GIS and Place Mary Fargher Institute of Education University of London [email protected] GTE 2009.

GIS and PlaceGIS and Place

Mary Fargher

Institute of Education

University of London

[email protected]

GTE 2009

Presentation Overview

Research Focus & AimsResearch Focus & Aims Research ApproachesResearch Approaches ‘‘The Literature’The Literature’ Empirical Study: ExemplarEmpirical Study: Exemplar Preliminary FindingsPreliminary Findings SummarySummary DiscussionDiscussion

Research FocusResearch Focus

Processes involved in teaching Processes involved in teaching and learning about placeand learning about place

……....with GISwith GIS

Mary Fargher GTE 2009

Place lies at the heart of Place lies at the heart of geography......geography......


How does GIS influence how How does GIS influence how we we

'know' place?'know' place?


Research AimsResearch AimsTo explore this research questionTo explore this research question::

‘‘How How does GIS influence how does GIS influence how students construct students construct knowledge about place?knowledge about place?


subdivided as…..subdivided as….. HowHow does GIS influence how does GIS influence how

students students conceptualizeconceptualize place? place? How do teachers How do teachers make sense of and make sense of and

mediate GISmediate GIS in their teaching? in their teaching? How do students How do students make sense of and make sense of and

mediatemediate GISGIS in their learning? in their learning?


Research ApproachesResearch ApproachesInterpretiveInterpretive….focusing on ….focusing on deconstruction of deconstruction of processes processes involved involved in :‘Geographyin :‘GeographyPedagogyPedagogyTechnoTechnology’logy’Bricolage Bricolage (Denzin & Lincoln, (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000) 2000) -observe, describe, ask, read, observe, describe, ask, read, reflect, explainreflect, explain Transformative….Transformative….focusing on focusing on praxis through which we ‘make the praxis through which we ‘make the world’ (Lather, 1991)world’ (Lather, 1991)


‘‘The Literature’The Literature’ Theoretical approaches to place Theoretical approaches to place Theoretical origins of GISTheoretical origins of GIS Critical GISCritical GIS: A more progressive : A more progressive

research agenda?research agenda? Geo-visualization Geo-visualization as the ‘fourth as the ‘fourth

r?’ (Goodchild, 2006)r?’ (Goodchild, 2006)


Examining theoretical approaches Examining theoretical approaches to place to place

Place and space as disputed but Place and space as disputed but central concepts central concepts and and territories for territories for many geographers( Hubbard et al; many geographers( Hubbard et al; 2004)2004)

Plurality of approaches (e.g. regional Plurality of approaches (e.g. regional geography, spatial science)geography, spatial science)

Specific elements of each approachSpecific elements of each approach


Specific elements of each approachSpecific elements of each approach

EraEraEssenceEssenceInfluenceInfluenceAdvocatesAdvocatesLegacyLegacy


Figure 1 THE DIVERSITY OF THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO PLACE AND SPACE IN GEOGRAPHY

‘Social Justice and the City’ (Harvey, 1973)‘Spatial divisions of labour’

Harvey (1969, 1973)Smith (1971)Peet (1977)Massey (1984)

MARXISM1960S-RADICAL GEOGRAPHY

‘Sense of Place’‘Placelessness’‘Locale’‘Place as human experience’‘Lived world’

Tuan (1974)Relph (1976)Agnew (1987)Entrikin (1991)Buttimer (1976)Cresswell (2004)

PHENOMENOLOGYEXISTENTIALISM

SUBJECTIVEPEOPLE-CENTRED PLACES

1970s -HUMANISM

Hagerstrand (1982)Golledge

SPATIAL SCIENCECOGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

OBJECTIVEPOSITIVISTSCIENTIFIC SPACE

1970s-BEHAVIOURAL GEOGRAPHY

GIS‘Locational Analysis’Frontiers in Geographical Teaching’(Chorley& Haggett, 1965)‘Geography:A Modern Synthesis’ (Haggett, 1975)‘Remodelling Geography’(MacMillan, 1989)

Gregory (1963)Chorley (1965)Haggett (1975)Berry (1967)ToblerAbler et al; 1971)Harvey (1969)MacMillan

POSITIVISMEUCLIDEAN GEOMETRYSTRUCTURALISM

OBJECTIVESCIENTIFIC QUANTIFICATION OF SPACEMODELLING

1960s/70s - SPATIAL SCIENCE

Systematic regional classification‘Natural Regions’‘Principles of Human Geography’ (Vidal de la Blache, 1921)

Mackinder (1887)Herbertson (1910)Vidal de la Blache (1921)Davis

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHYEXPLORATION

DESCRIPTIVE /IDIOGRAPHIC PLACE

Late19thcentury-Mid-1970s

REGIONALIST GEOGRAPHY

Human-environment relationshipGeography’s ‘Social Darwinism ?’‘Influences of Human Environment’ ( Semple, 1915)

Ratzel Semple(1915)

DARWINISMINDUCTIVE REASONING

Late 19th/early 20th century

ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINISM

LEGACYADVOCATESINFLUENCESESSENCEERAAPPROACH


‘Geographies of difference’‘Relational analyses of place and space’‘Non -representational theory’‘Geography of event’

Soja (1989)Doel (1999)Crang (2000) Thrift (2003)Latham (2003)Massey (2005)

POSTMODERNISM SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED PLACES SPACES AS RELATIONS NOT STRUCTURESSPACES & PLACES AS OPEN & CONNECTED

‘Situated knowledges’Foucault Lefebvre (1991)Soja ( 1996, 1985)Haraway(1991)

POST-STRUCTURALISMSPACE AS PROCESS

‘New Models in Geography’ (Peet & Thrift eds; 1989) (partial) theorizing of ‘Regionalization’‘Becoming of a place’

Harvey Giddens Pred (1987)

POST-STRUCTURALISMMARXISM STRUCTURATION THEORY

CRITICAL GEOGRAPHIES

‘Locality’‘Substantive geographies’‘Geographical imaginations’

Urry (1981)Sayer (1985)Gregory (1985)

MARXISMSPACE & SOCIAL RELATIONS

1980s -REALISM

‘Social Justice and the City’ (Harvey, 1973)‘Spatial divisions of labour’

Harvey (1969, 1973)Smith (1971)Peet (1977)Massey (1984)

MARXISM1960S-RADICAL GEOGRAPHY


Theoretical origins of GIS Theoretical origins of GIS

Origins – Quantitative revolution of Origins – Quantitative revolution of the 1960s & 70sthe 1960s & 70s

– – Geography as a ‘bona fide science?’Geography as a ‘bona fide science?’

(Unwin, 1992)(Unwin, 1992) Designed with Designed with ‘spatial science in ‘spatial science in

mind’mind’


Subsequent criticisms….Subsequent criticisms…. Positivist origins – Positivist origins – Designed (only?) to Designed (only?) to

locate, identify, predict, problem-locate, identify, predict, problem-solve?solve?

Questionable ethics behind the Questionable ethics behind the technology- technology- Commercially-orientated, Commercially-orientated, dubious military applications, non-dubious military applications, non-participatory?participatory?

‘‘Ground Truth : The Social Ground Truth : The Social Implications of GIS’ (Edited by John Implications of GIS’ (Edited by John Pickles, 1995)Pickles, 1995)

Limitations to Limitations to thinking thinking geographicallygeographically??Mary Fargher GTE 2009

‘‘GIS was by implication, a means of GIS was by implication, a means of limiting the proliferation of limiting the proliferation of

epistemologies in geography.’epistemologies in geography.’(Schuurman, 2000, pg. 580)(Schuurman, 2000, pg. 580)

A technology that could quantify A technology that could quantify but not but not qualify?qualify?

Mary Fargher IoE London 2008

Critical GIS: Critical GIS: A more 'progressive' A more 'progressive' research agenda?research agenda?

Fuller analysis of how GIS Fuller analysis of how GIS represents people, space and represents people, space and environments (O’Sullivan, 2006)environments (O’Sullivan, 2006)

Participatory GIS Participatory GIS (PGIS)- ‘GIS for (PGIS)- ‘GIS for the people?’the people?’

- e.g. ‘Worldfish’ (Aceh, Indonesia, e.g. ‘Worldfish’ (Aceh, Indonesia, post-tsunami)post-tsunami)


‘‘This is not technical knowledge but rather deep This is not technical knowledge but rather deep knowledge which places cultural values on land knowledge which places cultural values on land

and place which is manifested in fuzzy, and place which is manifested in fuzzy, emotional and holistic terms (McCall and emotional and holistic terms (McCall and

Minang, 2005) and which may not fit neatly into Minang, 2005) and which may not fit neatly into the spatially precise demands of a GIS.’the spatially precise demands of a GIS.’

(Dunn, 2007, pg 623)(Dunn, 2007, pg 623)


Geo-visualization as the fourth Geo-visualization as the fourth ‘r’?‘r’?**

Virtual globes – Virtual globes – Google Earth, Google Earth, Worldwind, ArcExplorer, Virtual Worldwind, ArcExplorer, Virtual Earth etc. Earth etc.

Multi-source/HolisticMulti-source/Holistic GIS – e.g. GIS – e.g. Koravec on hurricanes (Koravec on hurricanes (3 years 3 years prior to ‘Katrina’)prior to ‘Katrina’)

* (Goodchild, 2006)* (Goodchild, 2006)Mary Fargher GTE 2009

Empirical Study: ExemplarEmpirical Study: Exemplar

Ongoing data collection in schoolOngoing data collection in school- Year 9 students & their teachersYear 9 students & their teachers- Lesson observation & interviewLesson observation & interview Studying Places with GISStudying Places with GIS- Based around the South Asia tsunami - Based around the South Asia tsunami

(2004)(2004)- Using : ArcGIS 9Using : ArcGIS 9 Google EarthGoogle Earth ‘ ‘Multi-source/Holistic GIS’Multi-source/Holistic GIS’


ArcGIS 9ArcGIS 9

Geo-visualizationGeo-visualization ‘‘Traditional’ Cartesian GISTraditional’ Cartesian GIS Enquiry-based – event as: ‘disaster’, Enquiry-based – event as: ‘disaster’,

‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’ ‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’ ‘globally interdependent’‘globally interdependent’

Spatial Analysis via maps, tables, Spatial Analysis via maps, tables, calculationscalculations


ExampleExample

Using ArcGIS to teach about the Using ArcGIS to teach about the South Asia tsunami South Asia tsunami (2004)............................(2004)............................

*Following images from Dascombe, *Following images from Dascombe, ESRI Australia (2005)ESRI Australia (2005)


Mary Fargher IoE London 2008

Brett Dascombe ESRI Australia 2005

Brett Dascombe ESRI Australia 2005

Google EarthGoogle Earth

Geo-visualizationGeo-visualization ‘‘Fly-to-technology’Fly-to-technology’ Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’, Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’,

‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘tectonic hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘globally interdependent’‘globally interdependent’


2004...vity_1.kmz

Multi-source/Holistic GISMulti-source/Holistic GIS

Geo-visualization (ArcGIS/GE combined)Geo-visualization (ArcGIS/GE combined) Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’, ‘tectonic Enquiry based – event as ‘disaster’, ‘tectonic

hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘globally interdependent’hazard’, ‘aid role-play’, ‘globally interdependent’ Selected Selected social phenomena (Vid/podcast, wiki, social phenomena (Vid/podcast, wiki,

flickr, etc; kml-enabled)flickr, etc; kml-enabled)

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/2004_Indonesia_Tsunami.gif Students create ‘My Place’ of 2004 S.Asia Students create ‘My Place’ of 2004 S.Asia

tsunamitsunami http://apps.develebridge.net/usiotws/15/http://apps.develebridge.net/usiotws/15/

Grant_WorldFish_FisheriesAquaculture.pdfGrant_WorldFish_FisheriesAquaculture.pdf


Shortcut to tsunamiliving amongstthe ghosts.lnk

Preliminary FindingsPreliminary Findings How digital GI about place is How digital GI about place is

constructed mattersconstructed matters Students respond significantly Students respond significantly

differently to place when using differently to place when using 'traditional GIS (e.g. ArcGIS) as 'traditional GIS (e.g. ArcGIS) as opposed to virtual globesopposed to virtual globes

When students 'construct' their own When students 'construct' their own places in GIS, they appear to develop places in GIS, they appear to develop a deeper knowledge of place which is a deeper knowledge of place which is not solely 'location-orientated'not solely 'location-orientated'

Teachers respond positively to a wider Teachers respond positively to a wider pedagogical discussion about GIS and pedagogical discussion about GIS and placeplace

Mary Fargher IoE 2009

Research SummaryResearch Summary

Focus on Focus on processes processes involved ininvolved in teaching and learning about teaching and learning about placesplaces with GISwith GIS

‘‘GeographyGeographyPedagogyPedagogyTechnology’Technology’ Via Via iinterpretive nterpretive approachesapproaches Using ‘traditional GIS’, Virtual Using ‘traditional GIS’, Virtual

Globes & Multi-source/Holistic GISGlobes & Multi-source/Holistic GIS In contribution to a wider In contribution to a wider critical critical

debate debate about the about the role of GIS in role of GIS in schoolsschools Mary Fargher IoE 2009

ReferencesReferences

Dascombe, Brett, (2005)http://gis.esri.com/industries/education/arclessons/Dascombe, Brett, (2005)http://gis.esri.com/industries/education/arclessons/ Denzin, Norman K; Lincoln, Yvonna S; Eds. ( Denzin, Norman K; Lincoln, Yvonna S; Eds. ( (2002) ‘Handbook of Qualitative (2002) ‘Handbook of Qualitative

Research.’ Second Edition.Sage :Thousand Oaks.Research.’ Second Edition.Sage :Thousand Oaks. Dunn, C.E. (2007).Dunn, C.E. (2007). ‘Participatory GIS – a people’s GIS?’ ‘Participatory GIS – a people’s GIS?’ Progress in Human Progress in Human

Geography Geography 31 No. 5, 616-637 (2007)31 No. 5, 616-637 (2007)DOI: 10.1177/0309132507081493DOI: 10.1177/0309132507081493

Goodchild Goodchild (2006) ‘ The Fourth R? Rethinking GIS Education’- ESRI ArcNews (2006) ‘ The Fourth R? Rethinking GIS Education’- ESRI ArcNews http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/fall06articles/the-fourth-r.html

Korevec, N. (2002).Korevec, N. (2002). ‘GIS Assessment of the Vulnerability of a Core Tourist ‘GIS Assessment of the Vulnerability of a Core Tourist Area in New Orleans to Impacts of Flood Inundation During a Hurricane Area in New Orleans to Impacts of Flood Inundation During a Hurricane Event.’ Event.’ Trends in Cultural Geography Trends in Cultural Geography GEOG 7911 Cultural Landscapes, GEOG 7911 Cultural Landscapes, Spring 2002.Spring 2002.

Lather (1991)Lather (1991) ‘Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy With/in the ‘Getting Smart: Feminist Research and Pedagogy With/in the Postmodern.’ Routledge : New YorkPostmodern.’ Routledge : New York

O’Sullivan, D. (2006).O’Sullivan, D. (2006). ‘Geographical Information science : Critical GIS’ ‘Geographical Information science : Critical GIS’ Progress in Human Geography Progress in Human Geography , 30, (6)., 30, (6). Pickles ed; (1995)Pickles ed; (1995) ‘Ground truth: The social implications of geographic. ‘Ground truth: The social implications of geographic.

information systems.’ Routledge: New Yorkinformation systems.’ Routledge: New York Schuurman, N. (2000).Schuurman, N. (2000). ‘Trouble in the heartland : GIS and its critics in the ‘Trouble in the heartland : GIS and its critics in the

1990s’ 1990s’ Progress in Human Geography Progress in Human Geography 24, 4 (569-590)24, 4 (569-590) Unwin (1992) ‘The place of geography’ Longman:Harlow.Unwin (1992) ‘The place of geography’ Longman:Harlow.


Thank you for listening….Thank you for listening….

Any questions?Any questions?

[email protected]@ioe.ac.uk


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GIS and Place Mary Fargher Institute of Education University of London [email protected] GTE 2009.

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