GHGcalculator

Contents1 Instructions for use Read these carefully before completing the spreadsheets2 Field Data Entry Input all required data relating to field and field operations3 Factory Data Entry Input all required data relating to factory operations4a Results - Numbers4b Results - Graphs4c Results - DescriptiveAppendices1 CEC Calculator (Cation Exchange Capacity)2 Agrochemicals Calculator3 AssumptionsReferences and methodologiesR1 Cation Exchange Capacity calculation and referencesR2 Transport and fuel use figures and referencesR3a Fertiliser methodologyR3b Fertiliser percentage active ingredientR3c Fertiliser Global Warming Potential and Embodied Energy ReferencesR3d Fertiliser Embodied energy used in spreadsheetsR3e Fertiliser GWP used in spreadsheetsR3f Fertiliser Field EmissionsR4a Agrochemicals methodologyR4b Agrochemical figures from AudsleyR4c Agrochemical figures from GreenR4d Agrochemical comparison tableR5a Electricity methodologyR5b Electricity percentages of renewable energy production typesR6a Results - Interpretation

PAGE 1: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SPREADSHEET FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREHOW TO USE THIS SPREADSHEET

1 Decide whether your project involved energy use in both field and factory.If it ONLY involves the field section then ignore Page 3For plantation projects include transport of crop to factory as part of field use.

2 Complete Spreadsheet Page 2. Units should be entered in column E from the drop down menu.If you have the required data but it is not in the correct form i.e. it is not in the drop down menu, then write a note inthe comments page and then:

Either convert them yourself or use an on line converter such as http://www.onlineconversion.comOr contact Sustainable Agriculture Team

Cells marked * are essential and must be completed. Error messages will appear if these are not.

3 If the factory is being included complete Page 3. Otherwise, ignore the page and go directly to Page 4: Results.

4 Now go to Page 4: Results. This page shows the following:- energy efficiency- % renewable energy- greenhouse gas production &- polluting gaseous emissions (eg NH3 and NO)

If error messages appear, they should be self explanatory.

Now please continue to Page 2 Field Data Entry

PAGE 1: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS SPREADSHEET FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

If you have the required data but it is not in the correct form i.e. it is not in the drop down menu, then write a note in

Either convert them yourself or use an on line converter such as http://www.onlineconversion.com

Cells marked * are essential and must be completed. Error messages will appear if these are not.

If the factory is being included complete Page 3. Otherwise, ignore the page and go directly to Page 4: Results.

Now please continue to Page 2 Field Data Entry

CO2 Calculator Page 2 Field Data Entry 04/08/2023

Page 4

PAGE 2: FIELD DATA INPUT SPREADSHEET

1. Essential field informationLocationYearCountry * [Select] Crop GrownOutput * Total area of crop grown * [Select]

Total fresh product harvested * [Select]

Total finished product * [Select] Cell D11 cannot be left blank.Crop Type * [Select]

Site details * Soil Texture * [Select]Soil Organic Carbon Content (%) * [Select]Soil pH * [Select]

[Select]Soil Drainage * [Select]Climate * [Select]

* Denotes an essential field

2. Field energy use

ELECTRICITYQuantity of electricity Units

National Grid[Select]

[Select]

[Select]

Electricity from local wind used in field [Select]

[Select]

[Select]

Conventional/fossil fuelsUnits

Diesel Cars [Select]

Lorries, trucks and tractors [Select]

Irrigation and for maintaining the water table [Select]

[Select]

Petrol Cars and motorcycles [Select]

BiofuelsBiodiesel Cars [Select]

Lorries, trucks and tractors [Select]

Irrigation and for maintaining the water table [Select]

[Select]

Bioethanol Cars and motorcycles [Select]

3. Field InputsFERTILISER SECTION

Fertiliser 1 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select]Application Mode [Select]Application rate [Select]Nutrient or total product? [Select]

Fertiliser 2 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select]

Application Mode [Select]Product application rate [Select]Active ingredient or total product? [Select]

Fertiliser 3 Fertiliser Type - Nutrients [Select]Application Mode [Select]Product application rate [Select]Active ingredient or total product? [Select]


Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol kg ¹) *

Electricity from national grid used for irrigation or pumping floodwater, etc.(either KWh or MJ)

Electricity from national grid used for workshops, offices, etc. for field-based activities

Local generation

Electricity from local hydro renewable energy used in field

Electricity generated from diesel generators and then used in field

Electricity generated from coke generators and then used in field

Transport: Please include all transport of workers, fruit, green leaf, fertilisers etc.

Quantity of fuel or distance

Pumping and aerating effluent for spreading on land

Pumping and aerating effluent for spreading on land

Nitrogen related emissions from field applications (Bouwman 2002 model) and CO2 from Fertiliser Embodied Energy

CO2 Calculator Page 2 Field Data Entry 04/08/2023

Page 5


Please contact Helen Bentley-Fox if: -other fertilisers are used-more than five fertilisers are used-the % of active ingredient is incorrect for the fertiliser

OTHER AGROCHEMICALSUse Agrochemicals Calculator Sheet if more than one of each type is used

Total of active ingredient Units

[Select][Select][Select][Select]

Please contact Helen Bentley-Fox if other inputs are used

GO TO PAGE 3 IF YOU ARE INCLUDING YOUR FACTORY. OTHERWISE GO TO PAGE 4 RESULTS

Total Fungicide Total Growth RegulatorTotal Herbicide Total Insecticides and acaricides

Page 3 Factory Data Entry

PAGE 3: FACTORY DATA INPUT PAGE Conversion Columns

3. Background information for factory calculations [Select]

Conversion to kg or litres

Do you have third party growers/outgrowers? * [Select] Select yes or no in

Total weight Units

Output Total finished product produced in factory * [Select]

[Select]

What is the finished product? Eg black tea, oil, etc. *

Total area Units Percentage by area home grownArea Area harvested by third party growers (outgrowers) if known [Select] ###

* denotes an essential field Cell C6 cannot be left blank. kgtonnes

4. Factory energy use tons (US, short)

Electricity Quantity Units MJ

National Grid Electricity used by factory from National Grid. [Select] ###

[Select]###

Local generation Electricity from local hydro renewable energy used in factory [Select] ###

Electricity from local wind used in factory [Select] ###

Electricity generated from diesel generators and then used in factory [Select] litres

Electricity generated from coke generators and then used in factory [Select] litres

TotalEffluent pumping for disposal

Quantity Units Conversion to litres

[Select] ###

TotalEnergy from burning fibre/shell/biowastes/biomass and wood in factory Quantity Units Calorific Value REF

Biomass briquettes [Select] 19 MJ/kg

Coco shell [Select] 22 MJ/kg

RB chips [Select] 20 MJ/kg

Bagasse [Select] 12 MJ/kgFibre/shell (oil palm factory waste) [Select] 15 MJ/kg

Firewood (daddaps) [Select] 12 MJ/kg

Firewood/fuelwood grown on site and renewed [Select] 16 MJ/kg

Total energy from burning other fuels in factoryQuantity Units Calorific value Do you have a reason to go via calorific value or can we go straight to emissions?

Coal Leco [Select] 26 MJ/kgCoal SFC [Select] 36 MJ/kgSteam coal [Select] 36 MJ/kgImported coal [Select] 28 MJ/kgPropane gas [Select] 49 MJ/kgOther petroleum gas [Select] 46 MJ/kgHeavy oil [Select] 42 MJ/lFurnace oil [Select] 40 MJ/lLight oil [Select] 39 MJ/l

Other [Select] insert MJ/kg

Now turn to Page 4 ResultsTotal per ha

###

Total finished product from estate (NOT including third party growers)*

Electricity from national grid used for workshops, offices etc. for factory-based activities

Diesel use for pumping and aerating effluent for disposal to water or off-site (If effluent is recycled as fertiliser input figures in Field data)

Tota

Tota

Over

A B C D E F G12

3

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111213

14

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21

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23

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272829303132

33

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37383940414243444546474849505152

CO2 Calculator Emissions totals

PAGE 4a: RESULTS - Numbers

Location: Year 0

Field Resultsper kg fresh product harvested per hectare

1 Energy used* #VALUE! MegaJoules / kg 0 #VALUE! MegaJoules/ha- w/o production of fertilisers & pesticides #VALUE! MegaJoules / kg 0 #VALUE! MegaJoules/ha

2 % renewable energy 0.00 % 0.00 %

3 Greenhouse gas emissions #VALUE! kg CO2 equivalents/kg #VALUE!

4 Fertilser induced field emissions #VALUE! kg NH3 / kg #VALUE!#VALUE! kg NO / kg #VALUE! kg NO / ha

* Includes embodies energy from the production of fertilsers and pesticides

Factory ResultsExcluding third party volumes per kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg #VALUE! MegaJoules/ha


3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents/kg #VALUE!

Including third party volumes per kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg #VALUE! MegaJoules/ha


3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents/kg #VALUE!

kg CO2 equivalents/ha

kg NH3 / ha




Combined Factory and Field Results for own grown onlyper kg final product per hectare

1 Energy used 0.00 MegaJoules / kg 0.00 MegaJoules/ha


3 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00 kg CO2 equivalents / kg 0.00

What to do now1. If any error values appear, please check your Data entry page and amend. 2. If after checking, there are still errors, please contact the Sustainable Agriculture Team3. Now, save this and email to the Sustainable Agriculture Team with any comments on ease of use



PAGE 4a: RESULTS - Numbers

MegaJoules/haMegaJoules/ha

kg NO / ha

MegaJoules/ha

MegaJoules/ha


kg NH3 / ha




MegaJoules/ha


PAGE 4b: RESULTS - GraphsA. FIELD & FACTORY PROPORTIONSThe following two graphs will only be of interest if both the field and factory sections are completed.

#VALUE!For further analysis review the appropriate section below.

B. TOTAL (FIELD AND FACTORY) ANALYSIS

EnergyEnergy MJField Factory incl 3rd Total

Electricity 0.00 0 0.00Fossil fuels 0.00 0 0.00Biofuels 0.00 0 0.00Fertilisers 0.00 0 0.00Agrochemicals #VALUE! 0 #VALUE!Total #VALUE! 0.00 #VALUE!

greenhouse gas emissions kg CO2Field Factory incl 3rd party growers

Electricity 0 0 0.00Fossil fuels 0 0 0.00Biofuels 0 0 0.00Fertilisers #VALUE! 0 #VALUE!Agrochemicals #VALUE! 0 #VALUE!Total #VALUE! 0.00 #VALUE!

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:#VALUE!

#VALUE!#VALUE!

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

To

tal

0 1 1

Total Energy Use in MJ

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ

Tot

al0 1 1

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in kg CO2e

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Proportion of Energy from Field & Factory

Field

Factory incl 3rd party growers

Proportion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Field & Factory

Field



Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:#VALUE!

C. FIELD ANALYSIS

Energy

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:#VALUE!#VALUE!#VALUE!


Tot

al0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Fie

ld0 1 1

Total Energy Use in the Field in MJ

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Fie

ld0 1 1

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Field in kg CO2e

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:#VALUE!

D. FACTORY ANALYSIS

Energy

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce energy use:


Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Fa

cto

ry in

cl 3

rd p

art

y g

row

ers

0 1 1

Total Energy Use in the Factory in MJ

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

MJ


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fac

tory

incl

3rd

par

ty g

row

ers

0 1 1

Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Factory in kg CO2e

Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Kilogrammes CO2


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Areas that require closer investigation and strategies to be drawn up to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

PAGE 4b: RESULTS - Graphs

The following two graphs will only be of interest if both the field and factory sections are completed.

To

tal

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ

Tot

al0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Proportion of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Field & Factory

Field



Tot

al0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ

Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2


Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Fa

cto

ry in

cl 3

rd p

art

y g

row

ers

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

MJ

Fac

tory

incl

3rd

par

ty g

row

ers

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Kilogrammes CO2


To

tal

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ

Tot

al0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Tot

al0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

MJ

Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Fie

ld0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Fertilisers

Agrochemicals

Kilogrammes CO2

Fa

cto

ry in

cl 3

rd p

art

y g

row

ers

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

MJ

Fac

tory

incl

3rd

par

ty g

row

ers

0 1 1


Electricity

Fossil fuels

Biofuels

Kilogrammes CO2

PAGE 4c: RESULTS - Descriptive

A. Volume of Carbon Dioxide Gas Produced - Hot air balloonsFigure 1 kg co2total kg Field gr ### ### ### How many hot air balloons could be filled with the CO2 produced at in 0Factory ### ### ### Field greenhouse gas emissions onlyFactory e ### ### ### Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumesField an 0.00 ### ### Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes

1 hot air balloon = 4 tonnes of CO2 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined

Image from: http://srbissette.com/2006/07/what-no-mysterious-island-or-how.html

Field only One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X kilogram of final product grown at in 0per kg h ### ### ### Field greenhouse gas emissions onlyper hect ### ### ### Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd paFactory excl 3rd party Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd paper kg fi 0.00 0 0 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combinedper hect ### ### ###Factory incl 3rd party One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X hectare of product grown at in 0per kg fi 0.00 0 0 Field greenhouse gas emissions onlyper hect ### ### ### Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd paField and factory Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd pa

per kg fi 0.00 0 0 Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined

Image from: http://cucinatestarossa.blogs.com/photos/uncategorized/balloon3.jpg

Note: Calculations and references can be found behind the photographs.

B. Comparison of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions to driving a car

Location: ; Year: 0

ENERGYThis is the energy equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car

0.00 miles 0.00 km per kg of fresh product harvested (Field energy only)0.00 miles 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Factory energy only excluding 3rd party volumes)0.00 miles 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Factory energy only including 3rd party volumes)0.00 miles 0.00 km per kg of finished product (Field and factory energy combined)

ORThis is the energy equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car

0 miles 0 km per hectare (Field energy only)

no of hot air balloons

The average UK driver emits around 4 tonnes of CO2 each year. That's the equivalent of

filling one medium hot air

0 miles 0 km per hectare (Factory energy only excluding 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per hectare (Factory energy only including 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per hectare (Field and factory energy combined)

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONSThis is the emissions equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car

0 miles 0 km per kg of fresh product harvested (Field greenhouse gas emissions only)0 miles 0 km per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per kg of finished product (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)

ORThis is the greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to driving an average petrol driven car

0 miles 0 km per hectare (Field greenhouse gas emissions only)0 miles 0 km per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes)0 miles 0 km per hectare (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)

How many hot air balloons could be filled with the CO2 produced at in 0#VALUE!

Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes #VALUE!Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes #VALUE!

#VALUE!

One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X kilogram of final product grown at in 0#VALUE! #VALUE!

0 final product0 final product0 final product

One hot air balloon full of CO2 produced per X hectare of product grown at in 0#VALUE! #VALUE!#VALUE! hectares#VALUE! hectares

0.00 hectares

B. Comparison of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions to driving a car

per kg of finished product (Factory energy only excluding 3rd party volumes)per kg of finished product (Factory energy only including 3rd party volumes)

per kg of fresh product harvested (Field greenhouse gas emissions only)per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes)per kg of finished product (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes)per kg of finished product (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)

per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only excluding 3rd party volumes)per hectare (Factory greenhouse gas emissions only including 3rd party volumes)per hectare (Field and factory greenhouse gas emissions combined)

CEC calculator

Enter pH, Organic C and Clay into the white cells to obtain the CEC

pH (--)Org. Carbon (kg/kg soil)Clay (kg/kg soil)CEC (cmol/kg) 0

Source: Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors: (1) the pH, (2) the Organic C content (Organic C = Organic matter / 1.72) and (3) the Clay content of a soil.two units are interchangeable without changing the number.

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors: (1) the pH, (2) the Organic C content (Organic C = Organic matter / 1.72) and (3) the

Agrochemicals CalculatorComplete the following including all the agrochemicals applied. NB: Amount applied can be either per hectare or total but remember to input units on Page 2

NameFungicide 1 0.00Fungicide 2 0.00Fungicide 3 0.00Fungicide 4 0.00Fungicide 5 0.00Fungicide 6 0.00Fungicide 7 0.00Fungicide 8 0.00Fungicide 9 0.00Fungicide 10 0.00

Total Fungicide 0.00

Growth regulator 1 0.00Growth regulator 2 0.00Growth regulator 3 0.00Growth regulator 4 0.00Growth regulator 5 0.00Growth regulator 6 0.00Growth regulator 7 0.00Growth regulator 8 0.00Growth regulator 9 0.00Growth regulator 10 0.00

Total growth regulator 0.00

Herbicide 1 0.00Herbicide 2 0.00Herbicide 3 0.00Herbicide 4 0.00Herbicide 5 0.00Herbicide 6 0.00Herbicide 7 0.00Herbicide 8 0.00Herbicide 9 0.00Herbicide 10 0.00

Total herbicide 0.00

Insecticide/acaricide 1 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 2 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 3 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 4 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 5 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 6 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 7 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 8 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 9 0.00Insecticide/acaricide 10 0.00

Total insecticide/acaricide 0.00

Amount applied

% Active Ingredient

Amount Active Ingredient

NB: Amount applied can be either per hectare or total but remember to input units on Page 2

Transfer this figure to Page 2 Agrochemicals section




Assumptions

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910

1

2

3

1

234

5

6

AssumptionsEnergyElectricity data for most countries is now provided. Where country is not stated the regional figure should be used.Burn efficiency of fuels is 100%. Biomass fuels are all carbon neutral, ie no related CO2 emissions.Biofuels ie bioethanol and biodiesel are estimated at 50% emissions of the fossil fuel alternative ie petrol and diesel respectivelyCO2 emissions from imported wood are included in the total since it is grown off site.Emissions from different types of coal are all the same.Furnace oil is a 'medium' oil ie half way between heavy and light.Vehicle fuel consumption: Based on Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005

car - petrol - 30mpg; diesel - 40 mpghgv - rigid - 8.3mpg; articulated - 7.9mpgPercentage National renewable energy is calculated using hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, wood, wind and waste as renewable.Assume steam energy is produced from fuel oil

Greenhouse gases and GWP

Atomic weight N=14, O=16, H=1; convert kg N to: a) kg NH3 multiply by 14/17, b) kg N2O multiply by 14/44, c) kg NO multiply by 14/30 The production of biofuels assumes no land use change and therefore no associated land use change GHG emissions.

Fertilisers

With regards to the nitrogen related emissions - assume tea and palm oil are "other upland crops" - Lex Bouwman pers.com.Fertiliser NPK contents are averaged from various reference sources. See Fertiliser page.

Units: fluid ounces - these are US units, pounds and ounces are Avoirdupois - the most commonly used of the two pounds as weight versions.

Animal manure has embodied energy of zero. Energy used in application will be accounted for in operational fuel use.

Global warming potentials shown as CO2 equivalents: N2O is 296 times more powerful, CH4 is 23 times more powerful - IPCC Third Assessment Report

Fertiliser emissions of N20, NO and NH3 are based on the 2002 Bouwman model. This is to allow flexibility of management techniques to improve emissions. The Bouman model calculates median NH3 volatilization rates with a variance of around 30%. This means that the NH3 calcuation results "are of more interest when the working scale is that of landscapes rather than point measurement done under specific conditions."

No embodied energy figure for Ammonium Bicarbonate (ABC) was found so an average of Ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous ammonia was used.

R1 CEC Estimate Ref

Page 32

Note that 'meq / 100 g' = 'cmol / kg' (old an new unit)

0 CEC 'Calculator'

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors: (1) the pH, (2) the Organic C content (Organic C = Organic matter / 1.72) and(3) the Clay content of a soil.Note that the unit for CEC is centimal per kilogram (cmol/kg). In the past, 'meq / 100 g' was often used. Conveniently, it has the same numerical value as 'cmol / kg' so the two units are interchangeable without changing the number.The simple table below produces an estimate using these three factors and is used in the GHG calculator.

Enter pH, Organic C and Clay into the white cells to obtain the CEC

pH (--)Org. Carbon (kg/kg soil)Clay (kg/kg soil)CEC (cmol/kg) 0

Source: Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.

1 Simple estimate:

pH Interc a1 a22.5 -0.45 0.62 0.383.5 -0.99 1.25 0.46

5 -1.57 2.19 0.546 -0.92 2.24 0.567 -1.05 2.81 0.68 -0.66 3.66 0.64

2 Exact estimate (sum of org C and clay contributions):

with

Helling et al. (1964), Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc 28, 517--520.

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated from the pH, the organic C content (= Organic matter / 1.72) and the clay content of a soil:

CEC (cmol/kg) = Interc + a1*organicC (%) = a2*Clay(%)

CEC (cmol/kg) = YorgC*OC + Yclay*ClYorgC (cmol/kg) = -59 + 51 * pHYclay (cmol/kg) = 30 + 4.4 * pHOC (kg/kg) = organic C per kg soilCl (kg/kg) = clay per kg soil

R1 CEC Estimate Ref

Page 33

The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) can be estimated easily from three factors:

Note that the unit for CEC is centimal per kilogram (cmol/kg). In the past, 'meq / 100 g' was often used. Conveniently, it has the same numerical value as 'cmol / kg' so the two units are interchangeable without changing the number.The simple table below produces an estimate using these three factors and is used in the GHG calculator.

can be estimated from the pH, the organic C content (= Organic matter / 1.72) and the clay content of a soil:

R2 Transport and fuels

Page 34

Conversion figures for Transport and Fuel

Figures used for converting miles per gallon to litres

car petrol 30 mpg dieselhgv rigid 8.3 mpg Articulated

Ref: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005

Figures used for converting MJ per litre for fuel use.Conversion figuresMJ/lDiesel 37.9Petrol 31.5Biodiesel 35.6Bioethanol 21.1

Ref: University of Strathclyde and HM Treasury


UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Data

Fuel type

Gas Oil 2.69 10.18

Diesel 2.63 9.95

Petrol 2.30 8.71

1.49 5.64

Aviation Spirit 2.24 8.48

2.52 9.54

List as per Greenhouse Gas Protocol website

Biofuels - Greenhouse Gas emissionsEstimated at 50% of fossil alternatives (Email Christof Walter 290108)

kg CO2 / litres fuel used

kg CO2 / US gallons fuel

used

Liquified Petroleum Gases

(LPG)

Aviation Turbine Fuel

Source: Data in "kg CO2 / litres fuel used" units from UK DEFRA. Annexes to Guidelines for Company Reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Table 9, Updated July 2005, http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/gas/.

http://www.ghgprotocol.org

http://www.ghgprotocol.org/

R2 Transport and fuels

Page 35

40 mpg7.9 mpg

Ref: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005

Fertiliser Methodology

Percentage of Active Ingredient1. A number of reputable websites and papers were used to develop a table of percentage active ingredient

3. For the purposes of the footprinting calculator, the median figure (middle) was taken where a range was given or two websites gave differing values. 4. The estate manager selects the active ingredient and this automatically selects the correct EE and GWP figures.See Fertiliser % Active Ingredient worksheet for figures and references

Embodied Energy1. Embodied energy figures were sourced from a number of reputable papers for each fertiliser to be included on the calculator.

4. It was assumed that there was no energy involved in the making of urine, animal manure or from grazing.

Global Warming Potential

2. GWP figures were calculated on the 100 years time scale.

Field Emissions1. A spreadsheet was developed using work developed by Alex Bouwman (et al). The formulae and data provided in the following papers:

Embodied energy in a fertiliser is dependent on the percentage of active ingredient and the embodied energy figures for that active ingredient. It was possible to find the "usual" percentage of active ingredient within each fertiliser or type of fertiliser. The embodied energy figures can then be calculated for the amount of fertiliser used.

2. The figures were then transcribed to the list of fertilisers and pop up when the fertiliser is chosen. If it differs the estate manager is encouraged to contact Unilever.

2. Figures for each fertiliser were chosen from the selection. The order of priority for the references were as follows: Ecoinvent, LCA Silsoe, Audsley 2003, University of Florida.

3. Where figures had not been found for fertilisers or for general terms such as other N and K fertilisers assumptions were made. These assumptions were input into the reference section of the spreadsheet

1. GWP figures were obtained from Ecoinvent, LCA Silsoe or calculated from embodied energy figures that were broken into the various different categories of electricity type.

Global Estimates of Gaseous Emissions of NH3, NO and N2O from Agricultural Land, Bouwman AF, 2001, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United States, International Fertilizer Industry Association

Estimation of global NH3 volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizer and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands, AF Bouwman and LJM Boumans and NH Batjes (2002), Global Biogeochemical cycles, Vol 16. No. 2

Modeling global annual N2O and NO emissions from fertilized fields, AF Bouwman and LJM Boumans and NH Batjes (2002), Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 16. No.4

Emissions of N2O and NO from fertilized fields: Summary of available measurement data, AF Bouwman and LJM Boumans and NH Batjes (2002), Global Biogeochemical Cycles Vol 16, No.4

1. A number of reputable websites and papers were used to develop a table of percentage active ingredient

1. A number of reputable websites and papers were used to develop a table of percentage active ingredient

Fertiliser Percentage Active Ingredient

Fertiliser % N % P % K %P2O5 % K2O %MgO %Na2OAmmonium Bicarbonate 30Ammonium nitrate 34Ammonium sulphate 21Anhydrous ammonia 82Animal manure 6.5Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.5Calcium ammonium nitrate 27Calcium nitrate 15Compound NK 19.5 29.5Diammonium phosphate 18 46GrazingKainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11 5 26LimeMonoammonium phosphate 12 52Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 60Other ammonium based fertilisers 21Other compound NP and NPK 18 22 16Other nitrate based fertilisers 18Other Nitrogen solutions 24Phosphate/Rock Phosphate 10 25Sulphate of potash/ Potassium sulphate 48 50Super phosphate 18.5Triple super phosphate 20 47Urea 46.4Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46Urine 3

Methodology1. Percentages of active ingredients were sourced from a number of reputable web sites.

3. For the purposes of the footprinting calculator, the median figure (middle) was taken where a range was given or two websites gave differing values.

2. These percentages are given as percentages of an active ingredient. The active ingredient could be nitrogen, phosporous, P2O5, potassium, K2O or SO3.

%Ca %CaO %SO3 % N %P2O5 %K2O28-32

33.5-34.521826-7

10 26-2815

13-2618 46

1052

12 52

18 22 16

18-3025

4517-2017-23 47

46.4461-5

3. For the purposes of the footprinting calculator, the median figure (middle) was taken where a range was given or two websites gave differing values.

2. These percentages are given as percentages of an active ingredient. The active ingredient could be nitrogen, phosporous, P2O5, potassium, K2O or SO3.

Sourcehttp://www.agrium.com/products_services/ingredients_for_growth/nitrogen/urea_ammonium_nitrate.jspDEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfDEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfhttp://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htmhttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdfEstimate manure plus other nitrogen fertilisersDEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfhttp://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm, http://www.efma.org/introduction/section02.asp; K2O 13-46%http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm???

http://www.aglime.org.uk/technical12.htmhttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf60% K2O - Estimate the lowest ammonium product.NPK (18-51-20) Wikipedia; http://www.efma.org/introduction/section02.asp K2O 5-24%, P2O5 5-24% Estimate the same as NP compoundshttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfSilsoe LCA, 25% Tunisian P2O5http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf; http://www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Basics/fertilisers.htmInternational Fertiliser Societyhttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, WikipediaWikipediahttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfhttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdf

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section8.pdf, 11% K2O, 5% MgO, 26% Na2O, 10% SO3

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section8.pdf

http://www.agrium.com/products_services/ingredients_for_growth/nitrogen/urea_ammonium_nitrate.jspDEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfDEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdfhttp://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htmhttp://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdf

DEFRA - http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf

http://columbia.thefreedictionary.com/Chemical+fertilizer, http://freespace.virgin.net/brian.norbry/Fertilisers.htm

NPK (18-51-20) Wikipedia; http://www.efma.org/introduction/section02.asp K2O 5-24%, P2O5 5-24%

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section1.pdf; http://www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Basics/fertilisers.htm

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section2.pdf, Wikipedia

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/manure/livemanure1.pdf

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section8.pdf, 11% K2O, 5% MgO, 26% Na2O, 10% SO3

http://www.defra.gov.uk/farm/environment/land-manage/nutrient/fert/rb209/section8.pdf

Embodied Energy of different fertilisers

Embodied Energy MJ/kg of Active Ingredient

Fertiliser

Ammonium Bicarbonate 30% NAmmonium nitrate 34% N 45.6 48.33Ammonium sulphate 21% N 45 49.10Anhydrous ammonia 82% NAnimal manure 6.50% N 13.79Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.50% NCalcium ammonium nitrate 27% NCalcium nitrate 18% NCompound NK 3% N

K30% K2O

Diammonium phosphate 18% N48% P2O5

Grazing -Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11% K2O

5% MgO 7.8626% Na2O10% SO3

Lime 100% Product52% CaO

Ca Monoammonium phosphate 12% N

48% P2O5Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 50% K2OOther ammonium based fertilisers 21% NOther compound NP and NPK 18% N

22% P6% K

Other nitrate based fertilisers 18% NOther Nitrogen solutions 24% NPhosphate/Rock Phosphate 27% P

25% P2O5Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash 50% K2O

48% K 5.4845% SO3

Super phosphate 19% P2O58% P

Triple super phosphate 20% P 29.2 32.0147% P2O5

Urea 46.40% N 68.73Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46% N 63Urine 3% N

NP2O5K2O

% active ingredient

Active ingredient

Audsley 2003

Audsley 1997

Approximations - use for estimating mixed fertilisers

Global Warming Potential of different fertilisers

Fertiliser

GWP (kg/CO2 e) per kg active ingredient

LCA Silsoe EcoinventAmmonium Bicarbonate 30% NAmmonium nitrate 34% N 7.247 8.327Ammonium sulphate 21% N 3.013 2.543Anhydrous ammonia 82% NAnimal manure 6.50% NAnimal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 24.50% NCalcium ammonium nitrate 27% N 7.367 8.421Calcium nitrate 18% N 3.641Compound NK 3% N 6.809

30% K 0.653Diammonium phosphate 18% N 2.644

48% P2O5 1.515Grazing -Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate 11% K2O

5% MgO26% Na2O10% SO3

Lime 100% Product 0.19252% CaO 0.116

Ca 0.162Monoammonium phosphate 12% N 2.663

48% P2O5 1.544Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride 50% K2O 0.653 0.453Other ammonium based fertilisers 21% NOther compound NP and NPK 18% N 6.809

22% P 1.2186% K 0.653

Other nitrate based fertilisers 18% N 6.809Other Nitrogen solutions 24% N 6.809Phosphate/Rock Phosphate 27% P 1.126

25% P2O5 0.205Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potash 50% K2O 1.347

48% K 0.65345% SO3

Super phosphate 19% P2O5 2.5498% P 0.739

Triple super phosphate 20% P 1.22947% P2O5 1.955

Urea 46.40% N 3.542 3.115Urea ammonium nitrate solution 46% N 5.513Urine 3% N

% active ingredie

ntActive

ingredient


LCA Silsoe Feb 07

41.05 41.05 67.00 62.49 0.1642.44 42.44 58.00 28.70 49.51 0.14

55.000.00

42.82 42.82 64.54 0.1941.40 70.93 0.20

67.87

10.8045.07 61.41 0.13

15.10 23.930.00 0.00

3.43 3.432.26 2.263.16 3.16

45.07 61.62 0.148.30 24.545.00 9.57

41.88 41.91 0.2518.47 17.28

5.73 6.9641.88 41.91

15.30 15.30 4.365.00 25.02

8.50 50.3473112.72 11.5318.60 17.41

34.9549.25 49.62 70.00 71.78 0.12

65.00 62.59 0.160.00 0.00

60.008.505.00

LCA Silsoe Oct 06

Energy information document 1028,

Kongshaug (1998)

Patyk & Reinhardt (1997). Davis &

Ecoinvent

Energy, calorific value, in organic substance

F7

Helen Fox: possibly at 24% N but cannot be sure.

H18

Helen Fox: per kg of active P2o5 at 48% is 8.3 MJ/kg

GWP (kg/CO2 e) per kg active ingredient

Total GWP Ref CO2 N2O Other CH44.601 Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous7.247 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.6430 5.5978 0.0022 0.0669373.013 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.453 0.0089984 0.002094 0.0659093.542 Based on LCA Silsoe Feb 07 Urea

0.000 Assume no energy involv0 0 0 06.809 Based on manure having 2.55 0.0115854 0.002139 0.0670897.367 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.731 5.5984641 0.002564 0.0693863.641 Ecoinvent 3.513 0.0126806 0.0029 0.09436.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.934 11.192832 0.002765 0.0720990.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

2.644 Ecoinvent 2.55 0.0115854 0.002139 0.0670891.515 Ecoinvent0.000 Assume no energy involv 0 0 0 0

0.192 LCA Silsoe Feb 070.116 LCA Silsoe Feb 070.162 LCA Silsoe Feb 07; % not found so remove option

2.663 Ecoinvent 2.566 0.0119969 0.002358 0.0676181.544 Ecoinvent0.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 073.013 Based on ammonium sulp 2.453 0.0089984 0.002094 0.0659096.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 1.3215 2.7989 0.0011 0.0334681.218 LCA Silsoe Feb 070.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 076.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 076.809 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 1.49565 0.005873 0.00109 0.049091.126 LCA Silsoe Feb 070.205 Ecoinvent (ave of wet and dry rock phosphate)

1.347 Ecoinvent 1.28 0.0172805 0.001817 0.0343640.653 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

GWP not found therefore remove option2.549 Ecoinvent fuel oil0.739 LCA Silsoe Feb 071.229 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.9942181 0.0117956 0.087321 11.666161.955 Ecoinvent3.542 LCA Silsoe Feb 07 2.9913 0.0117453 0.002184 0.098184 0.27

5.513 Ecoinvent 2.599 2.8186156 0.002324 0.07697 0.9720.000 Assume no energy involv 0 0 0 0 11.33951


Ref for figures used

46.16 Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous18.14 2.08 41.05 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

8.41 4.43 42.44 LCA Silsoe Feb 0755.00 Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028

0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production61.41 Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

18.87 2.38 42.82 LCA Silsoe Feb 0711.93 6.29 70.93 Ecoinvent

41.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 076.96 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

10.80 Ecoinvent15.17 1.82 61.41 Ecoinvent

23.93 Ecoinvent0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production

5.00 Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser7.86 Audsley 1997

Energy not found therefore remove optionEnergy not found therefore remove option

3.43 LCA Silsoe Feb 072.26 LCA Silsoe Feb 073.16 LCA Silsoe Feb 07; % not found therefore remove option

15.08 2.07 61.62 Ecoinvent24.54 Ecoinvent

9.57 Ecoinvent49.51 Based on ammonium sulphate Ecoinvent

22.03 2.85 41.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 0717.28 LCA Silsoe Feb 07

6.96 LCA Silsoe Feb 0741.91 LCA Silsoe Feb 0724.81 Based on 50% Urea Ecoinvent

15.3 Based on Rock Phosphate Silsoe LCA15.30 LCA Silsoe Feb 0725.02 Ecoinvent

5.48 AudsleyEnergy not found therefore remove option

50.3 Ecoinvent11.53 LCA Silsoe Feb 0717.41 LCA Silsoe Feb 0734.95 Ecoinvent

13.85 2.21 49.62 LCA Silsoe Feb 0716.31 2.28 62.59 Ecoinvent

0.00 0.00 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production

Crude oil (resource)

Hard coal (resource)

EE Figures used

X36

Helen Fox: Rock phosphate

Diesel

5.746021 MJ Proportion per kg of active ingredient

0.25 conversion factor kgCO2 per kWh0.9 conversion factor for kg CO2 per MJ

5.171419 kg CO2 per kg active ingredient

Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrous

Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028

Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser

LCA Silsoe Feb 07; % not found therefore remove option

R3d Fertiliser EE used

Page 50

Fertiliser Embodied Energy MJ/kg of Active IngredientN P K P2O5

Ammonium Bicarbonate 46.16 Error Error ErrorAmmonium nitrate 41.05 Error Error ErrorAmmonium sulphate 42.44 Error Error ErrorAnhydrous ammonia 55.00 Error Error ErrorAnimal manure 0.00 Error Error ErrorAnimal manure plus synthetic Nitrog 61.41 Error Error ErrorCalcium ammonium nitrate 42.82 Error Error ErrorCalcium nitrate 70.93 Error Error ErrorCompound NK 41.91 Error 6.96 ErrorDiammonium phosphate 61.41 Error Error 23.93Grazing 0 0 0 0Kainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error Error Error ErrorLime Error Error Error ErrorMonoammonium phosphate 61.62 Error Error 24.54Murate of potash / Potassium Chlorid Error Error Error ErrorOther ammonium based fertilisers 49.51 Error Error ErrorOther compound NP and NPK 41.91 17.28 6.96 ErrorOther nitrate based fertilisers 41.91 Error Error ErrorOther Nitrogen solutions 24.81 Error Error ErrorPhosphate/Rock Phosphate Error 15.3 Error 15.30Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of pot Error Error 5.48 ErrorSuper phosphate Error 11.53 Error 50.3Triple super phosphate Error 17.41 Error 34.95Urea 49.62 Error Error ErrorUrea ammonium nitrate solution 62.59 Error Error ErrorUrine 0.00 0 0 0


Page 51

Embodied Energy MJ/kg of Active IngredientK2O MgO CaO Product RefError Error Error Error Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrousError Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028Error Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in productionError Error Error Error Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent

10.8 Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent

0 0 0 0.00 Assume no energy involved in production5.00 7.86 Error Error Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser; Audsley 1997

Error Error 2.26 3.43 LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent

9.57 Error Error Error EcoinventError Error Error Error Based on ammonium sulphate EcoinventError Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Based on 50% Urea EcoinventError Error Error Error Based on Rock Phosphate Silsoe LCA

25.02 Error Error Error Ecoinvent; Audsley 1997Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent

0 0 0 0 Assume no energy involved in production


Page 52


Unversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028Assume no energy involved in productionBased on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07

Assume no energy involved in productionUnversity of Florida Energy Information Document 1028; estimate of K2O fertiliser; Audsley 1997

Based on ammonium sulphate Ecoinvent

Assume no energy involved in production

R3e Fertiliser GWP used

Page 53

FertiliserGWP Active ingredient expressed as CO2 equivalent

N P K P2O5Ammonium Bicarbonate 4.601 Error Error ErrorAmmonium nitrate 7.247 Error Error ErrorAmmonium sulphate 3.013 Error Error ErrorAnhydrous ammonia 3.542 Error Error ErrorAnimal manure 0.000 Error Error ErrorAnimal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 6.809 Error Error ErrorCalcium ammonium nitrate 7.367 Error Error ErrorCalcium nitrate 3.641 Error Error ErrorCompound NK 6.809 Error 0.653 ErrorDiammonium phosphate 2.644 Error Error 1.515Grazing Error Error Error ErrorKainit / Magnesium Sulphate Error Error Error ErrorLime Error Error Error ErrorMonoammonium phosphate 2.663 Error Error 1.544Murate of potash / Potassium Chloride Error Error Error ErrorOther ammonium based fertilisers 3.013 Error Error ErrorOther compound NP and NPK 6.809 1.218 0.653 ErrorOther nitrate based fertilisers 6.809 Error Error ErrorOther Nitrogen solutions 6.809 Error Error ErrorPhosphate/Rock Phosphate Error 1.126 Error 0.205Potassium sulphate / Sulphate of potas Error Error 0.653 ErrorSuper phosphate Error 0.739 Error 2.549Triple super phosphate Error 1.229 Error 1.955Urea 3.542 Error Error ErrorUrea ammonium nitrate solution 5.513 Error Error ErrorUrine 0.000 Error Error Error


Page 54

GWP Active ingredient expressed as CO2 equivalentK2O MgO CaO Product RefError Error Error Error Average of ammonium nitrate, sulphate and anhydrousError Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Based on LCA Silsoe Feb 07 UreaError Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in productionError Error Error Error Based on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error EcoinventError Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error EcoinventError Error Error 0.000 Assume no energy involved in productionError Error Error Error EcoinventError Error 0.116 0.192 LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent

0.653 Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Based on ammonium sulphate LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent (ave of wet and dry rock phosphate); LCA Silsoe Feb 07

1.347 Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error Ecoinvent; LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error LCA Silsoe Feb 07Error Error Error Error EcoinventError Error Error Error Assume no energy involved in production


Page 55


Assume no energy involved in productionBased on manure having zero energy plus mean N from LCA Silsoe Feb 07


Based on ammonium sulphate LCA Silsoe Feb 07

Ecoinvent (ave of wet and dry rock phosphate); LCA Silsoe Feb 07


As per Bouwman reports referenced in R3a Fertiliser methodology

N applied per year (kg) 60

Factor, factor class Factor Value

Fixed Factor 0 -0.414 -1.527

Crop TypeOther upland crops -0.045 0 0Grass -0.158 -1.268Grass-clover -1.242Legume -0.046 -0.023Other upland crops -0.045 0Wetland rice 0 -2.536

0.429 0.0051 0.00560 0 00 0 0

0.429 0.0051 0.0056Fertiliser TypeAmmonium sulphate 0.429 0.0051 0.0056Ammonium sulphate 0.429 0.0051 0.0056Urea 0.666 0.0051 0.0061Ammonium nitrate -0.35 0.0061 0.004Calcium ammonium nitrate -1.064 0.0037 0.0062Calcium nitrate -1.585 0.0034 0.0054Anhydrous ammonia -1.151 0.0056 0.0051Other ammonium based fertilisers 0.0051 0.0056Other nitrate based fertilisers 0.0034 0.0054Urea ammonium nitrate solution 0 0.0053 0.0004Other Nitrogen solutions -0.748Monoammonium phosphate -0.622 0.0039 0.0055Diammonium phosphate 0.182 0.0039 0.0055Other compound NP and NPK 0.014 0.0039 0.0055Compound NK -1.585Ammonium Bicarbonate 0.387 0.0051 0.0056Animal manure 0.995 0.0021 0.0016Animal manure plus synthetic Nitrogen 0.0042 0.0055Urine 0.747 0.0051 0.0061Grazing -0.378

Application ModeIncorporate -1.895 0 0Broadcast -1.305Incorporate -1.895Apply in solution -1.292Broadcast or incorporate then flood -1.844Broadcast to fllodwater at panicle initiation -2.465

Soil TextureMedium 0 -0.472 0Coarse -0.008

NHз-model

N2O-model

NO-model

Medium -0.472Fine 0

Soil Organic Carbon Content (%)1.0 < SOC ≤ 3.0 0 0.14 0SOC ≤ 1.0 0 01.0 < SOC ≤ 3.0 0.14 03.0 < SOC ≤ 6.0 0.58 2.571SOC > 6.0 1.045 2.571

Soil pH5.5 < pH ≤ 7.3 -0.933 0.109 0pH ≤ 5.5 -1.072 05.5 < pH ≤ 7.3 -0.933 0.1097.3 < pH ≤ 8.5 -0.608 -0.352pH > 8.5 0 -0.352

CEC ≤ 16 0.088 0 0CEC ≤ 16 0.08816 < CEC ≤ 24 0.01224 < CEC ≤ 32 0.163CEC > 32 0

Soil DrainagePoor 0 0 0Poor 0 0Good -0.42 0.946

ClimateTropical 0 0.824 0Temperate -0.402 0Tropical 0 0.824

Total NHз emissions (kg -N) 5.69

Total N2O emissions (kg-N) 1.64

Total NO emissions (kg-N) 0.30

Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol kg ¹)

Agrochemicals Methodology

1. Two main references were used for this section:E Audsley, S Alber, E Gemeinschaften (1997) Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment for agriculture- European Comm., DG VI AgricultureGreen, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-1772. Both references were put into spreadsheets (See Agrochemicals Audsley and Agrochemicals Green)3. Each agrochemical was categorised as: herbicide, insecticide, fungicide or plant growth regulator4. For each agrochemical the embodied energy breakdown and therefore the GWP 100 (using IPCC 2001) were calculated5. For each category the average energy used and GWP were calculated. 6. The two sets of averages from the two references were compared. The Audsley figures being more recent and generally higher were chosen.

7. A spreadsheet was created to allow estate managers to calculate their overall application of the four types of agrochemicals. These figures can then be directly transferred to the main input page. This spreadsheet can be found in Appendix 2 Agrochemicals Calculator of the GHG calculator

Agrochemicals Embodied Energy Tables - Audsley 1997

% each fuel type MJ each fuel type

Name Type electricity hard coal fuel oil naptha electricityCarbendazim fungicide 400.000 15.800 0.000 36.300 25.900 22.000 63.200Clormequat plant growt 243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722Ethephon herbicide 243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722Chlorothalonil fungicide 118.000 26.900 0.000 13.000 43.500 16.600 31.742Cypermethrin insectide 583.000 18.100 0.000 47.700 18.700 15.500 105.523Cyproconazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688Diflufenican herbicide 344.170 17.600 0.000 32.000 31.200 19.200 60.574Fepicionil fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688Fenpropidin fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688Fluroxypyr herbicide 267.500 16.000 0.200 30.500 32.200 21.200 42.800Flusilazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688heaconazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688Ioxynil herbicide 267.500 16.000 0.200 30.500 32.200 21.200 42.800Isoproturon herbicide 324.050 15.600 0.000 24.900 36.700 22.800 50.552Mecoprop-p herbicide 219.930 16.900 0.000 37.000 30.900 15.200 37.168Mepiquat chlori plant growt 243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722Methiocarb insectide 258.600 17.300 3.100 28.900 26.000 24.700 44.738Pirimicarb insectide 258.600 17.300 3.100 28.900 26.000 24.700 44.738Tebucanazole fungicide 176.000 16.300 1.400 29.600 26.000 26.700 28.688Trinexapac ethy plant growt 243.990 17.100 0.600 30.100 30.400 21.800 41.722

Averagesfungicide 196.750 14.736herbicide 277.857 20.883insectide 366.733 28.176plant growth regulator 243.990 18.374

Source Audsley et al 1997 Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment

Total energy MJ/kg

natural gas

MJ total energy

kg CO2 per kg active ingredient

MJ each fuel type Emissions kg co2 eq

hard coal fuel oil naptha electricity hard coal fuel oil naptha0.000 145.200 103.600 88.000 7.549 0.000 10.890 6.907 4.6441.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.8071.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.8070.000 15.340 51.330 19.588 3.791 0.000 1.150 3.422 1.0340.000 278.091 109.021 90.365 12.604 0.000 20.857 7.268 4.7692.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4800.000 110.134 107.381 66.081 7.235 0.000 8.260 7.159 3.4882.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4802.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4800.535 81.588 86.135 56.710 5.112 0.048 6.119 5.742 2.9932.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4802.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4800.535 81.588 86.135 56.710 5.112 0.048 6.119 5.742 2.9930.000 80.688 118.926 73.883 6.038 0.000 6.052 7.928 3.8990.000 81.374 67.958 33.429 4.440 0.000 6.103 4.531 1.7641.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.8078.017 74.735 67.236 63.874 5.344 0.713 5.605 4.482 3.3718.017 74.735 67.236 63.874 5.344 0.713 5.605 4.482 3.3712.464 52.096 45.760 46.992 3.427 0.219 3.907 3.051 2.4801.464 73.441 74.173 53.190 4.983 0.130 5.508 4.945 2.807

EF/kWh 0.430 0.320 0.270 0.240 0.190EF/MJ 0.119 0.089 0.075 0.067 0.053

natural gas

natural gas

29.99018.37418.374

9.39845.49813.08426.14213.08413.08420.01413.08413.08420.01423.91816.83718.37419.51519.51513.08418.374

total kg co2 eq

Agrochemicals Embodied Energy Tables - Green 1987

MJ energy each fuel type

Name Type naptha gas coke fuel oil electricityMCPA h 127.7 53.3 12 0 12.6 27.52,4-D h 87 39 0 0 9 232,4,5-T h 135 43 23 0 2 42Dicamba h 295 69 73 0 4 96Chloramben h 170 92 29 0 5 44Fluazifop-butyl h 518 89.2 71.6 0 8.6 183.4Propanil h 220 62 40 0 3 64Alachlor h 277.5 98.6 27.8 0 12.1 86.4Propachlor h 290 107 29 0 14 84Chlorsulfuren h 365.4 91.3 35.6 0 7.8 112.2Butylate h 140.8 42.1 33.2 11.6 6.8 31Diuron h 274.5 92.3 63.1 0 5.2 85.6Fluometuron h 354.6 118.6 72.1 0 8.7 98.5Atrazine h 188.3 43.2 68.8 0 14.4 37.2Dinoseb h 80 49 9 0 11 3Trifluralin h 150.9 56.4 12.8 0 7.9 57.7Diquat h 400 70 65 0 1 100Paraquat h 459.4 76.1 68.4 0 4 141.6Glyphosate h 454 33 93 0 1 227Linuron h 189.7 96.5 68.1 0 6.6 88.4Cyanazine h 201 54.6 65.8 0 15.2 38.6Bentazon h 433.6 128.6 66.1 0 42.3 118.5EPTC h 159.8 16.5 39.6 0 8.9 66.7Metolachlor h 275.8 101.2 27.6 0 15.1 78.2Ferbarn f 81 0 42 3 0 13Maneb f 99 27 23 8 9 25Captan f 115 38 14 0 0 52Benomyl f 397 86.7 71.2 0 14.3 121.2Methyl parathion i 160 37 24 6 2 73Phorate i 209 56.1 34.2 0 5.6 89.5Carbofuran i 454 137 63 1 44 127Carbaryl i 153 11 48 26 1 54Tozaphene i 58 3 19 0 1 32Cypermethrin i 580 89 71.2 0 10.3 199.5Chlordimeform i 250.2 61.8 53.1 0 6.5 86.5Lindane i 57.8 6.2 16.3 0 2.2 30.6Malathion i 228.8 62 41.2 0 6.1 92.1Parathion i 138 35 23.1 5.2 1.6 57.1Methoxychlor i 69.8 10.2 11.6 0 2.4 28.7

Averages

Total energy MJ/kg

MJ energy per kg of active ingredient

kg CO2 per kg active ingredient

herbicide 260.3333 21.82265fungicide 173 14.24757insecticide 214.4182 18.49033

Source: Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177

MJ energy each fuel type Emissions kg co2 eq

steam naptha gas coke fuel oil electricity steam Total22.3 3.553333 0.633333 0 0.945 3.284722 1.6725 10.08889

16 2.6 0 0 0.675 2.747222 1.2 7.22222225 2.866667 1.213889 0 0.15 5.016667 1.875 11.1222253 4.6 3.852778 0 0.3 11.46667 3.975 24.19444

0 6.133333 1.530556 0 0.375 5.255556 0 13.29444165.2 5.946667 3.778889 0 0.645 21.90611 12.39 44.66667

51 4.133333 2.111111 0 0.225 7.644444 3.825 17.9388952.6 6.573333 1.467222 0 0.9075 10.32 3.945 23.21306

56 7.133333 1.530556 0 1.05 10.03333 4.2 23.94722118.5 6.086667 1.878889 0 0.585 13.40167 8.8875 30.83972

16.1 2.806667 1.752222 1.192222 0.51 3.702778 1.2075 11.1713928.3 6.153333 3.330278 0 0.39 10.22444 2.1225 22.2205656.7 7.906667 3.805278 0 0.6525 11.76528 4.2525 28.3822224.7 2.88 3.631111 0 1.08 4.443333 1.8525 13.88694

8 3.266667 0.475 0 0.825 0.358333 0.6 5.52516.1 3.76 0.675556 0 0.5925 6.891944 1.2075 13.1275164 4.666667 3.430556 0 0.075 11.94444 12.3 32.41667

169.3 5.073333 3.61 0 0.3 16.91333 12.6975 38.59417100 2.2 4.908333 0 0.075 27.11389 7.5 41.79722

30.1 6.433333 3.594167 0 0.495 10.55889 2.2575 23.3388926.8 3.64 3.472778 0 1.14 4.610556 2.01 14.8733378.1 8.573333 3.488611 0 3.1725 14.15417 5.8575 35.2461128.1 1.1 2.09 0 0.6675 7.966944 2.1075 13.9319453.7 6.746667 1.456667 0 1.1325 9.340556 4.0275 22.70389

23 0 2.216667 0.308333 0 1.552778 1.725 5.8027787 1.8 1.213889 0.822222 0.675 2.986111 0.525 8.022222

11 2.533333 0.738889 0 0 6.211111 0.825 10.30833103.6 5.78 3.757778 0 1.0725 14.47667 7.77 32.85694

18 2.466667 1.266667 0.616667 0.15 8.719444 1.35 14.5694423.6 3.74 1.805 0 0.42 10.69028 1.77 18.42528

82 9.133333 3.325 0.102778 3.3 15.16944 6.15 37.1805613 0.733333 2.533333 2.672222 0.075 6.45 0.975 13.43889

3 0.2 1.002778 0 0.075 3.822222 0.225 5.325210 5.933333 3.757778 0 0.7725 23.82917 15.75 50.04278

42.3 4.12 2.8025 0 0.4875 10.33194 3.1725 20.914442.5 0.413333 0.860278 0 0.165 3.655 0.1875 5.281111

27.4 4.133333 2.174444 0 0.4575 11.00083 2.055 19.8211116 2.333333 1.219167 0.534444 0.12 6.820278 1.2 12.22722

16.9 0.68 0.612222 0 0.18 3.428056 1.2675 6.167778EF/kWh 0.24 0.19 0.37 0.27 0.43 0.27EF/MJ 0.066667 0.052778 0.102778 0.075 0.119444 0.075

O4

Helen Fox: Assume steam from oil; DEFRA , July 2005, Guidelines for Company reporting on Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177

Category Averages Audsley Green Audsley Greenherbicide 277.8567 260.3333 20.88315 21.82265fungicide 196.75 173 14.7362 14.24757insecticide 366.7333 214.4182 28.17607 18.49033plant growth regulator 243.99 18.3738

ReferencesAudsley et al 1997 Harmonisation of environmental life cycle assessment Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177

Embodied energy MJ energy per kg of

active ingredient

GWP kg CO2 per kg

active ingredient

Green, MB (1987) Energy in pesticide manufacture, distribution and use. In: Energy in Plant Nutrition and Pest Control (Helsel, ZR, ed.), pp. 165-177

Electricity Methodology

2. The figures give a total and a breakdown of each source of electricity in GWh. From these figures percentages of each source were calculated.3. The table below describes the source of each GWP 100 (IPCC 2001) conversion figure.

Reference

Coal 0.8

Oil 0.65

Gas 0.5

Biomass 0.093Waste 0.125019 IPCC Emissions factor database 2001

Nuclear 0.005

Hydro 0.03

Geothermal 0.38

Solar PV 0.058

Solar Thermal 0.35

Other Sources 0.00525

1. The International Energy Association was the source of this information. The 2003 figures were used to be in line with other Unilever reporting (although 2004 figures are also available) and have been gathered from around the world.http://www.ghgprotocol.org/templates/GHG5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=OTAx

Electricity Source

kg CO2e per kWh electricity

Post Note October 2006 No. 268 Carbon footprint of electricity generation






http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/pgp/renewable/annex6.asp




http://www.ghgprotocol.org/templates/GHG5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=OTAx

http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/reports/pgp/renewable/annex6.asp

2. The figures give a total and a breakdown of each source of electricity in GWh. From these figures percentages of each source were calculated.

Notes

Based on miscanthus. Woodchip is less 0.025kg CO2e/kWh

Based on storage system which is actually 0.01-0.03kg CO2e/kWh

13-380g CO2e/kWh

0.035kgCO2e/kWh for sunny climates

Assume same as for PV in sunny climates

Based on wind - onshore

1. The International Energy Association was the source of this information. The 2003 figures were used to be in line with other Unilever reporting (although 2004

Electricity by region and country 2003 and % renewable

2003 %

Region/ Country kg CO2/kWh kg CO2/MJCentral and Easter 0.361 0.1002778 16.25 - Albania 0.030 0.0083333 98.33 - Belarus 0.294 0.0816815 0.02 - Bosnia & Herzeg 0.632 0.175456 46.83 - Bulgaria 0.472 0.1311111 8.13 - Croatia 0.379 0.1052406 53.10 - Estonia 0.722 0.200613 0.58 - Latvia 0.181 0.0502778 68.12 - Lithuania 0.121 0.0336111 5.81 - Macedonia 0.657 0.1825534 22.24 - Moldova 0.756 0.21 1.63 - Poland 0.662 0.1838889 4.08 - Romania 0.451 0.1252778 29.23 - Serbia & Monten 0.766 0.2127778 30.98 - Slovenia 0.363 0.1008333 27.67 - The former Yugo 0.602 0.1672222 22.24 - Ukraine 0.341 0.0947222 6.54Rest of Europe 0.386 0.1072222 19.81 - Austria 0.224 0.0622222 65.91 - Belgium 0.274 0.0761111 4.32 - Cyprus 0.834 0.2316667 10.88 - Czech Republic 0.502 0.1394444 3.93 - Denmark 0.356 0.0988889 25.12 - Finland 0.297 0.0825 30.50 - France 0.082 0.0227778 12.44 - Germany 0.499 0.1386111 11.34 - Greece 0.777 0.2158333 11.10 - Hungary 0.421 0.1169444 2.85 - Iceland 0.001 0.000173 99.95 - Ireland 0.592 0.1644444 6.84 - Italy 0.524 0.1455556 24.91 - Luxembourg 0.325 0.0902778 24.13 - Malta 0.814 0.2261111 0.00 - Netherlands 0.466 0.1294444 6.82 - Norway 0.009 0.0025 99.56 - Poland 0.662 0.1838889 3.25 - Portugal 0.414 0.115 28.51 - Slovak Republic 0.255 0.0708333 14.01 - Spain 0.381 0.1058333 20.28 - Sweden 0.059 0.0163889 45.49 - Switzerland 0.030 0.0083333 56.95 - Turkey 0.496 0.1377778 30.75 - United Kingdom 0.473 0.1313889 4.40Africa 0.537 0.1491667 17.09 - Algeria 0.700 0.1944444 0.80 - Angola 0.373 0.1036111 66.47 - Benin 0.863 0.2396468 1.23 - Cameroon 0.031 0.0086111 95.38 - Congo Dem. Rep. 0.004 0.0011111 99.68

% National Renewables

- Cote d'Ivoire 0.384 0.1066667 32.35 - Egypt 0.418 0.1161111 13.00 - Eritrea 0.696 0.1933925 0.35 - Ethiopia 0.006 0.0016667 99.29 - Gabon 0.306 0.0850012 58.56 - Ghana 0.298 0.0827778 87.45 - Kenya 0.194 0.0540257 75.88 - Libya 0.979 0.2719444 0.00 - Marocco 0.736 0.2044444 9.39 - Mozambique 0.003 0.0008333 99.70 - Namibia 0.028 0.0077778 96.91 - Nigeria 0.446 0.1238889 34.18 - Senegal 0.594 0.165 23.18 - South Africa 0.853 0.2369444 2.23 - Sudan 0.743 0.2063889 27.22 - Tanzania United 0.095 0.0263889 95.08 - Togo 0.175 0.0486111 61.07 - Tunisia 0.554 0.1538889 1.52 - Zambia 0.006 0.0016667 99.39 - Zimbabwe 0.516 0.1433333 56.81Middle East 0.693 0.1925 2.82 - Bahrain 0.883 0.2452924 0.00 - Iran Islamic Rep. 0.523 0.1452778 6.46 - Iraq 0.927 0.2575 1.53 - Israel 0.818 0.2272222 0.08 - Jordan 0.640 0.1777778 0.62 - Kuwait 0.663 0.1841667 0.00 - Lebanon 0.709 0.1969444 10.99 - Oman 0.854 0.2372222 0.00 - Qatar 0.779 0.2163889 0.00 - Saudi Arabia 0.749 0.2080556 0.00 - Syria 0.583 0.1619444 13.24 - United Arab Emir 0.781 0.2169444 0.00 - Yemen 0.885 0.2458333 0.00North America 0.458 0.1273148 15.72 - Canada 0.224 0.0622222 58.68 - Mexico 0.576 0.16 15.33 - United States 0.575 0.1597222 9.58Latin America 0.189 0.0525 69.76 - Argentina 0.275 0.0763889 31.70 - Bolivia 0.456 0.1266667 51.13 - Brazil 0.078 0.0216667 86.17 - Chile 0.279 0.0775 48.43 - Colombia 0.153 0.0425 80.86 - Costa Rica 0.020 0.0055556 98.19 - Cuba 1.000 0.2777778 4.66 - Dominican Repub 0.644 0.1788889 12.01 - Ecuador 0.264 0.0733333 58.90 - El Salvador 0.318 0.0883333 54.38 - Guatemala 0.404 0.1122222 47.14 - Haiti 0.320 0.0888309 47.53 - Honduras 0.352 0.0977778 48.48 - Jamaica 0.794 0.2205556 3.46 - Netherlands Antil 0.719 0.1997222 0.00

- Nicaragua 0.559 0.1552778 24.77 - Panama 0.356 0.0988889 66.01 - Paraguay 0.000 0 100.00 - Peru 0.148 0.0411111 72.92 - Trinidad & Tobag 0.731 0.2030556 0.36 - Uruguay 0.002 0.0005556 81.64 - Venezuela 0.245 0.0680556 71.00East Asia 0.772 0.2144444 15.47 - Brunei Darussal 0.804 0.2233651 0.00 - China, People's R 0.771 0.2141667 16.19 - Chinese Taipei 0.633 0.1757559 4.54 - Hong Kong (Chin 0.776 0.2155556 0.00 - Indonesia 0.776 0.2155556 13.59 - Korea, Dem Rep. 0.542 0.1505556 56.89 - Malaysia 0.492 0.1366667 7.03 - Myanmar 0.368 0.1022222 36.21 - Philippines 0.460 0.1277778 33.73 - Singapore 0.562 0.1561111 0.00 - Thailand 0.528 0.1466667 6.99 - Vietnam 0.375 0.1041667 38.38Pacific 0.481 0.1336105 10.96 - Australia 0.868 0.2411111 7.80 - Japan 0.441 0.1225 11.70 - Korea, Rep. of 0.437 0.1213863 1.71 - New Zealand 0.178 0.0494444 73.32Kaspian Region and 0.402 0.1116701 28.70 - Armenia 0.148 0.0411177 33.13 - Azerbaijan 0.524 0.1456473 12.73 - Georgia 0.054 0.0149288 87.36 - Kazakhstan 1.116 0.31 12.04 - Kyrgyzstan 0.084 0.0233333 93.09 - Tajikistan 0.027 0.0075 97.66 - Turkmenistan 0.795 0.2208333 0.03 - Uzbekistan 0.468 0.13 12.84South Asia 0.710 0.1972222 15.61 - Bangladesh 0.572 0.1588889 5.71 - India 0.912 0.2533333 13.53 - Nepal 0.001 0.0002778 99.83 - Pakistan 0.370 0.1027778 29.95 - Sri Lanka 0.407 0.1130556 36.85Russia Federation 0.347 0.0963889 19.32 - Russia 0.329 0.0913889 34.84

Source: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/templates/GHG5/layout.asp?type=p&MenuId=OTAx


%



Conversion figures used in interpretation - Balloons and Cars

Balloons1 hot air balloon = 4 tonnes of CO2

CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of hot air balloons filled with CO2 for interpretation/visualisation purposes.

Car

Petrol Car MJ per lMiles 6.6 31.5 2.3km 10.626 31.5 2.3

Ref: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2005, Dept for Transport, Published Oct 2005CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of km or miles travelled in an ordinary family car for interpretation/visualisation purposes.

www.targetneutral.com/TONIC/targetneutral2.jsp

Distance per l

Emissions per l

http://www.targetneutral.com/TONIC/targetneutral2.jsp

CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of hot air balloons filled with CO2 for interpretation/visualisation purposes.

CO2 produced by field and factory shown as number of km or miles travelled in an ordinary family car for interpretation/visualisation purposes.

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