VIDYA VIKAS INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

MYSORE – BANNUR ROAD, ALANAHALLI, LALITADRIPURA POST, MYSORE – 570010.

 Department of Civil Engineering 

A Seminar on“GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM”

ByRAJATH.R

USN 4VM06CV023

INTRODUCTION TO GIS

• A GIS is a system for capturing,storing,analyzing,managing and presenting spatially referenced data.

• It allows users to edit maps, analyze spatial information.

What is GIS?Geographic Information System

– Geographic • Survey measurement, pipe, valve, meter, address, streetintersection, zip code, etc – Information • Flat file, relational database table, spreadsheet, scanned image,digital photo, CAD file, etc – System • Records Management, Watershed, Flow Modeling, Customer Billing,Valve Maintenance, Valve Isolation Trace, Customer Informationsystem….

• Resulting in• Improved communications• Enhanced decision making

“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth. This is normally considered to involve a spatially referenced computer database and appropriate applications software”

Chorley Report, 1987

Toolbox-based definitions

‘a powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world’

-Burrough 1986 

‘a system for capturing, storing, checking, manipulating, analyzing and displaying data which are spatially referenced to the Earth’

-Department of Environment 1987 

‘an information technology which stores, analyses, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data’

-Parker 1988

Database definitions

‘a database system in which most of the data are spatially indexed, and upon which a set of procedures operated in order to answer queries about spatial entities in the database’

-Smith et al.1987  ‘any manual or computer based set of procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced data’

-Aronoff 1989 

Organization-based definitions

‘an automated set of functions that provides professionals with advanced capabilities for the storage, retrieval, manipulation and display of geographically located data’

-Ozemoy, Smith, and Sicherman 1981  ‘an institutional entity, reflecting an organizational structure that integrates technology with a database, expertise and continuing financial support over time’

-Carter 1989  ‘a decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment’

-Cowen 1988 

BASIC CONCEPTS OF GIS

•GIS is a computerized information storage that have hardware and software specifically designed to cope with geographically referenced spatial data and attribute information.

•The spatial data is commonly in the form of "layers".

•Its capability of combining different map layers in an operation, known as "overlaying".

•Attribute data are descriptive data of point, line and area features.

Data stored as theme layers in the computer linked to a common geo-referencing system.

MAP SCALE

• 1:1000,000 Country or State level• 1: 250, 000 State or District level • 1: 50,000 District level • 1: 12,500 Micro level

USES OF MAPS

• Used for navigation and military purposes.• Maps are used for organizing geographic data.• Maps are always static versions i.e, they are

permanent prints on paper, in which alterations or changes cannot be made.

• Maps are always drawn to some scale, smaller the scale more detailed will be the map.

•In 1854, John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London.

•In 1962, the development of the world's first true operational GIS in Ottawa, by Dr. Roger Tomlinson, it was called the "Canada Geographic Information System” (CGIS).

•Tomlinson known as the "Father of GIS".

KEY COMPONENTS OF GISKEY COMPONENTS OF GIS

Hardware&SoftwareCapture, Storage, processing

Analysis, Display etc.,

Design of Standards, Updating, Analysis and Implementations

Maps, Aerial photographs, SatelliteImages, Statistic Tables etc,

• GIS handles SPATIAL information– Information referenced

by its location in space

• GIS makes connections between activities based on spatial proximity

CREATING A GIS

• Data input

• Data Storage • Data Analysis and modeling, and

• Data Output and presentation

PRODUCERS AND SOURCES OF GIS DATA

Topographical Mapping : National Mapping Agencies, private Mapping Companies

Land Registration and Cadastre

Hydrographic Mapping

Military Organizations

PRODUCERS AND SOURCES OF GIS DATA

• Remote Sensing companies and satellite agencies.

• Natural resource surveys : Geologists ; Hydrologiests ; Physical Geographers

• Soil Scientists ; Land Evaluators ; Ecologists and Biogeographers ; Meteorologists and Climatologists ; Oceanographers.

• Digitizing from paper maps• Scanning• Traditional surveying techniques• Paper records & field notes• Photogrammetry• Remote sensing• GPS

DATASPATIAL DATA

ATTRIBUTE DATA

Data Stream

• Spatial non-spatial

Maps

Images

Schematic diagrams

Oblique photographs

Videography Films

Postcodes/ZIP codes Financial statements

Raster

Vector

DATA MODEL AND STRUCTUREDATA MODEL AND STRUCTURE

RASTER MODELRASTER MODEL VECTOR MODELVECTOR MODEL

RASTER AND VECTOR SPATIAL DATA MODELS

Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents

• Points have a single geographic coordinate such as:– Tree– Traffic accident– Lamp post

Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents• Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographic

coordinates joined to form a line such as:– Road– Stream – Railway

Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents

• Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic coordinates joined together to form a boundary such as: – Lake– Soil types

ADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODELADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL

• PRECISE EXPRESSIONPRECISE EXPRESSION• LESS DATA VOLUMELESS DATA VOLUME• FULL TOPOLOGYFULL TOPOLOGY• FAST RETRIEVALFAST RETRIEVAL• FAST CONVERSIONFAST CONVERSION

ADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODELADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL

• SIMPLE DATA STRUCTURESIMPLE DATA STRUCTURE• EASY FOR OVERLAY AND EASY FOR OVERLAY AND MODELLINGMODELLING• SUITABLE FOR 3D DISPLAYSUITABLE FOR 3D DISPLAY• INTEGRATION OF IMAGE DATAINTEGRATION OF IMAGE DATA• AUTOMATED DATA CAPTUREAUTOMATED DATA CAPTURE

DISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODELDISADVANTAGES OF VECTOR MODEL

• COMPLICATED STRUCTURECOMPLICATED STRUCTURE• DIFFICULTY IN OVERLAYDIFFICULTY IN OVERLAY• DIFFICULTY IN UPDATINGDIFFICULTY IN UPDATING• EXPENSIVE DATA CAPTUREEXPENSIVE DATA CAPTURE

DISADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODELDISADVANTAGES OF RASTER MODEL

• LARGE DATA VOLUMELARGE DATA VOLUME• LOW PRECISIONLOW PRECISION• DIFFICULTY IN NETWORK DIFFICULTY IN NETWORK ANAYLYSISANAYLYSIS• SLOW CONVERSIONSLOW CONVERSION

• 1. Smart, interactive, functional Map

DBMSDBMS

3. 3. A well-managed system of A well-managed system of informationinformation

Data FilesData Files

2. A set of tools and procedures A language to perform tasks

GIS Composites

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

DATA INPUT: DIGITISING

FUNCTIONALITIES OF GIS

•Overlay analysis

•Interpolation

•Digital elevation model

•Visualization

•Digital mapping

•Network analysis

Agriculture Monitoring and management from farm to National levels

Archaeology Site description and scenario evaluation. 

Environment Monitoring, modeling, and management for land degradation;Land evaluation and rural planning; landslides; desertification; Water quality and quantity; plagues; air quantity; weather and climate modeling and prediction.

Epidemiology and Health

Location of disease in relation to einvormental factors. 

Forestry Management, planning and optimizing extraction and replanting. 

Emergency services Optimizing fire, police and ambulance routing; improved understanding of crime and its location.

Navigation Air, sea and land. 

Marketing Site location and target groups; optimizing goods delivery. 

Real Estate Legal aspects of the cadastre, property values in relation to location, insurance.

Regional / local Planning

Development of plans, costing, maintenance, management. 

Road and rail Planning and management. 

Site evaluation and Costing

Cut and fill, computing volumes of materials. 

Social studies Analysis of demographic movements and developments. 

Tourism Location and management of facilities and attractions. 

Utilities Location, management, and planning of water, drains, gas, Electricity, telephone, cable services.

• Improved public and private decision making in administration, planning and operation.

 • Improved in formation and service to the public.

• Increased safety, reduction in impact of disasters through better planning and Management capabilities.

• Improved environment for future generations.

• Improved, more meaningful and quick decisions regarding new development and better analysis of market and site conditions.

Operation and maintenance engineers; a typical decision may be whether to replace or repair a damaged water main.

Regional planners; characteristic tasks involve presentations of plans to municipal authorities in a realistic, a varied, visual manner.

Building authority functionaries, representative jobs include processing building permit applications involving access roads, water supply or sewage.

Revenue officials, typically dealing with tax assessment and tax payer addresses.

Road engineers, whose responsibilities include locating new roads to minimize cut-and-fill operations.

Information officers; information produced may include complete packages to newly established firms with details on industrial areas, schools, and transportation.

Local officials, who may require updated overviews on the effects of effluents on water quality at public beaches or the effects of zoning on school capacities.

Fire brigades, for whom rapid, reliable information on the locations of fires and the presence of hazards such as explosives would be invaluable

Forest managers planning harvest operations, computing volumes of annual growths, estimating road costs and identifying sensitive wildlife areas.

Bank officials, perhaps wishing to verify ownership of properties offered as collateral.

Oil tanker captains maneuvering a ship in hazardous waters.

Truck drivers seeking to minimize the problems of transporting an extra wise load between two points.

CONCLUSION• GIS, a powerful spatial technology provides

the scientific environment to store and analyze multidisciplinary data for solving such real world problems.

• GIS can be effectively used for solving the various aspects related to technical, environmental, socio-economical and political issues of interlinking process.

• GIS improves the speed and accuracy with which you act by uncovering trends and patterns hidden in your data.

ESRI:www.esri.com/gisFAO: http://www.fao.org/sd/eidirect/gis/EIgis000.htmwww.google.com giswww.wikepedia.com/gis

Thank you Thank you