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GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY
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Page 1: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

GLACIERS

CHAPTER 11

GEOLOGY

Page 2: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the Earth’s surface.9. Glacier ice is the largest reservoir of fresh water on the planet, storing an estimated 75 percent of the world’s supply.8. Glaciers are found in 47 countries.7. A glacier can range in length from the equivalent of a football field to more than 100 miles.6. The Antarctic ice sheet is actually a glacier and has existed for at least 40 million years. If it were to melt in its entirety, sea levels would rise 210 feet worldwide, according to the U.S. Geological Service.

Top 10 glacier facts

Page 3: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

5. Though it sits on the equator, Mount Kilimanjaro is glaciated.4. On steep slopes, a glacier can be as thin as 50 feet.3. Mountain valleys are typically “V” shaped before being taken oven by a glacier; during glaciation, the valley widens and deepens and thus becomes “U” shaped.2. A single glacier ice crystal can grow to be as large as a baseball.1. Alaska is estimated to have more than 100,000 glaciers. Most remain unnamed

http://www.worldwildlife.org/travel/item8328.html
Page 4: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

World glaciers

Page 5: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 6: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

What is a glacier?

a thick mass of moving ice

http://www.jadecoast.ca/Sawyer%20glacier.JPG

Page 7: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Glaciar Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz province, Argentina. It hasn’t happened since 1988 and it is said to be one of the most extraordinary natural events in the world.

- Roberto Cerrudo

Page 8: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Trans Labrador Highway

Page 9: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Snow to firn to glacial ice

Page 10: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 11: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 12: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

How do glaciers erode the surface?

• Plucking –freeze/thaw process lifts particles into ice

Striations- parallel scratches made from rocks in ice scraping against bedrock

Page 13: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Kelly’s IslandGlacial grooves

Page 14: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 15: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 16: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Glacial polish

Page 17: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

TYPES OF GLACIERS

• Alpine (Valley)Glaciers – glaciers that form at high elevation in mountain valleys

• Ice sheets or Continental Glaciers form in polar regions such as Greenland and Antarctica.

Page 18: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/DAAC_DOCS/geomorphology/GEO_9/geo_images_9/Fig9.20.gif

Page 19: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Cirque

• A bowl-shaped depression located where a glacier begins to form

Page 20: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 21: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

http://crevassezone.org/Photos/Graphics/4163L-(Cirque).jpg

Page 22: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Horn

• A tall, pointed rock peak left at the top of a mountain

http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology//parks/glac/car0348.jpg

Kinnerly Peak - Glacier National Park

Page 23: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

The most famous horn in the Alps… The Matterhorn

• Located on the boundary between Switzerland and Italy, the Matterhorn’s summit is 1500 feet above sea level.

Page 24: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Arete – spines or ridges of rock that separate glacial valleys

http://www.northforkmedia.com/spiveyscience/images/glacialerosion/images/grinnellcirqueareteetc_jpg.jpg
Page 25: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

U-shaped Valley - Yosemite National Park

Page 26: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

V-shaped valleys become U-shaped valleys as glaciers move through them…

A typical river valley

Over time, running water cuts a deeper V-shape.

Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 Step 4Glacier fills valley, widening and straightening the channel

Glaciers melt leaving a U-shaped valley

Page 27: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

VALLEY GLACIER

Page 28: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Glaciers pick up lots of sediment as they advance over the land.

http://www.geographyjim.org/Newzealandglacier.jpg

http://www.geographyjim.org/Newzealandglacier.jpg
Page 29: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

TYPES OF GLACIAL DRIFT(Sediments)

• TILL- unsorted; deposited by ice

• STRATIFIED DRIFT- layered; deposited by meltwater streams

• OUTWASH- sorted sand; deposited by meltwater

Page 30: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

till

outwash

Page 31: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Erratics

•Boulders carried great distance by the glacier

•Don’t match surrounding rock

•“strange rock”

Page 32: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 33: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Erratics along Lake Michigan Shoreline

Page 34: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 35: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

TYPES OF GLACIERS

• Alpine (Valley)Glaciers – glaciers that form at high elevation in mountain valleys

• Ice sheets or Continental Glaciers form in polar regions such as Greenland and Antarctica.

Page 36: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

MORAINES

• Deposited along edge of glacier during melting

• Ridges of till• Terminal- very end of

glacier• Lateral- side of glacier• Recessional-

progresses behind terminal

Page 37: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

MORAINES

• MADE OF TILL

http://www.helsinki.fi/~jhyvonen/PB/M/Cerro%20Tronador%20moraine-pp.JPG

http://www.helsinki.fi/~jhyvonen/PB/M/Cerro%20Tronador%20moraine-pp.JPG
Page 38: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

terminal moraine – unsorted sediments deposited at the edge of the melting glacier

Page 39: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 40: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Ground Moraine- flat till deposits between recessional moraines

Page 41: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Moraine Deposits = unsorted sedimentsMoraines are made of unsorted sediments.

Only mass movements and glaciers deposit

unsorted sediments.

Since there are no large hills or

mountains in Michigan for this sediment to fall

down, it must have been deposited by the

glaciers.

Page 42: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 43: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Drumlins

• Hills of sediment deposited by the glacier- till

Page 44: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Boyne, Nubs Nob, Irish Hills are drumlins in MI

Page 45: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

MI Drumlins

Page 46: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

KAMES

Cone shaped deposits

Deposited at end of meltwater streams

Stratified drift

Page 47: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Mt. Holly is a kame

Page 48: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

ESKERS

• Meandering ridges of stratified drift

• Deposited by meltwater streams

• Mined for gravel

Page 49: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Mason esker

Mt. Brighton

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MasonEsker.JPG
Page 50: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Kettle Lakes

• Made from ice blocks

• Deep inland lakes• rocky

Page 51: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Kettle Lakes

• Kettle lakes form when blocks of ice break off the front edge of a glacier, become buried by sediment. The ice melts leaving a hole which fills with water creating a lake.

Page 52: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Outwash plain

• From melt water (lake) in front of ice

• Flat; sandy

• Contains outwash and often kettle lakes

Page 53: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Pleistocene Epoch“Ice Age”

2my- present

Page 54: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

1.5 mya

Page 55: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 56: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

mastodon

Page 57: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Mammoth

• Bigger than mastodon

• Curvy tusk

Page 58: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

When the climate cooled…

Ice advanced over the land, moving southward from Canada over the Great Lakes Region.

Page 59: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 60: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Each of the Great Lakes began as a river.

Image from Earth Science, Tarbuck and Lutgens, 2003

Page 61: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

As the climate cooled…

• The rivers froze.

• Glaciers moved through the river valley – widening and deepening them to form today’s lake bottoms.

Page 62: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Why do scientists believe that glaciers once covered Michigan?

Page 63: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Moraine Deposits =unsorted sediments

• What can deposit unsorted sediment?

Mass movement?

ice

Page 64: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Moraine Deposits have the same shape as the Great Lakes.

• Michigan moraines run parallel to the shoreline.

• The same process that formed the moraines formed the Great Lakes.

Page 65: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

3 ice lobes

Page 66: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

When the climate began to warm, the glaciers began to melt and retreat.

http://www.msstate.edu/dept/geosciences/CT/TIG/WEBSITES/LOCAL/Spring2002/Michael_Marsicek/images/Great_Lakes_Formation.gif

http://www.msstate.edu/dept/geosciences/CT/TIG/WEBSITES/LOCAL/Spring2002/Michael_Marsicek/images/Great_Lakes_Formation.gif
Page 67: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

The Glacial History of Michigan

• The depth of the lake is determined by the thickness of the ice at the time of glaciation. The farther north the lobe of ice, the thicker it was.

• Consequently, the lakes get more shallow in the southern Great Lakes region.

LAKE: GREATEST DEPTH:

• Superior = 1,333 ft.• Michigan = 925 ft.• Huron = 725 ft.• Ontario = 283 ft.• Erie = 212

ft.

Page 68: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

The fresh water from the melting glaciers filled in the deep U-shaped valleys that they had carved and

turned them into the lakes we have today.

http://www.ofps.ucar.edu/gapp/networks/images/greatlakes_map.jpg

http://www.ofps.ucar.edu/gapp/networks/images/greatlakes_map.jpg
Page 69: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

What other evidence do we have that glaciers once covered our state?

• Depositional features such as drumlins and kettle lakes.

Kalkaska, Michigan

Page 70: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Isostatic (crustal) reboundland is rebounding up from weight

of glacierabout 53 cm/ century

Page 71: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Pictured Rocks

Page 72: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Kettle Lakes

Page 73: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Why do scientists believe that glaciers once covered Michigan?

• Michigan is covered with till

• The moraine deposits follow the outline of Great Lakes

• Erratics

• Striations

• Isostatic rebound

Page 74: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

What glacier evidence do we see in Grosse Pointe?

• Erratics• Old beach ridges

– Ridge road– Mack avenue

• Till

Page 75: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.
Page 76: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

Resources• http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Erosion/plucking.jpg

• http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/geo/courses/ge101/Pictures/Glaciers/GlacialStriations.jpg

• http://www.go2moon.com/image/Valdez-Glacier.jpg

• http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/kennicott/photos99/glacier.jpg

• http://www.brownbearsw.com/photos/pws/moraine.jpg

• http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/depproc1/moraine.JPG

• http://www.ucalgary.ca/~dgsmit/MORAINE.jpg

• http://mac01.eps.pitt.edu/harbbook/c_viii/images/icefields/Hwb0530.GIF

• http://www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3glacgeoghigh34b.gif

• http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/images/lithosphere/drumlin_diagram_small.gif

• http://online.sd43.bc.ca/della/images/drumlin.jpg

• http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~qlab/g420/drumlin.jpg

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/img/geography/glaciation/g98.gif

• http://pbisotopes.ess.sunysb.edu/esp/Science_Walks/carmans/kettle-hole.gif

http://cse.cosm.sc.edu/erth_sci/Erosion/plucking.jpg
http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/geo/courses/ge101/Pictures/Glaciers/GlacialStriations.jpg
http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/geo/courses/ge101/Pictures/Glaciers/GlacialStriations.jpg
http://www.go2moon.com/image/Valdez-Glacier.jpg
http://www.glaciers.pdx.edu/kennicott/photos99/glacier.jpg
http://www.brownbearsw.com/photos/pws/moraine.jpg
http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/depproc1/moraine.JPG
http://www.ucalgary.ca/~dgsmit/MORAINE.jpg
http://mac01.eps.pitt.edu/harbbook/c_viii/images/icefields/Hwb0530.GIF
http://www.geographyhigh.connectfree.co.uk/s3glacgeoghigh34b.gif
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/images/lithosphere/drumlin_diagram_small.gif
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/images/lithosphere/drumlin_diagram_small.gif
http://online.sd43.bc.ca/della/images/drumlin.jpg
http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~qlab/g420/drumlin.jpg
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/img/geography/glaciation/g98.gif
http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/bitesize/standard/img/geography/glaciation/g98.gif
http://pbisotopes.ess.sunysb.edu/esp/Science_Walks/carmans/kettle-hole.gif
Page 77: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

• http://perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/stoelting/Intro/Guides/Images3/southern_Kettle_Moraine_lakes_WI_800.jpg

• http://images3.vrbo.com/vrbo/images/18982c.jpg• http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/greatlakeskids/images/g_lakes_form.gif• http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/glacier/UvalleyB.gif• http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/glacier/UvalleyC.gif• http://www.jchl.co.uk/photos/greenland/Valley.jpg• http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/student/martel1/ice.jpg• http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/glacier/gifJPGdisplay.html• http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/images/

more_examples/canada_cirque01_dh.jpg• http://www.uoregon.edu/~millerm/Kluane1.jpeg• http://people.surfaceeffect.com/pete/photos/folksholiday/yosemitevalley/

valley2.jpg• http://www.theotherpages.org/images/image200.jpg• http://www.northforkmedia.com/spiveyscience/images/glacialerosion/

pages/grinnellcirqueareteetc_jpg.htm• http://www3.uakron.edu/modlang/97trip/d16f.jpg• http://tvl1.geo.uc.edu/ice/Image/icland/Greenland.html• http://www.bougerolle.net/photos/matterhorn.jpg

http://perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/stoelting/Intro/Guides/Images3/southern_Kettle_Moraine_lakes_WI_800.jpg
http://perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/stoelting/Intro/Guides/Images3/southern_Kettle_Moraine_lakes_WI_800.jpg
http://images3.vrbo.com/vrbo/images/18982c.jpg
http://www.on.ec.gc.ca/greatlakeskids/images/g_lakes_form.gif
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/glacier/UvalleyB.gif
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/glacier/UvalleyC.gif
Page 78: GLACIERS CHAPTER 11 GEOLOGY. 10. Approximately 10 percent of the Earth is covered by glaciers; during the last Ice Age, they covered one-third of the.

• http://perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/stoelting/Intro/Guides/Images3/glacial_erratics_Lake_Michigan_WI_800.jpg

• http://www.fettes.com/Cairngorms/images/Easter_Island.jpg

• http://rt23.com/Scenery/spring/images/tripod_rock.jpg

• http://ic.ucsc.edu/~rocks/eart109/Photo_Composition/Top_Pothole.jpg

• http://perth.uwlax.edu/faculty/stoelting/Intro/Guides/Images3/southern_Kettle_Moraine_lakes_WI_800.jpg


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