Global Change Impact Studies CentreIslamabad, Pakistan

Nazim AliNazim Ali

Irrigated Landscape of District GujratIrrigated Landscape of District Gujrat

Wheat Production in Districts of Punjab Wheat Production in Districts of Punjab PakistanPakistan

Gujrat

(SDPI, 2004)

Rice Production in Districts of Punjab PakistanRice Production in Districts of Punjab Pakistan

Gujrat

(SDPI, 2004)

Food Production in Districts of Punjab, PakistanFood Production in Districts of Punjab, Pakistan

Gujrat

(SDPI, 2004)

ImportantCommodities

Production Consumption Difference

(000) Ton. (000) Ton. (000) Ton.

Wheat/Flour 223.90 229.6 -28.16

Rice 53.30 17.2 26.93

Potato 1.66 23.9 -22.86

Tomato 0.19 4.5 -4.42

Onion 0.32 22.5 -22.31

Green gram ( (Moong) 0.82 1.7 -1.17

Lentil 1.10 1.7 -1.00

Mash 1.23 1.2 -0.44

Gram 0.37 4.5 -4.32

PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS

IN GUJRAT, PAKISTANIN GUJRAT, PAKISTAN

(GoP, 2003 & SDPI, 2004)

Difference in Release and Procurement of Difference in Release and Procurement of Wheat by Food DepartmentWheat by Food Department

Gujrat

(GoP, 2004)

Approaches to understand Agricultural Approaches to understand Agricultural Marketing System Marketing System

The Functional ApproachThe Functional Approach

Institutional ApproachInstitutional Approach

Commodity ApproachCommodity Approach

Behavioral System Approach Behavioral System Approach

Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-I

Selling agent Broker Buying agentProducer

Village Dealer

Government

Processor Retailer consumer

Wheat

Producer Commission agent Retailer ConsumerPhariawala

Vegetable

(Qamar M.D, 1998)

Producer

Village Dealer

PASSCO

CommissionAgent

PrivateExporter

Processor

Whole-seller

Outsidebuyer

Rice Exportcorporation

Retailer Consumer

Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IIDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-II

Rice

Commission agent

Producer Pre-harvest contractor Phriawala Retailer Consumer

Fruits

Distribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-IIDistribution Channels for Food Items in Pakistan-II

Producer Milk carrier ProcessorWholesaler/commission agent

Retailer Consumer

wholesalerProducer/Poultry farmers

collectors Retailer Consumer

Milk

Eggs

Farmers’ Share of Consumers’ Expenditure

Less Perishable 65%

Perishable 35%

Typical Problems of Farmers in Marketing in PakistanTypical Problems of Farmers in Marketing in Pakistan

Production-orientationProduction-orientation

Small marketable surplusSmall marketable surplus

Inefficient produce preparationInefficient produce preparation

Ineffective rural assembly marketsIneffective rural assembly markets

Credit availabilityCredit availability

Lack of group actionLack of group action

Lack of vertical co-ordination of marketing channels.Lack of vertical co-ordination of marketing channels.

Import of Agricultural CommoditiesImport of Agricultural Commodities

Commodity Quantity (m. tonnes) Value (b. Rs.)

Edible Oils 1.197 24.03

Tea 0.099 9.61

Pulses 0.460 8.31

Fruits 0.235 3.08

Vegetables 0.123 1.75

Ginger & Garlic 0.070 1.45

Spices 0.021 1.10

Seed 0.013 0.88

Total 2.218 50.21

(GoP, 2003)

Export of Agricultural CommoditiesExport of Agricultural Commodities

CommodityCommodity Quantity (m. tonnes) Quantity (m. tonnes) Value (B. Rs.)Value (B. Rs.)

Rice CoarseRice Coarse 1.1341.134 11.6411.64

Rice BasmatiRice Basmati 0.5500.550 15.8615.86

Raw CottonRaw Cotton 0.0380.038 1.551.55

Cotton WasteCotton Waste 0.0970.097 2.262.26

Cotton YarnCotton Yarn 0.5400.540 57.1457.14

Guar ProductsGuar Products 0.0230.023 0.970.97

FruitsFruits 0.2900.290 5.085.08

VegetablesVegetables 0.1340.134 1.211.21

TotalTotal 2.8062.806 95.7195.71

(GoP, 2003)

Government Interventions in Price StabilityGovernment Interventions in Price Stability

Government of Pakistan annually reviews and announces the support prices of important commodities

Crops Wheat, Rice, Cotton, Sugarcane, Potato, Gram, Onion, Oilseeds

Objectives• To protect farmers against undue fall in prices• To promote farm investment on sustainable basis• To stabilize prices in off-season

(GOP, 2001)

Price Determinants•Cost of production•Import/export parity prices•Domestic and world demand/supply•Change in nominal and real price•Profitability in the use of inputs•Comparatives economics of competing crops•Production targets•Impact on other sectors of economy

OutcomeCrops covered under price program experience not only positive

growth rates area and production but also in productivity

(GOP, 2001)

Government Interventions in Price StabilityGovernment Interventions in Price Stability

PER CAPITA MONTHLY CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMSPER CAPITA MONTHLY CONSUMPTION OF MAJOR FOOD ITEMS

CommoditiesCommodities UnitsUnitsOverall Overall AverageAverage

Income GroupsIncome Groups

1ST1ST 2ND2ND 3RD3RD 4TH4TH 5TH5TH

Average no of member of HHAverage no of member of HH 6.546.54 8.128.12 7.397.39 6.916.91 6.116.11 5.245.24

Wheat/Flour (kg)Wheat/Flour (kg) KgKg 9.599.59 8.38.3 9.489.48 9.739.73 10.1710.17 10.1310.13

Rice/Flour (kg)Rice/Flour (kg) KgKg 0.720.72 0.430.43 0.570.57 0.650.65 0.880.88 1.021.02

BiscuitBiscuit gmgm 15.8815.88 3.473.47 5.975.97 10.9610.96 15.4215.42 39.4639.46

PulsesPulses (kg)(kg) 0.380.38 0.220.22 0.290.29 0.390.39 0.410.41 0.580.58

MilkMilk ltrltr 6.846.84 2.822.82 4.654.65 5.925.92 7.857.85 11.9811.98

Milk (Packed)Milk (Packed) LtrLtr 2.992.99 1.131.13 1.651.65 2.472.47 3.643.64 5.535.53

GheeGhee KgKg 0.050.05 0.010.01 0.020.02 0.040.04 0.060.06 0.130.13

Vegetable GheeVegetable Ghee KgKg 0.660.66 0.470.47 0.60.6 0.670.67 0.750.75 0.770.77

Cooking OilCooking Oil kgkg 0.060.06 0.010.01 0.010.01 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.180.18

MuttonMutton kgkg 0.120.12 0.020.02 0.040.04 0.060.06 0.120.12 0.330.33

BeefBeef KgKg 0.220.22 0.10.1 0.180.18 0.220.22 0.260.26 0.340.34

Chicken meatChicken meat kgkg 0.130.13 0.020.02 0.050.05 0.090.09 0.130.13 0.350.35

EggsEggs No.No. 1.541.54 0.460.46 0.720.72 11 1.681.68 3.493.49

FruitsFruits KgKg 2.482.48 0.70.7 1.311.31 1.791.79 2.522.52 5.565.56

VegetableVegetable KgKg 3.793.79 2.482.48 3.183.18 3.593.59 4.124.12 5.295.29

Percentage Change in Per Capita Monthly Percentage Change in Per Capita Monthly Consumption of Major Food ItemsConsumption of Major Food Items

ItemsItems UnitsUnitsIncome QuintilesIncome Quintiles

1st1st 2nd2nd 3rd3rd 4th4th 5th5th

Average no of member of HHAverage no of member of HH 00 -9-9 -15-15 -25-25 -35-35

Wheat/Flour (kg)Wheat/Flour (kg) KgKg 00 1414 1717 2323 2222

Rice/Flour (kg)Rice/Flour (kg) KgKg 00 3333 5151 105105 137137

BiscuitBiscuit gmgm 00 7272 216216 344344 10371037

PulsesPulses (kg)(kg) 00 3232 7777 8686 164164

MilkMilk ltrltr 00 6565 110110 178178 325325

Milk (Packed)Milk (Packed) LtrLtr 00 4646 119119 222222 389389

GheeGhee KgKg 00 100100 300300 500500 12001200

CurdCurd KgKg 00 121121 307307 600600 11361136

Vegetable GheeVegetable Ghee KgKg 00 2828 4343 6060 6464

Cooking OilCooking Oil kgkg 00 00 200200 300300 17001700

MuttonMutton kgkg 00 100100 200200 500500 15501550

BeefBeef KgKg 00 8080 120120 160160 240240

Chicken meatChicken meat kgkg 00 150150 350350 550550 16501650

EggsEggs No.No. 00 5757 117117 265265 659659

FruitsFruits KgKg 00 8787 156156 260260 694694

VegetableVegetable KgKg 00 2828 4545 6666 113113

Source of CaloriesSource of Calories

Sources of CaloriesSources of Calories Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan

Average Intake 2673 2257 2189 2424

All Grains (%) 65.2 70 68.5 70.1

Wheat (%) 60 9.5 51.4 67.1

Rice (%) 4.2 60.3 9.1 1.8

Milk (%) 6.3 9.1 5 1

Meat/Fish/Poultry (%) 2 1.8 3.1 1.5

Own Production/Gifts (%) 57.3 50 33.1 13.5

IFPRI, 1993

Factors affecting NutritionFactors affecting Nutrition

•Fluctuation in income do not translate in to fluctuations in Fluctuation in income do not translate in to fluctuations in calories intake in rural household.calories intake in rural household.

•Households cope with seasonal low and higher prices Households cope with seasonal low and higher prices through savings and storage of grainsthrough savings and storage of grains

•Calories-income elasticities in the sample household range Calories-income elasticities in the sample household range from 0.12 to 0.39from 0.12 to 0.39

•Education of Women is foun to be key factor in achieving Education of Women is foun to be key factor in achieving the the better nutritionbetter nutrition

•Education of women is nearly three times effective than Education of women is nearly three times effective than increasing income by 10 percentincreasing income by 10 percent

•Diarrhea and illness strongly determine the nutritional Diarrhea and illness strongly determine the nutritional status status of pre-schoolersof pre-schoolers

IFPRI, 1993

Preferences in FoodPreferences in Food

GenderGenderIn the village, female family members control sphere of food in

their homes. 80% male members always get privilege in food distribution even if they were not at home their portion was kept aside before serving to other members of the family

Change in PreferenceChange in PreferenceThere has been a rapid exogenous decline over time in the

share of gram. The demand for chicken was faster after 1982-83 than before it i.e. there was a structural change in consumer preferences.

Food ProcessingFood Processing

Why ProcessingWhy Processing

Post harvest losses of fruits and vegetables are an important

factor of food deficit in the country. In general, post harvest losses of

food crops are approximately 20% of the harvest and in the case of

fruits and vegetables these losses are about 30% to 40%. Most of

these losses take place at storage, transportation and processing.

(Rana, 2000)

Food ProcessingFood Processing

Food industry is the largest industry of Pakistan accounting for 27 Food industry is the largest industry of Pakistan accounting for 27

percent of the total value-added production, and 16 percent of the total percent of the total value-added production, and 16 percent of the total

employment in the manufacturing sector. employment in the manufacturing sector.

Food Toxins

Chemical Toxins Biological Toxins

Extrinsic Chemicals Intrinsic Chemicals

Agro-Chem.

Food additives

Processing plants

Food processing

Packing materials

Env.pollutants

Examples:FungiMicrobesBacteriaViruses etc.

Plant Toxins:Dietary fiberAcidsTannins etc.

Extent of Adulteration in Food ItemsExtent of Adulteration in Food Items

Type of Food Type of Food % of Adulteration % of Adulteration

Milk and milk productsMilk and milk products 6161

Oil and oil productsOil and oil products 6262

BeveragesBeverages 4646

Cereals and cereals productsCereals and cereals products 3636

Spices and condiments Spices and condiments 5858

Bakery and Confectionary ProductsBakery and Confectionary Products 4646

SweatsSweats 5858

SugarSugar 66

Miscellaneous itemsMiscellaneous items 1616

Pesticide Residues in RicePesticide Residues in Rice

PesticidePesticide Paddy Paddy receiving receiving stagestage

Brown rice Brown rice after husking after husking

Rice after Rice after polishing polishing

Rice after Rice after fumigationfumigation

Padan (Cartap)Padan (Cartap) 0.010.01 0.0160.016 0.0010.001 0.0020.002

Furadan Furadan (Carbofuron)(Carbofuron) 0.0150.015 0.0430.043 0.070.07 0.0030.003

Gamma BHC Gamma BHC (Lindane)(Lindane) 0.0010.001 TracesTraces -- --

Food Insecurity in Districts of PunjabFood Insecurity in Districts of Punjab