Gliding Scholarship

Exercise 4

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS 1

CFS Gliding Examiners © 2008

Gliding Scholarship

To select the datum attitude using co-ordinated controls

AIM

Gliding Scholarship

1. Lookout

2. Handing over and taking over control

3. Following through and relaxing

AIRMANSHIP

Gliding Scholarship

1. Lookout

LOOKOUT

If you see an aircraft before your instructor does, use the Clock Code to tell him where it is…

Gliding Scholarship

LOOKOUT

The Clock Code

Imagine you are at the centre of the dial and 12 o’clock is straight ahead

Gliding Scholarship

“Aircraft left 11 o'clock high”

Gliding Scholarship

“Aircraft right one o'clock level”

Gliding Scholarship

TAKING OVER CONTROL

If your instructor wishes to give you control, he will say:

“You have control”

Put your hands and feet lightly on the controls and say:What do you do?

“I have control, sir”

Gliding Scholarship

ING OVER CONTROL

If your instructor wishes to take over control, he will say:

“I have control”

Take your hands and feet off the controls and say:What do you do?

“You have control, sir”

TAKHAND

Gliding Scholarship

FOLLOWING THROUGH

If your instructor wants you to follow through, he will say:

“Follow me through”

Put your hands and feet lightly on the controls and say:What do you do?

“Following through, sir”

Gliding Scholarship

RELAXING

If your instructor wants you to relax, he will say:

“Relax”

Take your hands and feet off the controls and say:What do you do?

“Relaxed, sir”

Gliding Scholarship

THE DATUM ATTITUDE

THE DATUM ATTITUDE

Gliding Scholarship

THE DATUM ATTITUDE

Note distance below horizon

Gliding Scholarship

THE DATUM ATTITUDE

Instrument panel is parallel to horizon

Gliding Scholarship

THE DATUM ATTITUDE

Airspeed is stable

Here are some more attitudes you will see…

Gliding Scholarship

THE BANKED ATTITUDE

Gliding Scholarship

THE APPROACH ATTITUDETHE BANKED ATTITUDE

Gliding Scholarship

STABILITYSTABILITY

The aircraft is stable and will maintain the attitude with no control input needed

Gliding Scholarship

AIRCRAFT AXESAIRCRAFT AXES

Lateral axis

Gliding Scholarship

AIRCRAFT AXES

Lateral axis

The aircraft PITCHES about the lateral axis

Gliding Scholarship

AIRCRAFT AXES

Longitudinal axis

Gliding Scholarship

Longitudinal axis

AIRCRAFT AXES

The aircraft ROLLS about the longitudinal axis

Gliding Scholarship

AIRCRAFT AXES

Vertical axis

Gliding Scholarship

AIRCRAFT AXES

Vertical axis

The aircraft YAWS about the vertical axis

Gliding Scholarship

PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS

PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS

ELEVATORS

Gliding Scholarship

ELEVATORSZ 610E

ELEVATORS

Gliding Scholarship

Z 610E

…the elevators move down

ELEVATORS

When you move the control column forward…

Gliding Scholarship

Z 610E

The aircraft starts to pitch nose down…

ELEVATORS

Gliding Scholarship

…and continues to pitch until the control column is returned to the neutral position

ELEVATORS

Gliding Scholarship

Likewise, if you move the control column back…

…the elevators move up……and the aircraft pitches

nose up until you return the control column to the neutral position

ELEVATORS

Gliding Scholarship

PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS

AILERONS

Gliding Scholarship

AILERONS

AILERONS

Gliding Scholarship

AILERONS

When you move the control column to the right…

…the left aileron moves down and the right aileron moves up

Gliding Scholarship

AILERONS

The aircraft starts to roll to the right…

…and continues to roll until the control column is returned to the neutral position

Gliding Scholarship

Likewise, if you move the control column to the left…

…the left aileron moves up and the right aileron moves down …

…and the aircraft rolls to the left until you return the control column to

the neutral position

AILERONS

Gliding Scholarship

PRIMARY EFFECTS OF THE CONTROLS

RUDDER

Gliding Scholarship

RUDDER

RUDDER

Gliding Scholarship

RUDDERWhen you push the right rudder pedal forwards…

…the rudder moves to the right…

Gliding Scholarship

RUDDER

…and the aircraft yaws to the right

Gliding Scholarship

RUDDER

the slip ball moves left to indicate unbalanced flight

As the aircraft yaws right,

Gliding Scholarship

RUDDER

push the left pedal forwards until the slip ball is central

To restore balanced flight,

Gliding Scholarship

If the ball is outside the ‘goalposts’…

…push the appropriate pedal forwards (right pedal if the ball is out to the right)…

…until the ball is back in the centre

In balanced flight, note that the rudder pedals are not necessarily centred

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A

BANKED ATTITUDE

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

An aircraft always manoeuvres about its axes…

Lateral axis

Vertical axis

If the aircraft is banked, so are its axes

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

So in a level attitude, this is pitch…

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

So in a level attitude, this is pitch… …and this is yaw

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

But in a banked attitude, this is pitch…

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECTS OF CONTROLS IN A BANKED ATTITUDE

In a banked attitude, this is pitch… …and this is yaw

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

The rate at which the aircraft responds depends on how much

you deflect the controls

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

So if you deflect the ailerons a small amount…

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

…the aircraft rolls slowly

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

And if you deflect the ailerons a large amount…

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

…the aircraft rolls quickly

Gliding Scholarship

PROPORTIONAL RESPONSE

The same applies to the elevator and rudder:

Remember, the rate at which the aircraft responds depends on how much you deflect the controls, not on how quickly you deflect them

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECT OF SPEED

EFFECT OF SPEED

The rate at which the aircraft responds also depends on the airspeed

Gliding Scholarship

EFFECT OF SPEED

For the same control deflection:

At low speed, controls feel and

response is

At high speed, controls feel and

response is

sloppysluggis

hfirm

crisp

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

ADVERSE YAW

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

When you deflect the ailerons…

…lift on this wing increases…

…and lift on this wing reduces

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

…causing the aircraft to roll

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

However, more lift means more drag…

…so the aircraft also yaws

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

…and can be prevented by applying rudder in the same direction as aileron

Because the aircraft yaws left when you want to roll right, it is called ADVERSE YAW…

Gliding Scholarship

ADVERSE YAW

So whenever you want to roll, you must apply rudder at the same time as you apply the ailerons…

This is called CO-ORDINATED CONTROLS

…in the same direction…

…and by just the right amount to prevent adverse yaw

Gliding Scholarship

SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE

SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE

To select the datum attitude…

Gliding Scholarship

To select the datum attitude…

SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE

…first roll wings level using co-ordinated controls

Gliding Scholarship

To select the datum attitude…

SELECTING THE DATUM ATTITUDE

…first roll wings level using co-ordinated controlsthen pitch to the datum attitude using elevator

Gliding Scholarship

THE END?Any Questions

Gliding Scholarship

Crown Copyright 2008

No Part of this presentation may be reproduced without the permission of the issuing authority.

The views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily reflect the views or policy of the MOD.

C