey Mac Empire and Cortland espe-cially the strains that do well when treated with SmartFresh (1-MCP) the best red strains

of Red Delicious and the Smoothee or Reinders strains of Golden DeliciousTo generate high returns plant 40 percent to new varieties that have been selling at

high prices These include Honeycrisp the Rubinstar DeCoster and Red Prince strains of Jonagold Golden Supreme the early strains of Fuji like September Wonder Auvil Earlyand Beni Shogun the full-season strains of Fuji like Aztec Kiku Fubrax Top Export andSuprema and Cameo

Gamble for very high returns on a small acreage 10 percent he said In New York where in-state growers have access to the new Cornell varieties named New York 1 andNew York 2 these should be planted in that ldquogambling on the futurerdquo category It alsoincludes for growers anywhere the club varieties Ambrosia Pintildeata Jazz Envy PacificRose Blondee and SweeTango

In the processing category the solid-performing 50 percent in New York includeIdared Jonagold McIntosh Cortland Crispin and Rome ldquoYou have additional oneshererdquo he told the Mid-Atlantic growers

Those in the 40 percent category that processors pay a premium for include AutumnCrisp and Granny Smith

New York 2 which was bred by Cornell as a dual-purpose apple fits into the gambling-10-percent category for a processing apple

bullGOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Platforms can be used to advantage in tall spindle orchards

ldquoIrsquom convinced

that every

apple grower

should be

planting some

new orchards

every yearrdquomdashTerence Robinson

p h o t o s b y r i c h a r d

l e h n e r t

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2648

26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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built to meet

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30 Fire Protection Ventilation

O R D E R

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

We love what we do and you make it possible

A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

hellipthose are just a few of the wordswe use to describe our customers

SUPERFANTASTICWONDERFUL

AWESOMEVALUABLE

Banning Red Fuji(USPP 16624 P2)

Beni Shogun(USPP 7997)

Blondeetrade (USPP 19007McLaughlin cv)

Brookfieldreg Gala(USPP 10016)

Buckeyereg Gala

(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

(USPP 16620) Frettingham Crab Golden Delicious

Rising Sun Fujireg

RubyJonreg (USPP 10115)

RubyMacreg (USPP applied for)

Schlect Spur Delicioustrade

September Wondertrade Fuji (USPP 11193)

Simpson Crab Snowdrift Crab

Torres Fujitrade (USPP applied for)

Ultimatrade Gala(USPP 13753 P2)

Zestartrade (USPP 11367)

trade reg trade reg

trade trade trade trade

Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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(USPP 7526) Honeycrisptrade

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(USPP 11992) JonaStar JonaGoldtrade

(USPP 20590)

LindaMacreg (USPP 12900)

Manchurian Crab Midnight Red Spurtrade

(serial 74458730) Pacific Galareg

(USPP 9681) Pearleaf Crab

trade

trade reg reg

These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

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POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

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itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

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Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

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for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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Is your orchard

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NPH amp Micro Elements

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

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Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

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YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

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cell 509-961-7383

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From Grower to Grower

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NO fees

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Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-882-2500

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509-932-4242

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509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

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We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

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1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

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for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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Walking FloorLive Floor

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Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

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ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

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ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

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bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

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o

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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

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Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

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Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

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550reg

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amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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26 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Choosing the right apple varietiesmdashones that enjoy good con-sumer demand and sell for a good pricemdashis the most importantstep an apple grower can take toward profitability says Dr Terence Robinson Cornell University pomologist

But once a grower makes his choices the real hard work begins The orchard needs to be planted and the choice of rootstocksand spacings are vitally important

ldquoIf you do everything right you can still make money if you plant theright variety in an 8 by 16 spacing and 340 trees per acrerdquo Robinson toldapple growers at the Mid-Atlantic Fruit and Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania in February

But he added economic analyses show the highest profitability occurs when growers plant about 1000 trees per acre It is up to thegrower to find the combination of rootstock and soil that will fill thespace rapidly but not be too vigorous at that spacing

In making decisions about rootstocks growers must look at econom-ics (precocity and productivity) liveability rootstock vigor scion vigor

Get spacing and rootstock right

Growers making the best choices

make the most money

by Richard Lehnert

Soils amp Nutrients

climate soil type and fertility irrigationfertigatioreplant disease spacing and training system he said

Robinson is one of the developers of the tall spindsystem in which trees are trained to grow 10 to 12 feet tin a narrow profile that contains no permanent scaffolimbs Using that system a thousand trees planted thre

to four feet apart in rows 10 to 12 feet apart will fill an acrHe suggests the followingmdashUse a 3-foot spacing for weak and medium vig

varietiesmdashUse a 4-foot spacing for vigorous varietiesFrom strongest to weakest he ranks scion vigor in th

order Mutsu Northern Spy Jonagold McIntosh CameFuji Gala Empire Idared Greening Macou SweeTango Jazz Spur Delicious NY1 and Honeycrisp

Geneva rootstocksCornell has had a rootstock breeding program f

some time and its Geneva rootstocks are just now reacing commercial availability Robinson is convinced th will be superior because they were selected to be disearesistant precocious and productive But there are nenough of them now

In making rootstock decisions to get the rig

rootstock to fit the spacing he suggestsmdashUse vigorous clones of M9 (Nic29 or RN29) f

medium vigor cultivars or when planting on replasoil

mdashUse weak clones of M9 (T337 or Flueren56) f vigorous varieties or on virgin soil

mdashUse M26 interstems or M7 for very weak varietiemdashUse irrigation andor fertigation to improve lac

of vigormdashUse limb bending and limb renewal pruning on t

spindle system trees to keep trees slender

Rootstocks that liveIn choosing a rootstock the primary consideration

will the tree live he saidldquoFireblight is devastating in New York and in Michiga

and some other areasrdquo he said ldquoSome method to contrfireblight is criticalrdquo Fireblight infects blossoms and camove in 60 days down into the rootstock ldquoIf M9 an

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8 x 8 10 x 30

8 x 10 x 30

Contaiment Pan

Shelving

Terence Robinson in orchard with microphone talking

about tall spindle orchard design is a familiar sight to

growers in New York and in other states in the Midwest

and Northeast

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

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+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

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The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

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Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

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ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

741 Sunset Road Brentwood CA 94513

8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

ProTree Nurseries is dedicated to providing the best selection ofapple and cherry trees grafted on the heartiest rootstocksIf yoursquore looking for a variety you canrsquot find anywhere elsecall ProTree Nurseries today

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(USPP 10840) reg

(USPP 21300) Crimson Gold Crab Dandee Redreg

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Available on Colt Giselareg Krymskreg Mahaleb or MazzardNot all varieties are available on all rootstocks Call for specific grafting information

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

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140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

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1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

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information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

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If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

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October September 6

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December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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1-800-487-9946

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

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Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

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Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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GROWER SERVICES

$

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

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GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

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Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

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CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

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amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2748

M26 rootstocks become infected the treewill dierdquo he said

ldquoGeneva rootstocks are resistant toireblightrdquo he said ldquoIf the rootstock does-

nrsquot die we can quickly regrow the parts of he tree that are lost in a fireblight epi-

demic and not lose the orchardrdquoCornell has been working to breed and

prove new rootstocks for several yearswith the specific goal of putting fireblight-esistant rootstocks andor replant

disease-resistant rootstocks into each of he current size niches from small treeso large

So far not many Geneva rootstockshave been available for growers to plantAbout 325000 were produced in 2009400000 in 2010 and 600000 in 2011mdashin amarket that needs 15 million rootstocks ayear he said

ldquoThere will be 500000 G11 linersplanted in US nurseries this coming spring and 1 million in 2013rdquo he said Pro-duction of G41 this year will be nearly 300000 he said

Geneva released seven rootstocksbefore 2010 and another six since thenOf the rootstocks now being commercial-zed G65 is the smallest (M27 size) G11s the size of M9 T337 G935 is the size of

M9 Pajam2 and G41 and G16 are inbetween G11 and G935 G202 is the sizeof M26 and G30 the size of M7 andMM106

The releases made in 2010 are G214ust larger than M9 Pajam2 G222 just

smaller than M26 G969 and G213 justbigger than M26 G210 the size of M7-MM106 and G809 which is halfway between M7 and seedling size

Growers should look closely at the NC-140 rootstock trials to see which root-stocks perform best in their area This is

critical he saidHe noted that at Champlain New

York the northerly production area justsouth of Montreal varieties on M9 root-stocks yield only 67 percent as much ashe same varieties and rootstocks planted

at Geneva where winter temperatures arewarmer he said

Yet when planted on G935 they doequally well in both places G935 is acold-hardy rootstock he said

G214 which is the size of M9 Pajam2and rated as highly yield efficient produc-ive resistant to fireblight and tolerant toeplant disease has not as yet produced

any liners for commercial useldquoWe have had a setback in the develop-

ment of stool beds of G214 and its prop-agation is starting over an 18-month

delayrdquo Robinson told growers in January during the International Fruit Tree Asso-ciation tour to Chile That news was published in the January 15 Good Fruit

Grower magazine

Density effectRobinson also said that growers must

learn from experience how to compensatefor the density effect when choosing

rootstocks While the rootstock itself affectsthe size of a tree and thus determines how closely they can be spaced the spacing affects root competition so closer spacing

itself produces smaller treesManagement of the tree also affects its

size When limbs point upward the tree will grow shorter and wider he said If thefeathers are bent down below horizontaltrees will be taller and slenderer

Large means largeldquoLarge branches create large treesrdquo h

said Smaller branches are taxed moheavily to support fruit than are lar

branches Consequently large branchtransport more carbohydrate back to thtrunk and the tree will become stlarger bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Here Are the Facts You Need t o Know

about the Pink Ladyreg Brand $ $amp + )+ amp$amp )amp amp $ ampamp$ amp + amp$ $ amp amp

+ ampamp ) $ $ ($ amp$+ ($$amp + ampamp )+ amp$ amp +amp$+ ) amp amp amp $

amp $$amp $ amp +-

$ $ $ amp amp

The Pink Lady reg Brand has been used with apples of the original Cripps Pink

variety for over 15 years in the United States ldquoCripps Pinkrdquo is the name of a

variety Pink Lady reg is a registered trademark in the United States

ldquoMaslin Pinkrdquo is the name of a new early sport of Cripps Pink The Pink Lady reg

Brand is also used with Maslin Pink apples $ $ $amp

amp wwwpinkladyamericaorg

Only apples with ldquoPink Lady reg rdquo on the price lookup (PLU) sticker can legally be

sold under Pink Lady reg point-of-sale signage in supermarkets

US Grown Apples use the Pink Ladyreg

Brandin the United States for FreeNo Royalty on US Cripps PinkMaslin Pink Apples with Pink Lady reg PLU$ $ $) $$+ amp$ amp ampampamp $+amp+ + + amp amp +- $ amp$ $ $ $amp amp +- ) $amp $

$ $ amp amp amp $ amp $amp

The US Pink Lady reg Brand is NOT part of any restrictive ldquoClubrdquo system instead

it uses an ldquoopen licensingrdquo system

amp $amp amp + $ amp$$ $ $amp $ amp

wwwpinkladyamericaorg amp

pinkladyrepembarqmailcom

Brand Domestic US Canada Imports Exports

Pink Ladyreg FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

FREE $050 $77 $70USDbox USDmetric ton USDmetric ton

ldquoThere will be

500000 G11 liners

planted in USnurseries this

coming spring and

1 million in 2013rdquomdashTerence Robinson

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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8006341671 (Alison Clegg or Richard Chavez)

8774576901 (Henry Sanguinetti)

Fax 9256346040

wwwprotreenurserycom

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A special THANK YOU to all of our loyal customers who comeback to us year after year

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

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Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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509-884-7041

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509-667-8180

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509-453-9983

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

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protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

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We understand

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Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2848

28 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Orchard floor managementSod alleyways should be maintained free of blooming plants

by Richard Lehnert

A

well-managed orchardmdashwhether pome fruitor stone fruitmdashis made up of the right treesplanted in weed-free strips separated bylawn-quality sod alleyways that are free of all

flowering plantsThatrsquos the look advocated by Rutgers University weed

specialist Dr Bradley Majek He contends that whenabels on insecticides say ldquodonrsquot apply during bloomrdquo it

doesnrsquot mean just tree bloom it means bloom in theorchard of any kind

ldquoThat labeling is meant to protect pollinators no mat-er what is attracting them to the orchardrdquo he said ldquoThat

could mean dandelions in the spring white clover in thesummer or goldenrod and white asters later in theseasonrdquo

That means the ldquosod alleyrdquo should really be sod andnot just a collection of whatever happens to grow there

Majek advocates that growers plant tall fescue or hardescue when establishing an orchard

ldquoBoth types of fescue are tolerant to disease droughtow pH and low fertilityrdquo he said ldquoThey compete effec-ively with weeds do not spread or creep into the tree row

by rhizome or stolen growth and are semi-dormantduring the hot dry summer monthsrdquo

Tall fescue is more vigorous and is more easily established he said but requires more frequent mowing

ldquoThe addition of clover or other legumes is notecommended for orchard sodsrdquo he said

While they do fix some nitrogen they are alternatehosts for pests especially tomato ringspot virus and they lower luring bees to the orchards and exposing them tonsecticides

Before planting the trees plant 25 to 75 pounds of fes-cue seed per acre in late summer into fertilized soil hesuggests Use a good seeder that puts seed into the soiland pack it firmly Plant the fescue only where the perma-nent alleys will be Where the tree rows will be plantperennial ryegrass which grows fast

In late fall or early the next spring use the herbicideglyphosate to kill strips of sod where the trees will beplanted and plant directly into the killed sod Killing thesod in late fall or early winter will allow the sod roots tobreak down so using a tree planter will be easier in thespring The dead sod will provide organic matter helpsuppress weeds and prevent soil erosion until the treesare growing well The width of the strip should be from 33

to 40 percent of the alley width or narrower if a mo vigorous rootstock is used The sod can be used to reduvigor somewhat he said

It will take 15 to 22 months to establish a dense socompetitive with weeds he said During that time hsuggests using Prowl H2O each spring to control annugrasses and 24-D to control broadleaf weeds The herbcide 24-D works well on dandelions but is weaker o white clover Stinger which is better on clover is labelfor use on stone fruits Starane Ultra will suppress whiclover in pome fruits he said

Tillage not recommended While few orchardists maintain clean-tilled orchar

today clean tillage was once widely used especially bpeach growers The pros and cons of tillage or no tillag were once debated

Weeds compete for water nutrients sunlight anspace he said and are a host for pest insects and diseasand provide cover for rodents They can compete f pollination and they reduce harvest efficiency

Clean tillage eliminates these problems but at thexpense of soil quality Tillage destroys organic matte which leads to soil compaction and poor water infiltrtion and opens the ground to soil erosion Tillage aldamages tree roots making them vulnerable to diseasand less able to take up nutrients and water

Sod he said adds roots to the soil that improve sostructure water uptake and formation of healthy soaggregates

Sod row middles are minimally competitive with trefor water and nutrients he said They provide a goo working surface for machinery

No volesOne additional benefit comes from mowing Maje

recommends growers use a side-discharge mower raththan a flail mower and throw the grass clippings into th weed-free strip This addition of mulch replaces organ

matter that can not grow there because of the herbicidebut does not make enough residue to be attractive rodents like voles

Were it not for the problem of voles he said growemight want to choose mulch as a better choice for weecontrol than herbicides In experiments he conductefruit trees made their best growth and best yield undmulches either of fabric or of leaves or similar organmaterials like wood chips or hay The mulches reduce sotemperatures and increase both moisture and fertilitBut the problem of rodents even under fabric has not ybeen solved he said

Tall fescue sod requires an annual fertilizer prograthat provides 40 to 80 pounds of nitrogen annually Somof this will be transferred to the tree rooting areas as thsod is mowed and the clippings blown into the row

Majek presented this information as the Ernie ChriMemorial Lecture during the Mid-Atlantic Fruit an Vegetable Convention in Hershey Pennsylvania bull

This is the look growers should strive for in their orchardsmdasha solid sod cover free of blooming

plants This look is appropriate for both pome and stone fruits

VAPOR GARD

reg

FOR CHERRIES

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING

INCREASED SHELF LIFE

SEE LABEL FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL DIRECTIONS

MILLER CHEMICAL amp FERTILIZER CORP

800-233-2040

N o G e n e r i c Subst i t u t e

Using VAPOR GARD on cherries offers growers these benefits

INCREASED SIZE amp YIELD REDUCED SPLITTING(with early application) (from untimely rain)

INCREASED SHELF LIFE(greener stems)

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

orchard floors

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

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F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

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Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

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For more information contact

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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Quality Fruit Trees

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GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 2948

Weeds harbor fruit-feeding pests

by Richard Lehnert

Adecade and more ago it was thought that plant diversity in fruit orchards wasa good thing that clover and broadleaf weeds provide shelter and alternativefood sources for beneficial insects and mites that feed on or parasitize insectand mite pests But now the thinking is plant diversity is more beneficial todiseases and pests than it is to the beneficials that prey on them

Dr Peter Shearer an entomologist at Oregon State Universityrsquos Mid-Columbia Agri-cultural Research and Extension Center in Hood River Oregon participated in much of he research after he began work at Rutgers University in New Jersey in 1996 He still uses

that decadersquos worth of data and those conclusions in making recommendations to growers

ldquoI was once a proponent of plant diversityrdquo he saidldquoBut it seems pests prefer these alternate hosts more thanthe beneficials do

ldquoOur research at Rutgers and on growersrsquo farmsdemonstrated the importance of removing broadleaf weeds to minimize damage from several key pestsrdquo hesaid ldquoManaged-sod drive rows and weed-free tree rowsreduce catfacing insect abundance and damage inpeachesrdquo

ldquoCleanrdquo orchardsmdashwhether clean tilled or with grasssod alleysmdashreduced damage by 60 percent he said andsimilar research in Oregon and Canada showed reduceddamage in pears and apples as well

In peaches at least eight arthropod pests are associ-ated with orchard ground cover he said These include tarnished plant stinkbugs greenpeach aphids tufted apple budmoth two-spotted spider mites false chinch bugseafhoppers and thrips

Tarnished plant bugs cause the most damage to New Jersey peaches where they are

season-long pests from prebloom to harvest They and stinkbugs cause catfacing fromeeding on the fruit

ldquoWe know we can get reduced pest pressure by controlling weedsrdquo he saidIn his studies he found that keeping orchards totally free of vegetationmdashby use of

herbicides or tillagemdasheffectively reduced the level of tarnished plant bug to just abovezero even when no insecticides were used to control it

With no insecticides orchards kept vegetation-free using herbicides had 3 percentdamage from tarnished plant bugs Grassed alleys containing fescues or Kentucky blue-grass did shelter more tarnished plant bugs but less than half the number that wereound in orchards with white clover or weeds where damage levels in the study were

about 10 percent Weed-free sod ground cover also delayed the onset of tarnished plantbugs in the orchard by a month he said reducing the number of sprays growers neededo apply Damage by thrips and Japanese beetle was also lower in clean-tilled orchards orhose with sod alleys

Grasses are not good hosts for pests but they need to be mowed to suppress flowering and the formation of seed heads he said

Shearer also reminds growers that peaches have extrafloral nectar glands at the baseof leaves providing beneficial insects with an in-orchard food source even when thereare no flowers bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 2

Avoid weedy

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We love what we do and you make it possible

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These apple varieties are available on B-10 B-118 EMLA-7 EMLA-26 EMLA-106 EMLA-111G-11 G-16 G-30 M-9 337T NICreg-29 or Supporter 4

Flowering weeds and legumes (left) attract bees and are hosts for

damaging nematodes Clean tillage (right) suppresses insect pests but

repeated tillage damages soil structure

ldquoWe know

we can get

reduced

pest

pressure by

controlling

weedsrdquomdashPeter Shearer

p h o t o s b y b r a d l e y M a j e

k

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

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140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

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Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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POLLINATION

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MANURE COMPOST

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Is your orchard

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NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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APPLES APRICOTS

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NO fees

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Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

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We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

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nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

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Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

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bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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ldquoDependableFrost

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o

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

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Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3048

M

any scientists said weeds could never develop resistance to glyphosate butin the late 1990s they were proven wrong

ldquoAs weed scientists we were flabbergastedrdquo Dr Bradley Hanson exten-sion weed specialist with the University of California Davis recalled during a weed management seminar in Wenatchee Washington this winter

Resistance to glyphosate was thought unlikely because of the herbicidersquos uniquemode of action and behavior in plants But there are now at least 13 weed species in theUnited States that have evolved resistance to glyphosate Horseweed also known asmarestail (Conyza canadensis) is one orchard and vineyard weed that has been showing

resistance to glyphosate in California Oregon and now WashingtonSome California populations of a related weed hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) are resistant to both glyphosate and paraquat

What happened Two things Hanson says Roundup-Ready soybeansintroduced in 1996 soon accounted for 90 percent of the countryrsquos 60 mil-lion acres of soybean plantings Then came other Roundup-Ready cropssuch as corn cotton alfalfa and sugar beets which are also grown onmillions of acres Roundup-Ready crops are genetically modified so thatthe herbicidersquos target site in the crop plant is unaffected while the weedsare vulnerable While the resistant crops do not directly cause resistance

in weeds they create an opportunity for in-crop use of a formerly nonselective herbicide which dramatically increases selection pressure for resistant biotypesThe other factor was that glyphosate became much cheaper after the Roundup patent

expired in 2000 and many generic formulations came onto the market That led to atremendous increase in use of the product Glyphosate cost $100 a gallon in the 1970scompared with $50 in 2008 Today growers can buy it for $15 a gallon or even less Hanson said

About 16 million pounds of glyphosate are used annually in California andglyphosate accounts for 40 percent of all herbicide active ingredients used The situationis probably similar in Washington and Oregon

MutationsResistance develops as a result of slight genetic mutations in weeds that can make

them unaffected by the herbicide These mutations occur naturally and are not causedby herbicides Hanson said Occasionally one of these mutations enables a weed to sur-vive exposure to the herbicide and continue to reproduce while susceptible weeds die

When the herbicide continues to be applied populations of these resist-ant plants increase These are weeds that used to be controlled but no

longer are even at higher herbicide ratesThere are two types of resistance target-site and nontarget-site

Herbicides usually affect plants by disrupting the activity of an enzymethat plays a key role in some biochemical process in the plants Target-siteresistance occurs when the enzyme becomes less sensitive to the herbi-cide usually because of a mutation in the gene coding for the protein

Nontarget-site resistance develops without involving the active site of the herbicide inthe plant There are several ways this can happen A common type of nontarget-siteresistance develops when the plant becomes better able to metabolically degrade theherbicide or move it away from the target site

In the United States about 125 weeds have developed resistance to 15 herbicide families Some types of herbicides are more prone to resistance than others

Resistance has been reported to triazine herbicides which are Photosystem IIinhibitors Hanson said These were introduced in the late 1960s and were widely used inthe early 1970s Growers switched to ALS inhibitors which were introduced in the 1980s

Glyphosateresistance

Some orchard and

vineyard weeds

are resistant

by Geraldine Warner

Horseweed also known as marestail has been showing resistance to

glyphosate in California Oregon and Washington Pictured top to

bottom in bloom as a young stalk and as a rosette

ldquoThatrsquos

trouble

brewingrdquomdashBradley Hanson

Soils amp Nutrients

30 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

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amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

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No job too big or small

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Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

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For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

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ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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Serving Central Washington Since 1957

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I m p r o v e P

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o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3148

but resistance was already seen by the 1990s This is now one of the most commonclasses of herbicides facing resistance

Resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors which are widely used inree fruits and grapes is starting to show up Hanson said Products with this mode of

action include Goal (oxyfluorfen) Aim (carfentrazone) Treevix (saflufenacil) Kixor andChateau (flumioxazin)

Resistance to glycines including glyphosate is also causing concern although it is stillelatively minor compared with resistance to other herbicide classes In Oregon Italianyegrass has shown some resistance to Rely (glufosinate)

ldquoThatrsquos trouble brewingrdquo Hanson said ldquoThatrsquos something wersquore keeping an eye onrdquo

Resistance managementPractices that lead to resistance include not rotating crops not using tillage having a

weakly competitive crop and not using herbicides with different modes of action inotation Hanson said

ldquoFor example maybe I plant trees donrsquot use tillage and only use Roundup Thatwould be a bad way to manage resistancerdquo he said On the other hand a complex rota-ion utilizing tillage hand weeding and use of multiple herbicide modes of action will

minimize selection of resistant biotypesSince growers of perennial crops such as tree fruits and grapes canrsquot easily rotate

crops or till the ground herbicide rotations or tank mixes of herbicides with differentmodes of action are the best option

The weeds most likely to develop resistance are annuals that produce a lot of seedsand have little seed dormancy but some seed longevity so that the ones that donrsquot germi-nate right away can persist for a while The worst weeds develop through two or threegenerations per year

The types of herbicides most likely to lose effectiveness because of resistance arehose that have a single mode of action are highly effective are used frequently and at

high rates and have a long residual life The more individuals that are selected with theherbicide the greater the chances of finding resistant mutants Hanson said ldquoIt boilsdown to a numbers gamerdquo

Resistance management is based on reducing selection pressure by rotating herbicideswith dif ferent modes of actionmdashnot just dif ferent active ingredients or families of herbicides he stressed

Tank mixes help as long as the herbicides target the same weeds Applying a herbicidehat targets grasses with one that targets broadleaf weeds is not managing resistance

but managing the weed spectrum Hanson saidKeep good records of what you have used and where yoursquove seen failures he advised

Not every weed control failure is due to resistance but if healthy plants are intermixedwith dying plants of the same species itrsquos a strong sign of resistance A patch of uncon-rolled weeds that is spreading from year to year can also be a sign of resistance Monitor

your orchard and control escapes before they become large problems he suggested bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

Herbicide-resistant weedsWeeds have developed resistance to several classes of herbicides in the United States

The number of weed species showing resistance to glycines (including glyphosate)

has increased over the past 15 years

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

YEAR

125 -

100 -

75 -

50 -

25 -

0 -

Glycine

ALS inhibitor

Other

ACCase inhibitor

Bipyridilium

Multiple resistant

Dinitroanaline

PSII inhibitor

Synthetic auxin

N U

M B E R O F H E R B I C I D E - R E S I S T A N T

W E E D S P E C I E S

SOURCE Brad Hanson University of California Davis based on information from wwwweedscienceorg

REPRESENTATIVES

WILLOW DRIVE NURSERY INC1-888-54-TREES

Ephrata Washington | wwwwillowdrivecom

ROOTSTOCK ndash VARIETIES ndash POLLINATION

Quality from the Start

APPLES

Aztec Fujireg (DT2 variety) Joburn Braeburntrade RedcortregBlondeereg JonaStarreg Jonagold Ruby JonregBrookfieldreg Ga la Kumeu Crimsonreg Ruby Ma ctradeBuckeyereg Gala LindaMacreg Smootheereg GoldenCameoreg brand Mariri Redtrade Braeburn SpartanGranny Smith Morning Misttrade Ultimatrade GalaHoneycrisp Early Fuji ZestarregIt reg R ed Del ic ious Morrenrsquosreg Jona gored Supr atrade

POLLENIZERS

Indian Summer Mt Blanc Pearleaf Manchurian Mt Evereste Snowdrift

CHERRIES

Attikareg EbonyPearltrade Pinedale Rubytrade Skeenatrade Bentontrade Early Robinreg Rainier RadiancePearltrade SweetheartBing Hudson Rainier TietonregBlackPearltrade Kootenaytrade Regina VanBurgundyPearltrade Lapins Sam White Gold

Chelantrade Montmorency Selahtrade

PEARS

Bartlett DrsquoAnjou Red Clapprsquos FavoriteColumbia Red Anjoutrade Forelle Red Sensation BartlettConcordetrade Golden Russet Boscreg SeckelComice

PEACHESAllstar Coral Star Redstar Flaminrsquo Furyreg SeriesAutumnstarreg Earlystartrade Risingstar PF-19-007 PF-7Blazingstar Elberta Starfire PF-24-007 PF-17Blushingstar Glowingstar PF-35-007 PF-25Brightstartrade Redhaven PF Lucky 13

Varieties listed may not reflect current inventory

Leonard Aubert Jim Adams Rey AllredHood River Oregon Washing ton State Payson Utah(541) 308-6008 (509) 670-7879 (801) 465-2321aubertgorgenet jimadamswillowdrivecom

Larry Traubel Rick Turton Larry LutzCedaredge Colorado Kelowna BC Nova Scotia(970) 856-3424 (250) 860-3805 (902) 680-5027ltraubelhotmailcom LarryLutzscotiangoldcom

F

or more information download the publication ldquoSelecting PressureShifting Populations and Herbicide Resistance and Tolerancerdquo from

wwwipmucdaviseduPDFPUBShanson-herbicideresistancepdf

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

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140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

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Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

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packers shippers and

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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Products and services for progressive growers

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nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

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itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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Is your orchard

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NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

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Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

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Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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NO fees

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Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-882-2500

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509-932-4242

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509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

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We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

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CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

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Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

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PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

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If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

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Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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Joe Trepanier Owner

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o

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WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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agrimgtcom

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Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

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I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

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o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3248

32 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Fruit growers have a choice among several resid-ual herbicides and postemergence herbicidesthat are registered for application in tree cropsand they should use several each year to managethe vegetation in the tree strip

Reliance on too few herbicides can lead to weed resist-ance to herbicides proliferation of weed species that arenot suppressed by the chosen herbicides or to a build-upof herbicides in the soil that may result in tree injury saysDr Bernard Zandstra the horticultural weed controlspecialist at Michigan State University

Zandstra reported that several new herbicides havebeen labeled for fruit trees in recent years and others aren the process of registration With several active herbi-

cides available for residual weed control he advises grow-ers to know the modes of action of the various herbicidesand then use herbicides with at least two different modes

of action when making applications of preemergencematerials in fall and spring Then rotate herbicides withdifferent modes of action every year Along with the resid-ual herbicides he recommends using foliar-active herbicides to kill emerged weeds

Zandstra spoke to apple and cherry growers at theNorthwest Michigan Orchard and Vineyard show in January 2012 He outlined some ldquomodelrdquo herbicide programs that fruit growers might use over several years

Weed control in applesIn apple orchards established for three years or more

Zandstra suggested this three-year program for apples(rates are pounds of product per acre of land treated notper acre of orchard)

Starting in the spring of year one apply 1 pound of Sinbar (terbacil)or 3 pounds of Karmex (diuron) Then

follow-up in June with a quart of glyphosate and 2 ouncof Venue (pyraflufen-ethyl) In the fall use 5 ounces Alion (indaziflam) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In the spring of the second year apply 4 ounces Matrix (rimsulfuron) 3 pounds of Karmex anglyphosate In June apply 1 ounce of Treevix (saflufenacand 1 ounce of Venue In the fall apply 4 pounds Solicam (norflurazon) and 14 gallons of Casoron C(dichlobenil) and 1 quart of glyphosate

In year three start with 4 pounds of Princep (simazinplus 4 quarts of Surflan (oryzalin) or Prowl H2

(pendimethalin) in the spring In June apply 3 pints Rely 280 (glufosinate-ammonium) and 1 ounce of VenuIn the fall of year 3 apply 8 to 12 ounces of Chatea (flumioxazin) plus glyphosate

Zandstra recommends using glyphosate once or twieach year in spring and in fall to kill emerged weeds If n

Selecting herbicidesFOR TREE FRUIT

Herbicide rotation programs avoid weed resistance

and improve weed control

by Richard Lehnert

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLE

THESPIDER

POLECherryThinnerCherryThinner

N NOMORE LS

N E W C a l l F o o t h i l l s T o d a y

Soils amp Nutrients

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

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Large Selection

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Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

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Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

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email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

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Available 2012 for your cherry needs

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BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

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Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

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Most all rootstocks

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509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

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Representing leading nurseries

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Still available for

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reg

Now at six locations

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New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

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INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

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Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

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ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

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P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

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Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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Member of Better Business Bureau

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Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

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We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3348

weeds are present the glyphosate might not be neededZandstra also reminded the growers that young trees aresusceptible to glyphosate injury and their stems shouldnot be sprayed He said that the rotation of herbicidesand modes of action is important not the particularchemical order You can start a herbicide rotation inspring or fall

Weed control in cherriesFor weed control in cherries Zandstra recommends

use of glyphosate only once each year in the fallHerersquos his ldquomodelrdquo three-year program for cherriesIn the spring apply 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4

ounces of Matrix Then in June use 2 ounces of Aim (car-entrazone) plus 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5

ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosateIn year two start in the spring with 2 quarts of Goal-

Tender (oxyfluorfen) and 2 quarts of Surflan In June usea quart of Gramoxone (paraquat) and 2 ounces of Venuebut remember that Gramoxone has a 28-day preharvestnterval In the fall use 6 to 12 ounces of Chateau and a

quart of glyphosateIn the third year start in the spring with 4 quarts of Prowl H2O and 4 ounces of Matrix In June use 2 quarts of Gramoxone and 2 ounces of Venue That fall apply 5ounces of Alion and 1 quart of glyphosate

Zandstra indicated that growers might want to try Alion for long residual control in apples and cherriesAlion from Bayer CropScience is a new herbicide regis-ered for pome and stone fruits and it will be registeredor additional fruit crops in the future Alion has long esidual activity and is active against weeds that have

developed resistance to Karmex Princep (simazine)glyphosate and other widely used herbicides he said

Sandea (halosulfuron-methyl) is now labeled for pre-emergence and postemergence control of yellow nutsedge in apples It also controls pigweeds and mostcomposites The Sandea label will be expanded to includeother fruit crops in the coming years

Treevix is a new herbicide from BASF that is especially effective against horseweed (marestail) It currently isabeled for apples and pears

Zandstra reminded the growers that Kerb (pronamide)s an old herbicide that is very effective against quack-

grass especially when applied in the fall He also said thatSelect Max (clethodim) is the most effective graminicideor postemergence control of annual bluegrass which is

often a problem in fruit orchards in the springStinger (clopyralid) may be used postemergence in

cherries for control of horseweed common groundseldandelion Canada thistle goldenrod and legumes

There are several other herbicides being developed forree fruit including Mission (flazasulfuron) from ISK

Biosciences Trellis (isoxaben) from Dow AgroSciencesSpartan (sulfentrazone) from FMC and Pindar (penoxsu-am plus oxyfluorfen) from Dow AgroSciences Zandstra

encouraged fruit growers to watch for news that theseherbicides are labeled for their crops bullwwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

p h o t o b

y R I C h A R D

L E h N E R t

Bernard Zandstrarsquos herbicide testing program

shows the strengths and weaknesses of

individual herbicides

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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1-800-487-9946

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3448

34 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

While glyphosate still effectively controls many weeds including annualand perennial grass and broadleaf weeds many factors play a role in how well it works says Tim Miller weed scientist with Washington State University in Mount Vernon

Since glyphosate came off patent in 2000 many different formulationshave been marketed At least 40 glyphosate products are available in Washington StateGlyphosate is formulated as a salt About 80 percent of glyphosate formulations contain isopropylamine salt

Others include potassium diammonium trimethylsulfonium or sesquidodium Thesalt makes the glyphosate a little more soluble so the concentration can be higher and italso stabilizes the product It enables the glyphosate acid to enter the plant a little moreeasily and it moves better throughout the plant

Although there is little difference in the activity of the different formulations they dodiffer in concentration of both the active ingredient (the salt) and the glyphosate acidequivalent For example Touchdown HiTech has 6 pounds of active ingredient per gallonand requires 19 ounces per acre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent whereasmost generics contain 4 pounds of active ingredient per acre and require 32 ounces peracre to achieve the 075 pounds of acid equivalent

Get the most out of GLYPHOSATEThe many formulations available do about the

same job but the rates required can differ

by Geraldine Warner

For moreinformationdownload

the publicationldquoGlyphosateStewardshipKeeping an EffectiveHerbicide Effectiverdquofrom wwwipm ucdaviseduPDF PUBSmiller-glyphosatesteward shippdf

Herbicide modes of actionActiveingredient Trade name Mode of action

24-D many synthetic auxin

acetic acid WeedPharm leaf desiccation

carfentrazone Aim PPO inhibitor

clethodim Select ACCase inhibitor

clopyralid Stinger synthetic auxin

clove leaf oil Matran leaf desiccation

dichlobenil Casoron cell wall synthesis inhibitor

diuron Karmex photosystem II inhibitor

fluazifop Fusilade ACCase inhibitor

flumioxazin Chateau PPO inhibitor

glyphosate Roundup others EPSP synthase inhibitor

glufosinate Rely glutamine synthase inhibitor

halosulfuron Sandea ALS inhibitor

indaziflam Alion cell wall synthesis inhibitor

isoxaben Gallery cell wall synthesis inhibitor

napropamide Devrinol very long chain fatty acid inhibitor

norflurazon Solicam carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor

oryzalin Surflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

oxyfluorfen Goal PPO inhibitor

paraquat Gramoxone photosystem I inhibitor

pendimethalin Prowl microtubule assembly inhibitor

pronamide Kerb microtubule assembly inhibitor

rimsulfuron Matrix ALS inhibitor

saflufenacil Treevix PPO inhibitor

sethoxydim Poast ACCase inhibitor

simazine Princep photosystem II inhibitor

terbacil Sinbar photosystem II inhibitor

trifluralin Treflan microtubule assembly inhibitor

SOURCE University of California IPM

Soils amp Nutrients

MIX it up

S

uccessful long-term weed control depends on using all available methods rather than just on

repeatedly scientists sayldquoMix it uprdquo Rick Boydston weed scientist with the US Department of Agriculture in Prosse Washington urged during a recent weed management workshop in Washington State ldquoDonrsquot use anmethod over and over until it fails Mix it up to prevent resistance from developingrdquo

An orchard or vineyard typically has a mixture of weed species but if some portion of that mix is toerant or resistant to a weed control strategy that is used repeatedly there will be a shift in the dominanspecies

Scientists stress that chemicals should be used as part of an integrated program that might includother methods such as

bull mechanical (cultivation flaming mowing and mulches)bull cultural (screening irrigation water cleaning field equipment controlling weeds around the edg

of the orchard or vineyard and planting weed-free cover crops between rows)bull biological (releasing organisms such as insects that inhibit growth or seed production)Eliminating production of weed seeds is the key to successful weed management Use cultivatio

mowing or herbicides with different modes of actions to prevent the weed from flowering anproducing seed

Preventing resistance

Prevention is the most effective and economical way to reduce the threat of glyphosate-resista weeds When using chemicals combine an herbicide that has soil residual activity with glyphosa(which does not) or with another postemergence herbicide to extend the period of weed control anreduce the need for multiple applications of glyphosate advises Ed Peachey weed scientist with OregoState University in Corvallis

If resistance to glyphosate has not developed use preemergence treatments followed by a tank mof postemergence products Also consider using other nonselective herbicides such as glufosinate paraquat with PPO inhibitors such as Aim (carfentrazone) Goal (oxyfluorfen) and Treevix (saflufenacfor burndown control

To delay resistance use high glyphosate rates Resistance to glyphosate is likely to be caused by several mechanisms in the plant and not just one genetic mutation so it is important to use a full label rato delay resistance This is unlike other situations where reduced rates might be recommended in ordto reduce selection pressure

If weeds have become resistant to glyphosate growers can continue to use glyphosate but shoutank mix it with other herbicides that are effective on the resistant weeds and should target weeds whethey are small and easier to control mdashG Warner

Tim Miller says that with most perennial weeds

the bud stage is the most vulnerable

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

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Free Shipping Call for free brochure

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

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Available 2012 for your cherry needs

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like our rootstockour service will grow on you

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see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

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Most all rootstocks

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Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

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Now at six locations

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509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

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We Repair

All Brands of

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

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Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

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and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

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Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

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When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

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GRAFTING SERVICES

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

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Subscribe today goodfruitcom

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3548

SurfactantGeneric formulations usually contain a surfactant

which changes the surface tension of the solution mak-ng it better able to penetrate the cuticle of the leaves

Though there is no need to add a surfactant it doesnrsquotharm to do so Miller said Normally moisture beads upon the leaf surface and adding a surfac-ant to the mix can increase the surface

contact of the moisture on the leaf It canalso slow evaporation of herbicidedroplets and increase their rain-fastness

Because glyphosate is negatively charged it binds tightly to phosphatesorption sites in soils and soil activity isare Miller said thatrsquos an advantage if you

want to plant a crop right after the herbi-cide treatment but it means that the her-bicide will not provide long-term controlbecause it has no residual effect and itmight need to be applied several times insuccession to provide complete weedcontrol

Negatively charged glyphosate can alsobind to cations in the water such as cal-cium sodium magnesium and iron Thisakes the glyphosate out of solution and

prevents it getting into the plant andkilling it

Fertilizer Adding a fertilizer such as ammonium sulfate or

ammonium nitrate can improve the activity of glyphosate particularly in hard water The negatively charged sulfate will preferentially bind to the calcium

sodium magnesium and iron in the water and takehem out of solution so they donrsquot bind with theglyphosate while the positively charged ammoniumbinds with the glyphosate making it move through theplant cuticle more easily More glyphosate in the plantcells results in better translocation through the plant

Some glyphosate formulations recommend mixing with ammonium sulfate for this reason Water condition-ers have the same effect

Miller recommended that growers do a compatibility est with the fertilizer and glyphosate before mixing a

whole tank If dry ammonium sulfate is used nonsolublematerials such as sand and gravel will need to be filteredout Make it up to a slurry and strain out the solids beforeadding it to the spray tank to prevent clogging the noz-zles Do this before adding the glyphosate before theglyphosate has chance to bind to the cations

Miller said if the water is soft adding a fertilizer might

not be necessary but he knows of no negative conse-quences of adding ammonium sulfate and it doesmprove control of some weed species such as spotted

knapweed

Buffers At a low pH level more glyphosate exists as a salt than

a free acid A slightly acidic spray solutionmdashbetween 4and 6mdashresults in better glyphosate uptake If the pH ishigher than 7 consider using a buffer Buffers are com-monly used with pesticides and fungicides but not oftenwith herbicides but Miller said it could make a differencewith glyphosate

DustBecause glyphosate binds with soil molecules it will

also bind to the dust on foliage making it ineffective If he foliage is dusty it might be a good idea to irrigate

before applying the herbicide to make sure the leaves areclean and ensure maximum uptake of the product

Spray volumeGlyphosate seems to work better in lower spray vol-

umes Miller said itrsquos not clear exactly why but it might bebecause growers use smaller nozzles when using lower volumes resulting insmaller droplets and better spray cover-age Another possibility is that when thereis less volume of water there are fewercations to bind with the glyphosate andmore active ingredient available to work on the plant

Tank mixturesSome other herbicides make glypho-

sate less effective against certain weeds when theyrsquore mixed together Herbicides with this possible effect include Aim (carfentrazone) Spartan (sulfentrazone)Sencor (metribuzin) and certain antidriftadjuvants These should be applied separately from glyphosate rather thantank mixed

Miller said a possible reason for theincompatibility is that the contact herbi-cides might be killing the plant cellsbefore glyphosate which tends to be slow acting has a chance to translocate out

into the rest of the plantldquoYou want to minimize the amount of damage to the

plant to allow the translocation to occurrdquo he said ldquoHit it with glyphosate first and come back later with the

contact herbicide to knock it down quickrdquo

ClimateTemperature and humidity have a big impact on how

well glyphosate works Miller said The easiest plant to kill with glyphosate is a healthy rapidly growing plantbecause the glyphosate is better able to translocatethroughout all the tissues

It will have much less effect on a plant thatrsquos suffering from cold stress heat stress or drought stress and is notgrowing rapidly When applied in cold spring weatherthe glyphosate might not work until the weather warmsup ldquoItrsquos not being detoxifiedrdquo Miller said ldquoItrsquos just sitting there waiting for the plant to start growingrdquo

A glyphosate application should be rain fast after six hours because it should be taken up by the plant withinthat time

Glyphosate seems to work better in higher light levels

perhaps because more photosynthesis is occurring andthe plant is translocating glyphosate along with the sug-ars For this reason morning applications are thought tobe better than afternoon treatments

Stage of weed growth With most perennial weeds the bud stage is the most

vulnerable either in spring or early summer Glyphosatecan also be applied in late fall as long as the plant still hasat least 50 percent green tissue

Biennial weeds are best treated during the first year By the second year they are producing seeds and are moretolerant of the herbicide

Treat annuals as early as possible as soon as seed germination is complete for the year but wait until mostof the weeds are up and growing since glyphosate has noresidual activity Miller advised bull

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

ldquoHit it with

glyphosate

first and

come back

later withthe contact

herbicide

to knock it

down

quickrdquomdashTim Miller

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

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PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

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Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

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WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

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800-989-7351

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140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

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Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

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packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

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Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

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17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

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800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

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almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

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Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

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Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

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POLLINATION

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MANURE COMPOST

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Is your orchard

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NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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NO fees

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Still available for

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reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

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509-882-2500

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509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

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509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

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We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

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Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

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wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

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PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

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Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

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1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

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nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

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800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

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L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

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GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

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CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

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For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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mdash Since 1974 mdash

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EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

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MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3648

36 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Identify why a vineyard

needs replanting before

planning how to do it

by Melissa Hansen

Wine grape vineyards are replanted for ahost of reasonsmdashto change varietiesreplace diseased or winter-damagedvines and change trellis systems or vinespacings When itrsquos time for vineyard

eestablishment what are the options challenges andeconomics of replanting

The recent spate of vineyard replanting in WashingtonState is not unprecedented says Jim McFerran director of viticulture for Milbrandt Vineyards in Mattawa Vineyardsof Chenin Blanc and Semillon varieties were removed inhe 1980s and replaced with potentially higher-valued

varieties of Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot and Chardonnayn the 1990s replanting was due to winter freezes (1991

and 1996) that caused widespread damage and vinedeath and grapevine leafroll disease in Pinot Noir andLemberger varieties

But lately interest in replanting has resulted from aculmination of factors McFerran said ldquoA lot of vineyardsare now 25 to 30 years old Wersquore beginning to see the seri-ousness of leafroll virus hitting Cabernet Sauvignon vine-yards and to a lesser degree Merlot and Chardonnay andmany of these same vineyards have been through five orsix major freeze events in their life and are in declinerdquo

McFerran discussed his vineyard reestablishment

experiences at Milbrandt Vineyards owned by brothersButch and Jerry Milbrandt and the companyrsquos approachduring a session on vineyard reestablishment that waspart of the annual meeting of the Washington Associationof Wine Grape Growers in February

In 2007 Milbrandt Vineyards purchased an existing vineyard on the Wahluke Slope The 130-acre vineyardwas planted to 17 varieties in 35 blocks with many blocksess than four acres in size ldquoWe knew wersquod be challenged

with the block design and multitude of varietiesrdquoMcFerran said ldquoAt Milbrandt we already have about 200acres that look exactly like that and we cater thosevineyards and blocks toward the boutique marketrdquo

The first step in deciding if or how the vineyard shouldbe changed was to determine where the grapes wouldgomdashto the custom crush Wahluke Wine Company forbulk wine Milbrandt Vineyards wines or high-endboutique wineries McFerran said they considered the

ollowing in regards to the newly purchased vineyardbull isolated location (access is by canal road 30 minutes

from central operations)bull timing of vineyard tasks and harvest relative to

already-owned vineyardsbull operating expenses (remote location increases

operating expenses)bull level of attention to detail that can be given in such a

remote locationbull labor demands and supervisionbull potential wine quality and yieldbull potential revenue of sitebull site and variety suitability (hot windy site)bull age of vines productivity and severity of leafroll

diseasebull existing vine row width and length (row widths were

two feet wider and row lengths shorter than standardspacing in other Milbrandt vineyards)

bull marketability of vineyard to boutique wineries

ldquoWhen we considered all these things we ultimately decided there was opportunity for changerdquo McFerransaid adding that the company believed the vineyard would best suit the wines of Milbrandt Vineyards and the Wahluke Wine Company ldquoIf we set those targets webelieved that we could manage the vineyard to the best of our abilityrdquo

Changes were made in the vineyard that would lead tobetter managementmdashremoving some rows and roadslengthening row distances expanding block sizes remov-ing some varieties and planting others The vineyard wentfrom 35 blocks to 14 and from 17 varieties down to 8 Vari-eties now grown are primarily Cabernet Sauvignon Petit Verdot and Merlot

ldquoWe wanted to farm the parcel in a professional man-nerrdquo he said ldquoWersquore glad that we made all these changes

though we ask ourselves why did we spend as muchmoney on the changes as we did for the property It mightnot make a lot of sense but itrsquos an awesome site andsome of our very best wines come from this vineyardrdquo

Replant decisionsOnce the reason ldquowhyrdquo a vineyard should be replanted

is identified the ldquohowrdquo can be decided said Dean Desser-ault vineyard manager for Hogue Ranches in ProsserldquoOnce you decide if yoursquore removing only plants trellisand plants or trellis plants and irrigation system then you can plan the howrdquo

If the replanting reason is to change a variety thatdoesnrsquot fit the current market or is not the right variety forthe site Desserault said growers may or may not want toleave the existing trellis and irrigation system in place ldquoIf the plants were healthy and the soil healthy but vines were just the wrong variety at Hogue we might leave thetrellis in place If the plants coming out are unhealthy but

the soil is healthy again we might leave the trellis placerdquo

But if any soil work needs to be done such as fumigtion or ripping he usually removes the trellis system Anif the trellis system needs repair and upgrading or vinspacing needs changing the trellis goes

Removal optionsItrsquos possible to remove the plants and leave the trellis

place though he admits the task is much easier if thvines are young With young vines the cordon wire is cufree from the vines loppers are used to chop down thvines and trunks and roots are pulled out and placed the middle of the rows for flailing and mulching

ldquoBut older larger vines are more difficultrdquo Desserausaid Plants are cut down below the cordon wire an

pulled out then the cordon wire is cut and removealong with loose posts and other wires

Removing both plants and the trellis system is a mocomplicated process Wire must be removed (leave thcordon wire in until trellis stakes are pulled out) wooandor steel stakes and posts pulled out and anchposts removed Vines are then removed and pushed inpiles for burning later A root lifter is run through the vin yard to bring any broken crowns and roots up to th surface

ldquoWe like to do our vineyard removals in the fall so thburn piles can dry out and then we get a permit and dour burning in the springrdquo he said Wire is collected frothe burn piles and removed from the vineyard

Desserault noted that grafting over a vineyard is aoption if the soil health and trellis system are sounldquoWersquove done this a little bitmdashwith varying resultsmdashbut itan optionrdquo

bull

Options for when itrsquos time to replant

A burn pile is all thats left of this wine grape vineyard that will be replanted in the spring

INSET With the trellis left in place the root systems of these young vines are in the process of

being pulled out

Grapes

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

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GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

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Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

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42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

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Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

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PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

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General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

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CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

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800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

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o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

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reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

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$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

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agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

There are many goodreasons for growersto use

NU FILM 17reg

NU FILM 17 has been used as a sticker-spreader on apples and tree fruits forover 35 years During this period it has

demonstrated one very important thinghellip

NU FILM 17reg

Is Consistent amp

Reliable In Its PerformanceNU FILM 17 is the best value insurance you can buy to protectexpensive pesticides and help them perform properly undervarious weather conditions Since it is gentle to the cropNU FILM 17 has not caused russet or other problems

Others may say they have similar products but put your trustin those company consultants that recommend NU FILM 17

They are watching out for your bottom line

For additional information or for the phone

number of your local Miller representative call

800-233-2040

Miller Chemical amp Fertilizer CorpHanover PA 17331

ALWAYS READ AND FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS

NU FILM 17reg

A Growing Legacy Since 1816

Popular varieties and sizes are still available

Need a few skips or have some open groundGive us a call

wwwrdoequipmentcom

The engine horsepower information is provided by the engine manufacture

to be used for comparison purposes only Actual operating horsepower

will be less John Deerersquos green and yellow color scheme the leaping

deer symbol and JOHN DEERE are trademarks of Deere amp Company

PENDLETON

5401 NW Rieth Rd

541-276-6341

800-422-5598

OREGON

HERMISTON

78200 S Hwy 207

541-567-8327

800-357-7925

WASHINGTON

PASCO

1707 E James

509-547-0541

800-735-1142

Maximize Your UptimeFrom RDO Equipment Co

Fit Form and Function The 5EN Series

The John Deere 83 ndash 101 horsepower 5EN Series Narrow Tractors proof that you donrsquot have

to compromise between fit and function If you need a high-powered no-compromise tractor

that can snake through narrow rows or other cramped spaces look to the John Deere 5E

Narrow Series Available in both cab and open-station configurations and with either 2WD or

MFWD the 5EN Series was designed for vineyard orchard and nursery producers who need

a tractor that can pull heavy carts handle fully loaded sprayers or lift heavy disks and tillers

hellip all while offering a full complement of premium features and available options

WASCO

95421 Hwy 206

541-442-5400

800-989-7351

SUNNYSIDE

140 Midvale Rd

509-839-5131

800-745-4027

See your local RDO Equipment Co store for details

Maximize Your Uptime

Our customer guarantee for the ultimate service and care At

RDO Equipment Co we do everything possible to increase your

John Deerersquos productivity by maximizing your uptime Throughthe exclusive ndash RDO Promise TM ndash Uptime Guaranteed TM ndash

we set a new industry standard by going beyond the

John Deere warranty

Ask about our custom cut downs for high density orchard applications

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

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1-800-487-9946

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FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

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GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3848

38 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Reestablishinga vineyard

Challenges usually include diseases

by Melissa Hansen

When planting or replanting a site with vines diseaseand site contaminationare often the two biggestchallenges that growers

must mitigate said Dr Wade Wolfe con-sultant and owner of Thurston Wolfe Winery Prosser Washington

ldquoEssentially all of the old vineyardshave some level of disease contamina-tionrdquo Wolfe said adding that growersshould test vines for leafroll and otherviruses to determine vine health statusbefore deciding if everything (vines trellis and irrigation system) should beremoved or just the vines leaving the trellis and irrigation system in place

Site contamination issues includeNematodesmdashSeveral species of nema-

todes are found in Washington Nema-todes are common problems in the lightsandy soils of eastern Washington Vine- yard soil samples should be tested fornematodes before planting or replanting

Phylloxera mdashAreas with heavier soilsmay have problems with phylloxera a

tiny louse that feeds on vine roots Poten-tial problem areas are western Washing-ton some areas of Walla Walla andOregonrsquos Willamette Valley Phylloxera hasbeen found in Washington on old Con-cord vineyards though not in wine grapevineyards

Soil-borne fungal diseasesmdashThese areusually not a concern although he hasseen some problems with verticillium wilt where grapes followed potato crops

WeedsmdashNoxious weeds that causeproblems are field bindweed Canadianthistle and Bermuda grass He recom-mended eradicating noxious weedsbefore planting the vineyard

Residual herbicidesmdashKnow the crop-ping history of the ground especially if it

was planted to something beside grapes Was simazine heavily used Wolfe hasseen Merlot vines struggle to becomeestablished in land that was extensively farmed in mint

Heavy metalsmdashHeavy metals such asarsenic were used as pesticides years agoin apple and pear orchards and can affectestablishment of new vineyards thoughthis is rare

VertebratesmdashOld vineyards are oftenheavily infested with gophers sage ratsand other rodents which should be eradicated before planting young vines

To treat weeds and nematodes he sug-gested soil fumigation or leaving theground fallow for one to two years andgrowing brassica as green manure to add

soil tilth and reduce nematode popultions The only treatment hersquos aware of fresidual herbicides in the soil is addinactivated charcoal to the soil

Soil amendments

The condition of the soil should also bconsidered when deciding if vines only the entire vineyard will be removed extensive soil work and amendments aneeded itrsquos more effective to start withclean slate and remove everything

In Wolfersquos viticulture consulting worthe number-one problem he sees in exising vineyards is soil compaction andcaliche ldquoIf the vineyard wasnrsquot crosripped originally the ground will probbly need cross-ripping now that itrsquos oldea chore that is done more easily with thexisting trellis and irrigation systeremovedrdquo

Another common ailment he sees older vineyards that have been drip irrgated for many years is accumulation salts and sodium in the soil both of whiccan impede water penetration and affe

the growth of vines And if the drip systeis 20 years old or more the emitters alikely plugged or semiplugged and shoube replaced Treatment for salt accumultion includes banding sulfuric acid alonthe vine row or adding sulfur Calcium magnesium will also displace sodiumand sprinkler irrigation can drive the salfrom the root zone

Soil nutrient excesses are rare he saithough he has seen high nitrogen leve where hops were grown for many yeabefore grapes Soil samples will indicatenutrients need to be added before vinare replanted

ldquoIf you need to do extreme soil amenment work or need to do ripping or fumgation itrsquos preferable to remove the trel

and irrigation systemsrdquo he said during thvineyard reestablishment session

In a replant situation growers m want to change the row orientation frothe old vineyard ldquoOur row orientatioideas have changed from when wplanted everything in a north-south orentationrdquo he said Depending on yoblock and slope a southwest by northeaslant may be more favorable bull

wwwfarmersequipcom

Other locations in Lynden and Burlington

Cell 509 391-0073

jlopezfarmersequipcom

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH FARMALLreg N Series - Narrow WidthLow Profile VineyardOrchard Tractor

62-82 PTO hp

Case IH Farmallreg N Series tractors are designed for vineyardsorchardsrow crops and other applications where space is at a premium The narrow configuration lets you maneuver easi ly in tight rowswithout causing damage and the low center of gravity keeps you stableon hillsides and slopes

Grapes

An analysis of the costs of vineyardreplanting and how to returnprofitability to an old vineyard

will be shared in the next issue of Good

Fruit Grower

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 3948

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 3

APRILApril 11mdashMay 9

Washington Farm Labor Association

Spring Training Series SupervisorSexual Harassment Training EnglishSpanish Wednesdays at various loca-

tions For details and registration go

to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

April 17ndash19Food Safety Summit Washington DC Convention Center Washington DC

For information call (847) 405-4124 or go to wwwfoodsafetysummitcom

April 19

Pear Bureau Northwest board meeting and Fresh Pear Committee joint

meeting Portland Airport Sheraton Portland Oregon For information call(503) 652-9720

MAYMay 8ndash22

Washington Farm Labor AssociationMoss Adams LLP Webinar Series Fraud

and Embezzlement Business Succession Planning Key Employee Retention

For details and registration go to httpwaflaorgtrainingandevents

May 1927th Annual Fruit Label Swap Meet Yakima Valley Museum Yakima

Washington Contact Del Bise for information (509) 966-2844

May 30-31

Pear Bureau Northwest annual meeting and Fresh Pear Committee meet-ing Portland Airport Embassy Suites Hotel Portland Oregon For informa-

tion call (503) 652-9720

JUNE June 3ndash5

Food Logistics Forum Royal Sonesta Hotel New Orleans Louisiana For

information visit wwwaffiorgevents2012-food-logistics-forum June 6

Fruit Crop Guesstimate Amway Grand Hotel Grand Rapids Michigan Reception

following Registration $75 For more information contact the Michigan Frozen

Food Packers Association K Terry Morrison e-mail mfpacenturytelnet or call

(231) 271-5752

June 18ndash212nd International Organic Fruit Research Symposium Icicle Inn Leavenworth

Washington For information check the Web site at wwwtfrecwsuedupages

organicfruit2012 or contact David Granatstein at granatswsuedu

June 18ndash29Postharvest Technology of Horticultural Crops Short Course University of

California Davis Calfornia One week of lectureslabs second week (optional) field

tours For information call (530) 752-6941 or visit httppostharvestucdavisedu

educationptshortcourse

June 26-27Food Safety Exchange Conference Crowne Plaza Chicago OrsquoHare Chicago Illinois

For information visit ttpusmtcomusenhomeeventsfairspius_food_safehtml

JULY July 26-27

International Fruit Tree Associationrsquos Quebec Study Tour 2012 Montreal Quebec

Canada For more information visit the IFTA Web site wwwifruittreeorgpage=2012StudyTour

GOOD TO GO

For a complete

listing of upcoming

events check

the Calendar at

wwwgoodfruitcom

Unmatched Performance

Quality Built and Affordable

ENGINEERING RELIABILITY

amp PERFORMANCE

1801 Presson Place Yakima WA 98903

509-248-0318 fax 509-248-0914

hfhauffgmailcom wwwhfhauffcom

Best TechnologyWe have been using Victair Sprayer on our own farm for 40+ yearsWhen I went into business for myself the Victair was a natural choice It has exceptional coverage(what else do you buy a sprayer for) itrsquos easy to maintain and usinglower HP tractors saves on fuel costs While in the commercial application business for 35 years we have sprayed

grapes almonds tree fruit citrus walnuts and pecans This sprayer can handlethem all Because of the small droplet technology (50 micron) we can use lesswater while maintaining coverage and therefore less chemicalsmdashusually 30 to40 percent less This is the compact sprayer that can really handle the big jobsItrsquos the best technology on the market

Larry Meisner Kerman California

HF HAUFF COMPANY INC

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4048

40 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

Tree-injectionsystem

Brandt Consolidated Inc has reached an agreement

with FT Soluciones Ameacuterica to manufacture and dis-ribute a patented tree-injection system developed by the

University of Cordoacuteba in SpainFT Soluciones Ameacuterica is an affiliate of Fertinyect SA

n Spain The agreement allows Brandt to deliver pesti-cides nutrients and biostimulants to trees through theFertinyect Low-pressure trunk injection system for situa-ions where conventional foliage or soil applications are

not optimal The injection system is considered to be anefficient economical environmentally friendly and safe

way to apply chemicals for plant protection tree nutri-tion and sustainable tree production according to apress release from Brandt The company will supply agri-cultural and landscape markets worldwide

For more information check the Web sitewwwbrandtcom

Online fruittrading

Since opening last August a new online fruit trading platform wwwtaclercom has attracted more than

2600 registered users from more than 100 countries

Users have been exchanging between 2500 and 300messages a day The site provides marketing informatiohosts discussions about the fruit industry and facilitatonline networking and trading

Biofungicideregistered

Certis USA and Kumiai Chemical Industry CompanyTokyo Japan have launched new bacterial biofung

cides based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain D747 (BD747) Kumiai scientists discovered and patented BD747 which is the active ingredient in Ecoshot in JapaIn 2010 Kumiai licensed the strain to Certis USA fglobal development

The US Environmental Protection Agency approveregistration of several Ba D747-based products laDecember The first will be launched in April under thname Double Nickel 55 for control of powdery mildewbotrytis and bacterial diseases of tree fruit grapes another crops

Ba D747 has a provisional registration in Italy where will be sold as Amylo-X for control of botrytis and othfungal diseases in grapes strawberries and vegetableand for control of fireblight in pome fruit

In New Zealand Ba D747 will be launched under thname Bacstar for control of botrytis in grapes and fungand bacterial diseases of berries and onions

Registrations for the biofungicide are being pursued other countries

Trap app

Spensa Technologies has released MyTraps an online app

for managing pest trap data and pesticide recordsMyTraps allows growers tomdashlog trap data in the fieldmdashvisualize pest populations and easily spot trendsmdashkeep all their pesticide records in one placemdashanalyze past data to plan better for the future

To learn more about the app or sign up for a 30-day free trial go to www mytrapscomSpensa Technologies was founded by Dr Johnny Park an electrical and computer engi-

neer at Purdue University Indiana Parkrsquos areas of research include sensor networks computer vision computer graph-cs and robotics He formed the company in 2009 to design develop and deliver novel technologies for agriculture that

will reduce reliance on manual labor and enhance production efficiency while being environmentally friendly

A selection of

the latest products

and services for tree

fruit and grape

growers

GOOD STUFF

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4148

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

REAL ESTATE

For more information contact

ERIC WEINHEIMER (509) 845-4389ewagrealestatehotmailcom

Ag Com Real Estate LLC Eric Weinheimer Designated Broker

HORTICULTURAL OPPORTUNITIES

bull OTHER ORCHARDS and WINEGRAPE VINEYARDS for SALEbull AG COM WILL SELL YOUR ORCHARD or WINEGRAPE VINEYARD

Ag ComReal Estate

Well maintained ColumbiaBasin orchard for sale veryproductive and profitable

PNW estate wine producer lookingfor investorpartner to provide capitalto expand production and marketing

COMPOST

EQUIPMENT

Ag Air Mist Spray Blowersbull Better coveragebull Improved penetration and controlbull 3-Point and motor models

Wurdeman amp Company309 45th Avenue bull Greeley CO 80634

970-352-3902 wwwwurdemancocom

7240 County Road AA Quinter KS 67752

Large Selection

High Performance

Excellent for sprayingORCHARDS vineyards

berries nurseriesvegetables etc

S a les Comp an y ndash Mist Sprayers ndash

AmericanMade

Free Shipping Call for free brochure

785-754-3513 or 800-864-4595 wwwswihart-salescom

FREE GFG subscription

Washington State

Commercial growers

packers shippers and

their embersemployees

are eligible to receive

Good Fruit Grower

Successful growers from41 countries around the worldrely on GFGrsquos comprehensive

tree fruit coverage

17 information-packedissues per year

Subscribe today

goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

Products and services for progressive growers

GOOD DEALS

Fanno SawshellipThe CompetitiveEdge

Fanno saws

have been the

choice of fruit and

nut growers for

almost 75 years Our

reputation for quality and

durability speaks for

itself Thatrsquos because

Fanno Saw Works

are specialist in whatwe do We have

developed and

manufactured 40

different combinations

of saws and saw blades

Fanno Saw Works

has and will continue to

be a quality source of tools

for tree care professionals

Contact Fanno Saw Works for

all your pruning tool requirements

Write for catalog and nearest distributor

FANNO SAW WORKSPO 628 bull CHICO CALIFORNIA 95927

530-895-1762

wwwfannowsawcom

PRUNING

GFG BOOKSTORE

POLLINATION

CREATING

CONSISTENT QUALITY

MANURE COMPOST

WSDA Certified for Application on Organic Crops

bull High Grade Composition Lab Analysis Availablebull Increases Organic Matter and Water Retention

bull Dependable Resource

bull Aged To Perfection

bull Delivery Available

A Division of Midvale Cattle Co LLC

Call Today

509-840-4509 or509-837-31511691 Midvale Road Sunnyside WA 98944

midvalecattlecogmailcom

Is your orchard

or vineyard missing

NPH amp Micro Elements

SUPPORT THE ADVERTISERS

WHO SUPPORT YOUR INDUSTRYG rowers

GFG WORKS FOR Y0U

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4248

42 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

NURSERY STOCK

Quality Oregon-Grown Rootstock

amp Seedlings for Fruit Flowering

and Shade Trees

Since 1982 Specializing in Apple

Cherry Plum and Pear Rootstock

email copenhavenfarmscomcastnet wwwcopenhavenfarmscom12990 SW Copenhaven Road bull Gaston OR PH 503-985-7161 bull FAX 503-985-7876

CopenHaven Farms NurseryCopenHaven Farms Nursery

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

MAXMAreg 14

BROKFOREST cv rootstock

Available 2012 for your cherry needs

509-877-3193

bftnurseryewbrandtcom

BRANDTrsquoS FRUIT TREES

YOUR ONE-STOP SOURCE FOR TREE FRUIT VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS

M7M26M9 EMLA BUD 9 M9 NAKB T-337NIC reg 29 PAJAM 2reg GENEVAS

503 - 263 - 6405 T o l l F r e e 1 - 800 - 852 - 2018

like our rootstockour service will grow on you

all fruit tree rootstock isoregon certified virus free

c a n b y o r e g o n

see all of our offerings plus availabilities at

wwwwillamettenurseriescom

NEW

Banning

We have over 55 years of experience

in the nursery business

Now taking growing contractsfor the following varieties

USPP 13753

USPP 16624

USPP 10104

USPP 7197

Most all rootstocks

4000 Grant Road East Wenatchee WA 98802

509-884-7041

Quality Fruit Trees

ORCHARDS amp NURSERY

ORDER NOW 2012-2013

BENCH GRAFTS or FINISHED TREE

Representing leading nurseries

cell 509-961-7383

e-mail mbarr5aolcom

From Grower to Grower

MARK BARRETT

TREE SALES

Best trees

2012-2013

APPLES APRICOTS

CHERRIES

NECTARINES

PEACHES

PEARS

PLUMS

NO fees

8006545854wwwdavewilsoncom

Still available for

2012 delivery

reg

Now at six locations

bullBUENA509-865-9100

bullGRANDVIEW

509-882-2500

bullMATTAWA

509-932-4242

bullPASCO

509-544-9000

bullWENATCHEE

509-667-8180

bullYAKIMA

509-453-9983

ORCHARD amp VINEYARD SUPPLY

New and Innovative IdeashellipWe Help You Make Money

800-232-1174

on-line catalog

wwwwilsonirrcom

Se hablaacute Espantildeol

wils n

HIGH DENSITY

MISCELLANEOUS

We Repair

All Brands of

Aluminum Ladde

rs

Orchard Ladder Repair

509-669-1259 or 669-2822We Pick Up and Deliver

Serving All Eastern WA Since1980

bull Tallman Authorized Factory Service Center bull

INDUSTRYCOVERAGE

YOU CAN TRUST

GOOD FRUIT GROWER

ADS REALLY WORK

We keep tree fruit amp wine grape growers informed

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4348

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

Renew your subscription

goodfruitcom

PORTABLETOILETSSINKS Perfect for special events orchard

field or c onstruction sites

bullAvailable with handwashing facilities

bullTrailer mounted (1amp2 unit trailers)

bullFree-standing units availablebullSelf service models available

bullOn-site fiberglass repair

CLIFFrsquoS PORTABLE TOILETSINK FACILITIES

YAKIMA WA 509-248-8444 WAPATO WA 509-877-3365

S al e s S e r v i c eRe nt al s

Join leading growers who use Crockerrsquos in their orchards

CrockerrsquosFish Oil

Time tested by leading conventional and organic growers alike

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil

a superior StickerSpreader is a proven

blossom thinner dormant spray cover spray

Effective on mites and lygus Safe for new growth

--Certified Organic-- --Rich in nutrients-- --Non Phytotoxic--

Crockerrsquos Fish Oil Inc PO Box 333 Quincy WA 98848

1-800-700-4983

ORCHARD SUPPLIES

The NUTRI-CAL DifferenceUNLOCKING THE KEY TO CALCIUM

Visit our Web-site

for more

information

nutri-calcom

Significantly improves quality

firmness storage

CSI CHEMICAL CORP

800-247-2480 10980 Hubbell Ave Bondurant Iowa 50035

PACIFIC NORTHWEST

Walt Grigg 509-952-7558

Whitneyrsquos Grafting Service

ldquoYour Success Is Our Successrdquo

Call DAN 509-930-1420

509-930-1420 mobile bull 8521 Naches Hts Rd Cowiche WA 98923

If you needbench grafts

or fieldgraftshellip

we cando it

Using

proven

techniques

and quality materialshellip

Since 1948

ORCHARD

GRAFTING

SERVICES

Uniform Growth

If yoursquore looking for uniform growth

in your graftshellipcall Mike Argo

MIKE ARGOGRAFTING amp CONTRACT TREE GROWING

509952-6593

When you need to have a successful change-over and get back into production fast callArgo Grafting We have the experience and

knowledge that will help you reach your goals

C H E C K O U T

O U R C O N T RA C

T

T R E E G R O W I N

G

P R O G RA M ndash CA

L L

F O R A VA I LA B I

L I T Y

GRAFTING SERVICES

CROP INSURANCE

800-439-7533 wwwsloaninsurancecom

Crop amp

Farm

Insurance

CLOSING DATESISSUE DATE CLOSING DATE

May 15 April 20

June May 8

July June 7

August July 9

September August 8

October September 6

November October 9

December November 1

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4448

44 APRIL 15 2012 GOOD FRUIT GROWER wwwgoodfruitc

GOOD DEALShellip products and services for progressive growers

AdvertisersReach readers of Good Fruit Grower

DOUG BUTTON RICK LARSEN THERESA CURRELL

ADVERTISING MANAGER ADVERTISING SALES SALES COORDINATOR

509-853-3514 509-853-3517 509-853-3516

1-800-487-9946

wwwgoodfruitcom getit goodfruitcom

FREE ESTIMATES FOR ORCHARD

REMOVALRENEWAL EXCAVATION

bullPullmdashPilemdashBurn bullAll Types of ExcavationbullImmediate Deep Ripping for Replantmdash

BOB MEYER FMF EXCAVATION509-848-2488 bull 509-949-2601bull 509-930-4617

amp)( amp $

OrchardTree removal

Whole tree chipping

Limb amp brush removal

General clean up

Walking FloorLive Floor

983223Available to haul your products or mi98322370 cubic yard46000 pound payload

Available for delivery 983223Compost 983223Chicken or cow manure

983223Top soil 983223Orchard grindings

No job too big or small

509-965-0123

Member of Better Business Bureau

TREPANIEREXCAVATING INC

Joe Trepanier Owner

ldquoServing farmers for 45 yearsrdquo

Tree amp Stump Removalbull Vineyard Removal bull Digging Mainline

bull Land Clearing bull Ponds bull Demolitionbull General Excavating bull Anchor Holes

bull Track Hoe bull Backhoebull Track amp Rubber Tire Loader

bull Dump Trucks bull Clam Shell Bucketsbull Fans for Burning bull Free Estimates

509-952-8684509-678-4587

CASCADE

WIND MACHINE SERVICE

For your nearest Orchard-Rite representative visit our website wwworchard-ritecom

reg WIND MACHINES3766 Iroquois Lane 1611 W Ahtanum

WENATCHEE WA 98801 YAKIMA WA 98903509-662-2753 509-457-9196

Sales Dana Morgan ext 215 Sales Virgil Anders ext 114

Distributor

ofhellip

ldquoDependableFrost

Protectionrdquo

bull Reduce Nitrates Scale and Corrosion in Pipes and Wells

bull Reduce Salts Nematodes Iron Bacteria E coli and Costs

bull Correct pH Oxygen Carbon Magnesium and Boron

Self-Cleaning Intake ScreensbullFisheries Compliant bullMany Sizes

FISH SCREENS

800-333-5246 bull 509-965-3333

fax 509-965-9309wwwcustomtechnologynet

o

reg

WINDMACHINESldquoDependable Frost Protectionrdquo

POST OFFICE BOX 9308YAKIMAWA 98909

1615 W AHTANUM UNION GAP WA 98903

Ph 509-248-8785 ext 610 bull Fax 509-248-9088

reg

For yournearest representative visit our websitewwworchard-ritecom

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

IRRIGATION amp CROP PROTECTION

GROWER SERVICES

$

amp amp(

bullTree removal bullPondsbullLand clearing bullPipelinesbullHeavy construction bullBridgesbullErosiondust control bullSub soilingbullHabitat conservationbullGeneral excavationbullRoad constructionmaintenance

Serving Central Washington Since 1957

morganearthmovingcom

509-925-9720

GRADUATE

Irrigation ServicesSampling Recommendations amp Scheduling

bull Real Time Databull Decagon Ech2O Systems

bull Equipment Sales

Measuring crop needs for greater profits since 1966

AGRICULTURAL

CONSULTANTS

agrimgtcom

509-453-4851

Irrigation Design

Ready to meet the irrigation needs of Eastern Washington

The Climate Stress Solution

Anti-Stress

550reg

I m p r o v e P

l a n t

amp

C r o p P e r f

o r m a n c e

TREEREMOVAL

We have both the equipment andexperience to handle any job

1 tree to 100 acres

mdash Since 1974 mdash

GARY J TREPANIER

EXCAVATINGCont GARY JTE1320 J

Tieton Washington

509678-4769

MEDIA KIT

Subscribe today goodfruitcom

800-487-9946

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4548

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4648

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4748

wwwgoodfruitcom GOOD FRUIT GROWER APRIL 15 2012 4

We know that every apple is precious That is why we want to help you get started on the right

track to protect your apples from first generation codling moth damage Research shows when

Assailreg insecticide is used first in a codling moth program followed by other insecticide treatments

Assail offers the best protection and the cleanest fruit

Growers know that Assail not only provides superior control of codling moth but also aphids

apple maggots and more So choose Assail Because yoursquore not just protecting your apples Yoursquore

protecting your livelihood

Assail Premium protection from codling moth and other apple-destroying pests

Contact your local UPI distributor

or area UPI sales representative

for more information

We understand

the true value of your crops

Always read and follow label directions and precautions Assailregis a registered trademark of Nippon Soda Company UPI logo is a trademark of United Phosphorus Inc copyFebruary 2012United Phosphorus Inc 630 Freedom Business Center King of Prussia PA 19406 wwwupi-usacom

Built for where crop

protection is going

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848

892019 GFG-April 152012pdf

httpslidepdfcomreaderfullgfg-april-152012pdf 4848


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