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GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems AIChE Webinar John Cirucci ©2016 John Cirucci 1
GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
AIChE Webinar
John Cirucci
©2016 John Cirucci 1
• What is GIS? • Tools and Methods • Applications • Examples • Future Trends
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GIS for ChEs Introduction to Geographic Information Systems
©2016 John Cirucci
3 ©2016 John Cirucci
©2016 John Cirucci 4
Broad St Cholera Outbreak 1854
John Snow (1813 – 1858) - Obstetrician
Soho District, London
©2016 John Cirucci 5
John Snow Obstetrician 1813 – 1858
©2016 John Cirucci 6
Location of Cholera Cases
©2016 John Cirucci 7
Location of Cholera Cases Town Pumps
©2016 John Cirucci 8
Location of Cholera Cases Town Pumps Contaminated Pump
©2016 John Cirucci 9
“GIS” “Geographic Information System” decision-support computational tool “Geographic Information Science” discipline
Application of geospatial technologies to address basic scientific questions 10 ©2016 John Cirucci
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Data Visualization
Trends
Patterns
Relationships
Geographic Information Science and Technology
Body of Knowledge Ca
rtogr
aphy
and
Visu
aliza
tion • History and
trends • Data
considerations • Principles of map
design • Graphic
representation techniques
• Map production • Map use and
evaluation
Desig
n As
pect
s •Scope •Project definition •Resource planning •Database design •Analysis design •Application design •System
Implementation
Anal
ytic
al M
etho
ds •Query operations
•Geometric Measures
•Analytical operations and methods
•Analysis of surfaces
•Spatial statistics •Data mining •network analysis •Optimization and
location-allocation modeling
Data
Mod
elin
g •Basic storage and retrieval structures
•Database management systems
•Tesselation data models
•Vector and object data models
•Modeling 3D, uncertain and temporal phenomena Co
ncep
tual
Foun
datio
ns •Philosophical
foundations •Cognitive and
social foundations •Domains of
geographic information
•Elements of geographic information
•Relationships •Imperfections in
geographic information
11 ©2016 John Cirucci DiBiase, David, et al. "Introducing the first edition of GIS&T BOK." Cartography and Geographic Information Science 34.2 (2007): 113-120.
The Map …oldest man-made model?
12 ©2016 John Cirucci
Babylonian “road map” of Nippur ca. 1400 BC New York City Google Maps ca. 2015
Trimble
Data Sources useful information which has location
Field data
Remote sensing
Aerial imagery
Internal data
Public databases
Private databases
©2016 John Cirucci 13
GIS Data Configuration
©2016 John Cirucci 14
LAYERS georeferenced to a COORDINATE SYSTEM PROJECTION represents curved surface in 2D data stored in VECTOR or RASTER formats
USGS National Map
points
lines
polygons
GIS Data Configuration
©2016 John Cirucci 15
LAYERS georeferenced to a COORDINATE SYSTEM PROJECTION represents curved surface in 2D data stored in VECTOR or RASTER formats
USGS National Map
points
lines
polygons
File types include: shapefile, geojson, KML, geoTIFF or feature class in a geodatabase
GIS Data Attributes
©2016 John Cirucci 16
Layers can comprise multiple features Features can comprise multiple attribute fields
FEA
TUR
ES
FIELDS
Basic GIS Data Operations
©2016 John Cirucci 17
ESRI
• Projections and Datums
• Geocode / Georeference
• Spatial queries
• Merge, join, dissolve, intersect features
• Boolean overlay operations
• Feature filtering based on conditional values
• Distance operations – measures, buffers
GIS Spatial Analysis and Geostatistics
©2016 John Cirucci 18
Spatial is Special "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things.” Waldo Tobler
• Density surface and point pattern analysis
• Spatial interpolation
• Trend surface analysis
• Focal operations
• Alternative overlay – fuzzy, weight of evidence
• Cost distance network analysis
• Multi-criteria decision analysis
GIS Tools Commercial
• ArcGIS ESRI • Autodesk • IDRISI • API: Google Maps
Open Source • QGIS • GRASS • web servers: Map Server, QGIS server, GeoServer • associated: TileMill, Mapnik • database: PostGIS, SpatiaLite • API: OpenLayers, Leaflet, ModestMaps, D3, Polymap
©2016 John Cirucci 19
Example 1: Processing and Spatial Visualization of Tabular Data
©2016 John Cirucci 20
Annual Energy Data by State US Census state boundary shapefiles Energy consumption by type State Renewal Portfolio Standard obligation
Example 1: Processing and Spatial Visualization of Tabular Data
©2016 John Cirucci 21
Example 2: Surface Analysis – Hydraulics – Dominican Republic
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Geospatial Data Compilation Field data – location coordinates
• Houses • Barns • Schools • Wells • Water tanks
Digitization of aerial imagery • roads • waterways • water bodies • structures
Digital elevation model data governmental boundary shapefiles
humanitarian development – building water infrastructure for a rural community
Example 2: Surface Analysis – Hydraulics – Dominican Republic
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Elevation
Proposed Water Line - Cabeza de Toro - Dec 20152,0001,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008006004002000
Ele
vatio
n (m
eter
s)84
82
80
7876
74
72
70 Slope
Proposed Water Line - Cabeza de Toro - Dec 2015meters
2,0001,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008006004002000
% s
lope
5
4
3
2
1
Spatial watershed analyses Surface characterization Evaluation of pipeline routing Profile analysis
Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting – Retrospective Analysis
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Waste Transfer Station
LOWER COST
NiMBy
Lower fuel and
labor cost
Traffic Odor Noise Real Estate
Competing Siting Criteria
• Lower operating cost • Improved energy efficiency • Remote disposal enabled
Environmental Protection Agency (2000)
41 Large Volume Transfer Stations ≥ 100 tons/day
Los Angeles County
Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting – Retrospective Analysis
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Identify and Test Probable Criteria • Best practice siting guidance • Data availability Distance to population Distance to disposal Distance to other stations Road Network Terrain Land Use Zoning Income Race and Ethnicity Gender Age Family size Housing Type
Aggregate and Convert • Resolution related to site characteristics • Practical dataset size for analyses
Census Blocks Zoning DEM Facilities
(100 m)2 cell Raster Layers
Roads
California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (2014) Department of Regional Planning, County of Los Angeles (2015) Southern California Association of Governments (2015) United States Census Bureau (2015)
250 m radius
500 m radius
Neighborhood Analyses
Cost Distance Travel Network
Example 3: Waste Transfer Station Siting – Retrospective Analysis
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Los Angeles County
City of Los Angeles
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0.34
0.089 0.068 0.052 0.043 0.024 0.018 0.017 0.012 0.0085
NEGATIVE
POSITIVE
Logistic Regression Fit to Value Preference Decision Rule Form Spatial Probability Model
Correlation does not imply causation!
Trends
• Real-time GIS • Internet of things • Indoor mapping • 3D GIS • Crowdsourcing • Augmented reality • GIS domain expansion
27 ©2016 John Cirucci
3deling
VTN Consulting
SGI
