Gkc Oneworld Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply Project

[email protected]

May 2011

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public GrievancesMinistry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of Indiahttp://indiagovernance.gov.in/

Researched and Documented by

OneWorld Foundation India

Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply Project

Transparency and Accountability

Governance Knowledge CentrePromoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances

Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions

Government of India

Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................

Background ................................

Objective ................................................................

Working Design ................................

Methodology ................................

Key Stakeholders ................................

Lessons Learned ................................

Way ahead ................................

Appendix A ................................

Appendix B ................................


Governance Knowledge Centre Promoted by Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances


Researched and documented by


Water and Sanitation

Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply

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Case Study Water and Sanitation


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Government of India

Executive SummaryThe Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply Project was a demand driven decentralised

community effort for the development of water supply and sanitation in the rural areas of

coastal Ghogha Region of Gujarat. This project was the first ever participatory secto

model of the government of Gujarat.

The objective of the project was to

through decentralisation and community involvement in conception, operation and

maintenance of the project.

Ghogha Project was started in the year 1997. It was implemented in Bhavnagar, Ghogha and

Talaja blocks of Bhavnagar district covering an area of about 614 sq. km. 82 villages were

included in the project with an estimated population of 2, 00,000 according to

The project was successful in facilitating dual source

quality of water, providing household piped water connection and also managing water

resources for sustainable use. Other important

sanitation and hygiene practices in the region. Waste water disposal system, latrines and

sanitation units were constructed for the purpose.

The project was unique in its approach as it

model in development projects in Gujarat. Active participation of NGOs, formation of

community mandated pani samitis

and effective decentralisation of resources and responsibili

success as it was built on mutual trust

community.

Ghogha experience resulted in the formation of

Organisation (WASMO), a crucial org

community participation in the water sector beyond Gho

Background Issues pertaining to water crisis are not alien to the state of Gujarat. With over exploitation of

ground water for irrigation purposes, fluctuating rainfall and declining traditional methods of

managing resources the drinking water crisis situation acqu

drought, competition and conflict for survival.








Executive Summary The Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply Project was a demand driven decentralised


coastal Ghogha Region of Gujarat. This project was the first ever participatory secto

model of the government of Gujarat.

was to achieve sustainability in rural water supply and sanitation


ha Project was started in the year 1997. It was implemented in Bhavnagar, Ghogha and


included in the project with an estimated population of 2, 00,000 according to

ul in facilitating dual source of water supply in villages,


use. Other important components of the project were


sanitation units were constructed for the purpose.

s unique in its approach as it institutionalised the decen


ommunity mandated pani samitis and inclusion of women ensured meaningful participation

and effective decentralisation of resources and responsibilities in the project. The project was a

success as it was built on mutual trust and invoked a strong sense of ownership among the

e resulted in the formation of Water and Sanitation Management

Organisation (WASMO), a crucial organisation of the government of Gujarat that is promoting

in the water sector beyond Ghogha.

Issues pertaining to water crisis are not alien to the state of Gujarat. With over exploitation of


managing resources the drinking water crisis situation acquires an acute dimension leading to

drought, competition and conflict for survival.



May 2011

2

The Ghogha Rural Drinking Water Supply Project was a demand driven decentralised


coastal Ghogha Region of Gujarat. This project was the first ever participatory sector reform

achieve sustainability in rural water supply and sanitation


ha Project was started in the year 1997. It was implemented in Bhavnagar, Ghogha and


included in the project with an estimated population of 2, 00,000 according to 2001 census.

of water supply in villages, enhancing the


components of the project were to improve


institutionalised the decentralised participatory


and inclusion of women ensured meaningful participation

ties in the project. The project was a

ownership among the

Water and Sanitation Management

n of the government of Gujarat that is promoting

Issues pertaining to water crisis are not alien to the state of Gujarat. With over exploitation of


ires an acute dimension leading to




Government of India

Diverse geological, hydrological

surface and groundwater sources in the state. Erratic rainfall constitutes

scarcity with differential distribution pattern of rainfall over 2000 mm in Dangs in South

Gujarat to 200 mm in Kutch1

Seasonal migration rate in the region is also n

In the Ghogha region the ground wat

Depletion of water tables in hot summers results

government used to supply tank water in the region for months t

the year 2000-01, drinking water was supplied to 4054

to severe drought, water trains had to be supplied by the administration.

Analysis of the habitation survey conducted by the Gujarat Water Supply and Sewage Board

(GWSSB) showed that more than 50 percent of total habitations in Gujarat were facing low

water availability and water quality problem

The state government envisioned the Ghogha

that would create drinking water grid for bulk water transmission from water sources to the

needy, taking water resource management and conservation measures. The project set to

achieve the objectives with large scale community partnership in managing water supply

infrastructure and service delivery at the local level.

Ghogha project was designed in the year 1994

that would rely on the Shetrunji re

largest river in Gujarat. The GWSSB was the implementation agency of the project. Research

and earlier experiences indicated that building of local institutional capacity to set up and

manage local resources in

sustainability. The project finalised to provide external piped water only to the no

villages5.

1 From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO.2 Khurana, Indira and Manmohan Sehgal. Drinking water source sustaina

improvement in rural Gujarat, WASMO.3 From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO4 Ibid 5 A village is a no source village if it has any of the following characteristics: (1) No public well, (2) has a

public well that dries up in summer making villagers travel more than 1 km to fetch water, (3) a source

of water supply more than 1 km away, (4) no possibility of a well, nee








verse geological, hydrological and climatic conditions have bearing on the availability of

sources in the state. Erratic rainfall constitutes

differential distribution pattern of rainfall over 2000 mm in Dangs in South

1. Farmers find it difficult to manage more than 1

Seasonal migration rate in the region is also noticeable.

the ground water had high salinity component like in all coastal areas.

tables in hot summers results in drying up of wells or turns

government used to supply tank water in the region for months to address the issue. During

01, drinking water was supplied to 4054 villages in tankers3

severe drought, water trains had to be supplied by the administration.



water availability and water quality problem4.

oned the Ghogha project as a drought proofing long term effort



ectives with large scale community partnership in managing water supply

infrastructure and service delivery at the local level.

t was designed in the year 1994 as a conventional rural water supply scheme

that would rely on the Shetrunji reservoir for the resource, the Shetrunji being the second



l resources in villages with reliable source of water was a better route to

sustainability. The project finalised to provide external piped water only to the no

From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO.

Indira and Manmohan Sehgal. Drinking water source sustainability and groundwater quality

improvement in rural Gujarat, WASMO.

From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO

ge if it has any of the following characteristics: (1) No public well, (2) has a


of water supply more than 1 km away, (4) no possibility of a well, needed a tube well for drinking water,



May 2011

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and climatic conditions have bearing on the availability of

sources in the state. Erratic rainfall constitutes a major cause of the

differential distribution pattern of rainfall over 2000 mm in Dangs in South

. Farmers find it difficult to manage more than 1-2 crops a year.

like in all coastal areas.

in drying up of wells or turns saline2. The

o address the issue. During

3. In the year 2000 due



project as a drought proofing long term effort



ectives with large scale community partnership in managing water supply

as a conventional rural water supply scheme

hetrunji being the second



villages with reliable source of water was a better route to

sustainability. The project finalised to provide external piped water only to the no -source

From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO.

bility and groundwater quality

From policy to practice: Users as managers of rural drinking water supply systems, WASMO

ge if it has any of the following characteristics: (1) No public well, (2) has a


ded a tube well for drinking water,




Government of India

The project rolled out in the year 1997

blocks of Bhavnagar district covering an area of about 614 sq. km. 82 villages were included in

the project with an estimated population of 2, 00,000 according to 2001 census. Total fund for

the project was rupees 5960.41 lakhs

Objective The overall purpose of the project is to develop, integrating with water resources management, the

improved, safe, reliable and sustainable drinking water and environmental sanitation provisions in 81

villages and 1 town of Bhavnagar district in

managed through the local pani-

In order to provide reliable, sustainable and cost effective water supply and sanitation facilities

Ghogha project aimed to develop and apply concepts and

community owned and managed water supply systems.

In order to advance environmental sanitation and pers

improvement in the disposal of human excreta and increase in the coverage of household

latrines.

In order to ensure active and effective participatio

measures for local institutes such as Pani Samities were undert

Working Design The Ghogha project was implemented in two phases.

A. The first phase was from 1997 to 2002.

In this phase Gujarat Water Supply and Sewage Board (GWSSB) was the nodal agency

for implementation, administration and reporting of the pro

Agency was the donor of Ghogha project.

(5) there is a public well, but the supply is below 70 lpcd ( Litres Per Capita Per Day), (6) non potable

water supply (GWSSB 2000). 6 Pioneering the community managed approached, WASMO. pp 67 Amendment to grant agreement, dated 2 December 2002. Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water?

Learning from public-private partnership in Gujarat, pp 163








in the year 1997. It was implemented in Bhavnagar,



the project was rupees 5960.41 lakhs6.

The overall purpose of the project is to develop, integrating with water resources management, the


villages and 1 town of Bhavnagar district in Gujarat, where facilities will be community owned and

- samities7


Ghogha project aimed to develop and apply concepts and methodologies that would support

community owned and managed water supply systems.

In order to advance environmental sanitation and personal hygiene the project aimed


tive and effective participation of the community, capacity building

for local institutes such as Pani Samities were undertaken.

The Ghogha project was implemented in two phases.

was from 1997 to 2002.


for implementation, administration and reporting of the project. Royal Netherlands

Agency was the donor of Ghogha project.


managed approached, WASMO. pp 6

nt, dated 2 December 2002. Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water?

private partnership in Gujarat, pp 163



May 2011

4

. It was implemented in Bhavnagar, Ghogha and Talaja



The overall purpose of the project is to develop, integrating with water resources management, the


Gujarat, where facilities will be community owned and


methodologies that would support

onal hygiene the project aimed at


n of the community, capacity building


ject. Royal Netherlands


nt, dated 2 December 2002. Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water?




Government of India

In the first phase, the project called for NGO cooperation to assess the human resource

available and to appraise the socio

capacity and willingness of the people to share cost of the project. NGOs were expected

to facilitate community capacity building. Pilot projects were initiated on the basis of

local need assessment.

Pani Samities were formed as a sub

responsible for planning, implementation and management of the in

supply and sanitation systems. Along with Pani Samities, other groups such as women

Self Help Groups (SHGs) w

However, the midterm review of the project found that there was a need for institutional

restructuring.

GWSSB was unable to

first phase due to lack of clear

contractors and had very little autonomy because of financial dependence and

monitoring by donors

project.

GWSSB failed to underta

conducted by GWSSB pressed for promoting large scale Mahi pipeline already coming

to the region instead of the proposed local source based project. GWSSB also prioritised

the regional schemes rather the village

water supply as means of addressing health and hygiene issues but neglected the

prospects of water resource management.

B. All these factors led the project into

phase which was marked by the

Water and Sanitation Management Organisation

(WASMO) in the year 2002.

The Community Management and Support

Unit (CMSU), established to

lessons from Ghogha project into

8 Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water? Learning from public

pp163








the project called for NGO cooperation to assess the human resource

le and to appraise the socio - economic dimension of demand estimation,



local need assessment.

were formed as a sub-committee of village panchayats. They were

responsible for planning, implementation and management of the in


Self Help Groups (SHGs) were also initiated in the phase.


GWSSB was unable to utilise the government-NGO partnership that was created in the

rst phase due to lack of clear definition of roles. NGOs were largely considered as sub


monitoring by donors8. Village communities were also not seen as active partners in t

GWSSB failed to undertake any major external engineering work



onal schemes rather the village-level ones. The first phase focuses largely on


prospects of water resource management.

the project into its second

by the establishment of


The Community Management and Support

established to integrate

Ghogha project into other

Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water? Learning from public-private partnership in Gujarat,



May 2011

5

the project called for NGO cooperation to assess the human resource

economic dimension of demand estimation,



committee of village panchayats. They were

responsible for planning, implementation and management of the in-village water



NGO partnership that was created in the

definition of roles. NGOs were largely considered as sub-


. Village communities were also not seen as active partners in the

ajor external engineering work as well. Survey



level ones. The first phase focuses largely on


private partnership in Gujarat,




Government of India

schemes in Gujarat, pr

scope to work beyond the framework of Ghogha project. WASMO, established with

institutional support

convergence of endeavours from the

(PRIs), communities and

solutions. WASMO was thought of as a learning organisation designed to bring in

paradigmatic shift in the sector through commun

development opportunities encouraging all stakeholders in taking change inducing new

responsibilities9. WASMO was largely responsible for management and sector

monitoring and policy development of the Ghogha

care of Information Education Communication (IEC) and networking aspects.

Institution building and technological innovation were other imp

for WASMO.

In the first phase of Ghogha project it was found that over exploitation of ground

water had led to exhaustion of local resources. Multi sourcing of resources was

therefore taken up as the new focus point in the second phase. Local sources were

taken up as the prime source in possible cases. External water supply through Mahi

pipeline was advanced only to the no source villages, while keeping it as an alternative

for villages with water resources. In this way two parallel strategies were employed

first, optimum utilisation of local

scheme.

Check dams, percolation wells and recharge tube wells were considered as important

structured to be built for ensuring water resource management during this phase.

Pastureland development was also added

as an important aspect of the project.

Pani Samities were formed in the first phase

of the project itself

members, three of them from the

panchayats. The Pani Samities had to

include two women members in it,

compulsorily. In the second phase,

Samities were restructured to make it a

9 GSDWICL (2000) Gujarat jal-disha

hygiene and sanitation for all. Ahmedabad: Gujarat state drinking water infrastructure co. ltd.








pressed the need for a new organisation that would have a wider


institutional support from Royal Netherlands Embassy, became

endeavours from the government, NGOs, Panchayati Raj Institutes

(PRIs), communities and research organisations working for decentralised water crisis


paradigmatic shift in the sector through communication skills and human resource


. WASMO was largely responsible for management and sector

monitoring and policy development of the Ghogha project during


Institution building and technological innovation were other imp


had led to exhaustion of local resources. Multi sourcing of resources was


as the prime source in possible cases. External water supply through Mahi


for villages with water resources. In this way two parallel strategies were employed

, optimum utilisation of local ground water; second, complime

, percolation wells and recharge tube wells were considered as important


Pastureland development was also added

as an important aspect of the project.

formed in the first phase

the project itself with total eight

members, three of them from the

panchayats. The Pani Samities had to

include two women members in it,

compulsorily. In the second phase, the Pani

Samities were restructured to make it a

disha 2010: A vision of a healthy and equitable future with drinking water,


Figure 1: The Pani Samities ensures

decentralisation and community participation in

Ghogha project. Photo credit: WASMO



May 2011

6

need for a new organisation that would have a wider


Netherlands Embassy, became that platform for

overnment, NGOs, Panchayati Raj Institutes

for decentralised water crisis


ication skills and human resource


. WASMO was largely responsible for management and sector

project during 2002-05. It also took


Institution building and technological innovation were other important areas of focus


had led to exhaustion of local resources. Multi sourcing of resources was


as the prime source in possible cases. External water supply through Mahi


for villages with water resources. In this way two parallel strategies were employed-

ground water; second, complimentary piped water

, percolation wells and recharge tube wells were considered as important


equitable future with drinking water,


Samities ensures

decentralisation and community participation in

Photo credit: WASMO




Government of India

group of 10-12 members. The committee had tenure of

reconstitution gave guidelines to increase the number of women members to one

of the 10-12 members along with proportionate representation of the marginalised

group. Interested community members such as teachers and health workers

elected to the community but it was compelled to include members from the ruling

panchayat.

While in the first phase the panchayat had a decisive role in the elect ion of committe

members, Gram Sabhas took charge of nomination and ratification

second phase.

In the first phase actual construction work was done by the contractors selected by

GWSSB while the local community supported and monitored the work. But there were

lack of trust and cooperation between the two often resul

phase the Pani Samities themselves took up the construction work. This instilled a sense

of ownership in the locals

NGO collaboration acquired a new

longer seen as the contractors of the government, instead invited as agencies in

partnership. NGOs were given authority in vital decision making process in the project.

Unlike in the first phase there were clarity of roles and responsibili

phase. NGOs were chosen by WASMO

water sector and inclusive membership norms. Three reputed NGOs (Centre for

Environment Education, Uthan and Medhavi) worked with the Ghogha project

ensuring that the concerns of the committee were communicated to the

order to redress their issues. NGOs with local presence were chosen as they had wider

outreach in villages. While their roles were restricted to organising Pani Samities and

preparing Village Action Plans in the first phase, a wider platform in the second phase

called for community mobilisation, awareness creation and capacity building of the

local institutes involved

The Royal Netherland Embassy (RNE) and the Dutch Support Age

facilitated workshops to build conceptual understanding and analytical tools among all

partners in the first phase. WASMO, in the second phase

training programmes for the local communities in accounts writing

maintenance of the programme in the second phase.








12 members. The committee had tenure of two years. The 2002

reconstitution gave guidelines to increase the number of women members to one

12 members along with proportionate representation of the marginalised

group. Interested community members such as teachers and health workers


While in the first phase the panchayat had a decisive role in the elect ion of committe

members, Gram Sabhas took charge of nomination and ratification



lack of trust and cooperation between the two often resulting in conflict. In the second

Samities themselves took up the construction work. This instilled a sense

of ownership in the locals along with providing wage employment to them.

NGO collaboration acquired a new dimension in the second phas



Unlike in the first phase there were clarity of roles and responsibili

phase. NGOs were chosen by WASMO keeping in mind their track record, expertise in



ng that the concerns of the committee were communicated to the



aring Village Action Plans in the first phase, a wider platform in the second phase


involved.

The Royal Netherland Embassy (RNE) and the Dutch Support Age


partners in the first phase. WASMO, in the second phase, also

training programmes for the local communities in accounts writing

maintenance of the programme in the second phase.



May 2011

7

two years. The 2002

reconstitution gave guidelines to increase the number of women members to one-third

12 members along with proportionate representation of the marginalised

group. Interested community members such as teachers and health workers can be


While in the first phase the panchayat had a decisive role in the elect ion of committee

members, Gram Sabhas took charge of nomination and ratification of members in the



ting in conflict. In the second

Samities themselves took up the construction work. This instilled a sense

yment to them.

the second phase. They were no



Unlike in the first phase there were clarity of roles and responsibilities in the second

mind their track record, expertise in



ng that the concerns of the committee were communicated to the authorities in



aring Village Action Plans in the first phase, a wider platform in the second phase


The Royal Netherland Embassy (RNE) and the Dutch Support Agency, IWACO, also


, also conducted extensive

training programmes for the local communities in accounts writing, in operation and




Government of India

Methodology The Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) research team identified Ghogha Rural Drinking

Water Supply Project as a best practice

decentralised and participatory model to resolve the problem of water shortage and impro ve

water quality in the coastal Ghogha region of Gujarat.

The team used both primary and

practice document.

Conducting desk based secondary research, available through online material the team

gathered important information on the background, operations

Rural Drinking Water Supply Project

team adopted the interview method to carry out primary research.

Responses were obtained from Mr

Gandhi Nagar, Gujarat through

implementation of the programme. The insights obtained were utilised with the desk research

to prepare this document.

Key Stakeholders The Gujarat Water Supply and


Community Management and Support Unit (CMSU)

Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE)

Technical implementing agencies

NGOs Centre for Environment Education, Utthan and Medhav

Panchayati Raj Institutes

Pani Samities

Community members of Ghogha region








The Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) research team identified Ghogha Rural Drinking

a best practice because the project was a pioneer in taking up


water quality in the coastal Ghogha region of Gujarat.

The team used both primary and secondary research methods for the prepar


gathered important information on the background, operations and achievements

Supply Project. In order to validate the secondary research findings, the

team adopted the interview method to carry out primary research.

from Mr K.C. Tripathy, Manager, Board of Funding,

Gujarat through telephonic interview on many important aspects of

of the programme. The insights obtained were utilised with the desk research

The Gujarat Water Supply and Sewage Board (GWSSB)

Water and Sanitation Management Organisation (WASMO)

Community Management and Support Unit (CMSU)

Royal Netherlands Embassy (RNE)

Technical implementing agencies

Centre for Environment Education, Utthan and Medhavi

Panchayati Raj Institutes

Community members of Ghogha region



May 2011

8

The Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) research team identified Ghogha Rural Drinking

project was a pioneer in taking up


methods for the preparation of this best


and achievements of Ghogha

r to validate the secondary research findings, the

hy, Manager, Board of Funding, WASMO,

ny important aspects of

of the programme. The insights obtained were utilised with the desk research




Government of India

Lessons Learned Comprehensive improvement in water supply and sanitation t

led project

The project ensured dual water supply

with local water resources catalyzed to develop and m

source villages obtained water from external Mahi piped water system.

arterial distribution lines that was fitt

One of the most important aspects of the project was its emphasis on spreading

awareness about water quality.

When the Pani Samities used

between local source and piped water system

for the villages they often made the choice on

the basis of cost while mostly neglecting the

quality criteria. WASMO collected water

samples of all the 82 villages in 2004 for

chemical and biological analysis. Whenever the

water was found to have bacterial

contamination or chemically unfit

were explained about the negative impacts

with corrective measures. Kits were

to Pani Samities to keep a check

10 Pioneering the community managed approach, WASMO. pp 15

Figure 2: Household water connection made the

lives of people much easier. Photo credit:

WASMO








Comprehensive improvement in water supply and sanitation through

water supply facilities in the 82 selected villages. When the villages

with local water resources catalyzed to develop and maintain its existing resources, the no

source villages obtained water from external Mahi piped water system.

The first phase of the project made

stand-post based piped water. Hand

also provided wherever possible, especially

remote areas. However community demand

household connections was

second phase of the project was successful in

extending household water supply connection.

Although the responsibility of getting the actual

connection belonged to the household, wherever the

village demanded the project provided for the

arterial distribution lines that was fitted with opening valves at regular intervals


awareness about water quality.

Samities used to choose

and piped water system

for the villages they often made the choice on

while mostly neglecting the

quality criteria. WASMO collected water

he 82 villages in 2004 for

chemical and biological analysis. Whenever the

water was found to have bacterial

contamination or chemically unfit, the villagers

were explained about the negative impacts

with corrective measures. Kits were also given

amities to keep a check on water

Pioneering the community managed approach, WASMO. pp 15

: Household water connection made the

Photo credit:

Figure 3: Water quality checking kits were provided

to the community. Photo credit: WASMO



May 2011

9

hrough the community

the 82 selected villages. When the villages

aintain its existing resources, the no-

project made provisions for

post based piped water. Hand-pupms were

also provided wherever possible, especially in the

areas. However community demand for

was paramount. The

ject was successful in

extending household water supply connection.

Although the responsibility of getting the actual

connection belonged to the household, wherever the

village demanded the project provided for the

ed with opening valves at regular intervals.10


: Water quality checking kits were provided

Photo credit: WASMO




Government of India

quality. Subsequently a water quality cell was constituted by WASMO in 2004 to

institutionalise water quality check and

Workshops and training sessions are regularly held to spread awareness on

Water resource management

qualitative and quantitative aspect of water supply.

Maintenance of local water resources obtained prime focus. Communities had to contribute 10

percent of the capital cost to water resource management operati

75 checkdams, three tidal control structures, and 45 ponds were constructed

Sanitation level of an area has a direct bearing on

The project objective lays equal importance to sanitation along with water supply systems.

Research findings indicated an acute shortage

of latrines in the region. Low hygiene and

sanitation concerns such as prevalent open

defecation led to high prevalence o

such as diarrhoea, dysentery and malaria. Soak

pits were constructed in order to hold the waste

water that run into streets otherwise. In the

areas where soak pits were not feasible,

partially open waste water drainage systems

were constructed.

A total of 6447 latrines were constructed in order to arrest open defecation in the region. In

order to make children aware of the importance of pers

comprising toilets, urinals and washbasins were constructed in the schools. Covering all the

primary schools of the region, 150 sanitation corners were used.

Inclusion of children

sustainability in hygiene and sanitation practices.

11 Ibid









institutionalise water quality check and redressal in all projects.

Workshops and training sessions are regularly held to spread awareness on

Water resource management was unanimously taken as a key solution to addr

qualitative and quantitative aspect of water supply.

water resources obtained prime focus. Communities had to contribute 10

of the capital cost to water resource management operations. By the end of the project

75 checkdams, three tidal control structures, and 45 ponds were constructed

level of an area has a direct bearing on its water quality.

ctive lays equal importance to sanitation along with water supply systems.

Research findings indicated an acute shortage

region. Low hygiene and

sanitation concerns such as prevalent open

cation led to high prevalence of diseases

ea, dysentery and malaria. Soak

pits were constructed in order to hold the waste

water that run into streets otherwise. In the

reas where soak pits were not feasible,

partially open waste water drainage systems


order to make children aware of the importance of personal hygiene sanitation units


primary schools of the region, 150 sanitation corners were used.

children as an important target group was instrumenta

sustainability in hygiene and sanitation practices.

Figure 4: 6447 latrines were constructed under the

project, Photo credit: WASMO



May 2011

10


Workshops and training sessions are regularly held to spread awareness on water quality.

was unanimously taken as a key solution to address both

water resources obtained prime focus. Communities had to contribute 10

ons. By the end of the project

75 checkdams, three tidal control structures, and 45 ponds were constructed11.

its water quality.

ctive lays equal importance to sanitation along with water supply systems.


onal hygiene sanitation units


an important target group was instrumental in ensuring

: 6447 latrines were constructed under the

project, Photo credit: WASMO




Government of India

Community washing facilities

keeping community needs in mind.

undertaken to rejuvenate wastelands and to increase availability of fodder.

Evolution of Information Education and Communication strategy

Slogans, illustrations, media channels such as print, radio, television were used to create

awareness regarding water issues and solutions. Exposure visits and training workshops

contribute largely to initiate two way communications for all stakeholders. A bi

newsletter was circulated comprising success

themes by WASMO.

Active community involvement in every aspect of conception, operation and

maintenance of the project

Under the Ghogha project the community was convinced to bear operation and maintenance

cost of the project, while the state funded

resource management components complete

capital cost had to be taken by the community. Couples of meetings, awareness operations and

social pressure were success

privileged sector had differential tariff plans. Some villages like Kobadi

than targeted funds necessary to meet the operation and maintenance cost.

Inclusion of women

confidence for the rural women. The household connections made life easier for

didnt have to take long routes to carry water on their heads for consumption. With the success

Figure 5: Inclusion of women ensured

efficiency and transparency in the project,

Photo credit: WASMO








Community washing facilities and cattle troughs (reservoir) were also constructed

keeping community needs in mind. Pastureland development activities




water issues and solutions. Exposure visits and training workshops

contribute largely to initiate two way communications for all stakeholders. A bi

comprising success stories and discussions on water and sanitat

y involvement in every aspect of conception, operation and

maintenance of the project


cost of the project, while the state funded the capital costs. For sanitation and for water

management components complete operation and maintenance cost


social pressure were successful in convincing the local people to the tariff plan. The less

privileged sector had differential tariff plans. Some villages like Kobadi


The project recognised the importance of

lives of women. They are the prime user and

of water resources. With fair inclusion in

Samiti, the women were empowered to fashion and

implement water supply and sanitation schemes

maximum to their advantage. Moreover it

that participation of women in Pani Samities ensured

greater transparency. Women users

reluctant to pay for water system as well.

Ghogha project opened new doors of oppo

rural women. The household connections made life easier for

ake long routes to carry water on their heads for consumption. With the success

: Inclusion of women ensured

efficiency and transparency in the project,



May 2011

11

(reservoir) were also constructed

Pastureland development activities were




water issues and solutions. Exposure visits and training workshops

contribute largely to initiate two way communications for all stakeholders. A bi-monthly

stories and discussions on water and sanitation

y involvement in every aspect of conception, operation and


the capital costs. For sanitation and for water

operation and maintenance cost; and partial


ful in convincing the local people to the tariff plan. The less

privileged sector had differential tariff plans. Some villages like Kobadi even collected more


importance of water in the

lives of women. They are the prime user and conserver

inclusion in the Pani

, the women were empowered to fashion and

implement water supply and sanitation schemes

Moreover it was found

that participation of women in Pani Samities ensured

Women users were hardly

or water system as well. The process of

Ghogha project opened new doors of opportunity and

rural women. The household connections made life easier for women. They

ake long routes to carry water on their heads for consumption. With the success




Government of India

of water supply scheme in the region women found more time for other productive activities

and for their children.

Involvement with nongovernmental organisation

The close association with nongovernmental

allowed active decentralisation

Way ahead Though the Ghogha project ended

sanitation continues beyond Ghogha.

WASMO is now the lead agency

Ghogha project became the guideline for subsequent large programmes such as Swajaldhara

and Earthquake Restructuring and Rehabilitation Project (ERR). WASMO learnt the importance

as well as the strategies to involve multiple partners such as experts, technical consultants,

NGOs and PRIs in projects.

The Ghogha experience taught WASMO to provide greater emphasis

Local communities are provided

resources carefully in all projects. WASMO constituted an

purpose.

In the Ghogha project the Village Action Plans were prepared by the engineers without seeking

involvement of the communities. That led

being in the priority list of the villagers and reluctance of the co

operation and maintenance cost of the infrastructure. Learning from the Ghogha exper

WASMO decided to obtain 10 percent capital cost from the community so that they have a

greater responsibility and participation in preparing

The Ghogha experience proved the general assumption wrong that the community dont want

to pay for water as they consider it as the

satisfaction and standard of services are high, the









Involvement with nongovernmental organisation

The close association with nongovernmental organisations having expertise in the water sector

decentralisation of decision making and implementation in the project.

project ended in June 2005, WASMOs involvement

sanitation continues beyond Ghogha.

now the lead agency bringing in sector reform in the state. The lessons learnt from

guideline for subsequent large programmes such as Swajaldhara

turing and Rehabilitation Project (ERR). WASMO learnt the importance


The Ghogha experience taught WASMO to provide greater emphasis to water qualit

are provided with water checking kits to verify the quality of water in local

all projects. WASMO constituted an official water


communities. That led to problems such as construction of structures not

being in the priority list of the villagers and reluctance of the community

operation and maintenance cost of the infrastructure. Learning from the Ghogha exper


greater responsibility and participation in preparing village action plans.


ter as they consider it as the responsibility of the state. When

satisfaction and standard of services are high, the willingness of people to



May 2011

12


expertise in the water sector

of decision making and implementation in the project.

in June 2005, WASMOs involvement with water and

sector reform in the state. The lessons learnt from

guideline for subsequent large programmes such as Swajaldhara

turing and Rehabilitation Project (ERR). WASMO learnt the importance


to water quality aspects.

quality of water in local

official water quality cell for the


such as construction of structures not

mmunity in sharing the

operation and maintenance cost of the infrastructure. Learning from the Ghogha experience



ponsibility of the state. When the level of

gness of people to pay for it increases.




Government of India

Attempts are continuously being made to obtain

than only from Pani Samities.

project in the ongoing endeavours.

Further analysis of these is needed to obtain significant insight in

development projects.

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team.

Documentation was created

For further information, please contact








Attempts are continuously being made to obtain village level resolutions from gram sabhas

than only from Pani Samities. WASMO team is incorporating the rich

endeavours.

of these is needed to obtain significant insight in the community

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team.

Documentation was created by Research Associate, Ajupi Baruah

For further information, please contact Naimur Rahman, Director, OWFI, at [email protected]



May 2011

13

village level resolutions from gram sabhas

incorporating the rich learning of Ghogha

the community managed

Research was carried out by OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI), Governance Knowledge Centre (GKC) team. jupi Baruah

[email protected]




Government of India

Appendix A Sources:

GSDWICL (2000) Gujarat jal

drinking water, hygiene and sanitation for all. Ahmedabad: Gujarat state drinking

water infrastructure co. ltd

Khurana, Indira and Manmohan Sehgal. Drinking water source sustainability and

groundwater quality improvement in rural

Pioneering the community managed approach, WASMO

Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water? Learning from

partnership in Gujarat.

The Ghogha experience. Gandhi Nagar. WASMO/IWACO team








GSDWICL (2000) Gujarat jal-disha 2010: A vision of a healthy and


water infrastructure co. ltd


groundwater quality improvement in rural Gujarat, WASMO

Pioneering the community managed approach, WASMO

Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water? Learning from

Gujarat.

The Ghogha experience. Gandhi Nagar. WASMO/IWACO team



May 2011

14

disha 2010: A vision of a healthy and equitable future with



Reynders, Jan and Sara Ahmed. Whos water? Learning from public-private




Government of India

Appendix B Questionnaire:

Purpose

1. The Ghogha project was launched to address the issue of drinking water shortages in the

region. What were issues surrounding the drinking water shortage that motivated the start of

this programme? What were the problems that existed and how did they affe

the region?

2. Can you explain the efforts carried out to fulfill each of the following focus areas of the

project?

a. Provision of water supply

b. Improve Health, hygiene and sanitation

c. Water resources management

d. Capacity building and training of the community

Factors of Success

Multi-stakeholder engagement

1. What are the departments of government involved in this project? What are their roles?

a. WASMO

b. Technical departments

c. Water Supply and Sanitation Board

2. What was the purpose of collaborating with NGOs?

a. What methods were used for this collaboration?

b. What is the role of NGOs in this programme?

c. How has this contributed to the success of the programme?

3. According to our research, engaging the local community was a leading factor of

programme success. Can you explain why the community was approached for this effort?

a. What methods were used to engage the community?

b. What role did the community pl

c. How has this made the programme successful? Please provide specific examples.

4. What were the capacity building measures taken to empower the Pani Samities/

community?

a. What role do the Pani Samities play in this programme? Ho

programme?








The Ghogha project was launched to address the issue of drinking water shortages in the


this programme? What were the problems that existed and how did they affe


b. Improve Health, hygiene and sanitation

c. Water resources management

ilding and training of the community


c. Water Supply and Sanitation Board

2. What was the purpose of collaborating with NGOs?

a. What methods were used for this collaboration?

b. What is the role of NGOs in this programme?

c. How has this contributed to the success of the programme?


you explain why the community was approached for this effort?

a. What methods were used to engage the community?

b. What role did the community play in the programme?



a. What role do the Pani Samities play in this programme? How do they support the



May 2011

15

The Ghogha project was launched to address the issue of drinking water shortages in the


this programme? What were the problems that existed and how did they affect those living in




you explain why the community was approached for this effort?



w do they support the




Government of India

Sustainability & Impact

5. How was the tariff plan for drinking water designed? What factors were taken into account

in designing the plan? Was it agreed upon by the community?

6. What were the major challenges faced

Phase 1 was not entirely successful?

a. Community mobilisation

b. Collaboration with NGOs

c. Financial sustainability- donor funding

d. Water issues

7. How was the project monitored to ensure transpar

8. The project ended in 2005 but WASMOs involvement

continued beyond Ghogha. How WASMO is utilising the lessons of Ghogha project in shaping

policies and bringing in sectoral reforms in the









the plan? Was it agreed upon by the community?

6. What were the major challenges faced in developing this programme? Can you explain why

not entirely successful?

donor funding

7. How was the project monitored to ensure transparency and accountability?

n 2005 but WASMOs involvement in the water and sanitation sector

beyond Ghogha. How WASMO is utilising the lessons of Ghogha project in shaping

sectoral reforms in the state?



May 2011

16


in developing this programme? Can you explain why

ency and accountability?

in the water and sanitation sector

beyond Ghogha. How WASMO is utilising the lessons of Ghogha project in shaping

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