Global environmental issues

Md. Inzamul Haque [email protected]

WHAT ARE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES?Environmental issues are any such issues created due to human activities and cause harm to the environment.

Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment.

They relate to the anthropogenic effects on the natural environment, which are loosely divided into causes, effects and mitigation, noting that effects are interconnected and can cause new effects.

Environmental Issues are interconnected, that means one issue accelerate the other e.g. water pollution accelerate the rate of air pollution causes global warming.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..HUMAN OVERPOPULATION

o Bio capacity o Carrying capacity o Exploitation o Industrialization o Land degradation o Land reclamation o Urbanization o Waste o Water conflict o Water scarcity o Overdrafting

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Hydrological Issues

Environmental Impact of Reservoirs-

• Fragmentation of river ecosystems

• Riverline and coastal erosion

• Change in Water temperature

• Reservoir sedimentation

Tile Drainage

Flooding

Landslide

Water Scarcity in Agriculture

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Nuclear Issues

o Nuclear fallout

o Nuclear meltdown

o Nuclear power

o Nuclear weapons

o Nuclear and radiation accidents

o Nuclear safety

o High-level radioactive waste

management

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Land-Use Issues

Built environment

Desertification

Habitat fragmentation

Habitat destruction

Land degradation — Land pollution

Lawn-environmental concerns

Urban heat island

Urban sprawl

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Intensive Farming

• Intensive animal farming • Intensive crop farming• Irrigation • Monoculture • Nutrient pollution • Overgrazing • Pesticide drift • Plasticulture • Slash and burn • Tile drainage

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Nanotechnology

Implication of Nanotechnology.

EFFECTS of GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..

Global warming Global dimming Fossil fuels Sea level rise Greenhouse gas Ocean acidification Shutdown of thermohaline

circulation Environmental impact of the

coal industry Urban Heat Islands Flooding

Climate Change

EFFECTS of GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Environmental Degradation

Habitat destruction

Invasive species

Deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the extinction of wildlife. Environmental degradation is one of the ten threats officially cautioned by the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change of the United Nations.


Environmental Healtho Air quality o Asthma o Birth defect o Developmental disability o Endocrine disruptors o Environmental impact of the coal industryo Environmental impact of nanotechnology o Electromagnetic radiation and healtho Lead poisoning o Leukemiao Nanotoxicologyo Nature deficit disorder o One Health o Sick Building Syndrome o Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing


Pollution• Air pollution

*Major Pollutants: Sulfur oxides (SOx), Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Volatile organic compounds (VOC), Particulate Matter (PM), Toxic metals such as Lead/Mercury, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Ammonia (NH3), Odours — such as from garbage, sewage, and industrial processes, Radioactive pollutant, Ground level ozone (O3) etc.

• Water Pollution-Point Sources: Contaminants that enter a waterway from a single,

identifiable source, such as a pipe or ditch. Examples of sources in this category include discharges from a sewage treatment plant, a factory, or a city storm drain.

-Non Point Sources: Refers to diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single discrete source. A common example is the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also cited as examples of NPS pollution.

• Soil pollutionSoil pollution can be caused by the following

*Accidental Spills *Acid rain (Which is caused by air pollution) *Intensive farming *Deforestation*Genetically modified plants *Nuclear wastes *Industrial Accidents *Landfill and illegal dumping *Land Erosion *Agricultural practices, such as application of pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers *Mining and other industries *Oil and fuel dumping *Buried wastes *Disposal of coal ash *Disposal of ammunitions and agents of war *Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil *Electronic waste

• Noise pollution- Disturbing or excessive noise that may harm the activity or balance of human or animal life.

• Light Pollution- Also known as photopollution or luminous pollution, is excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive artificial light.


Pollution


Resource Depletion

Exploitation of natural resources, Overdrafting (groundwater), Overexploitation

o Consumerism — Consumer capitalism • Planned obsolescence • Over-consumption

o Fishing — Blast fishing • Bottom trawling • Cyanide fishing • Ghost nets • Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing • Overfishing • Shark finning • Whaling

o Logging — Clearcutting • Deforestation • Illegal loggingo Mining — Acid mine drainage • Environmental impact of hydraulic fracturing

• Mountaintop removal mining • Slurry impoundmentso Water (depletion) — Anoxic waters • Aral Sea • California Water Wars • Dead

Sea • Lake Chad • Water scarcity

EFFECTS of GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES..Waste

o Electronic waste o Great Pacific Garbage Patch o Illegal dumping o Incineration o Litter o Waste disposal incidents o Marine debris o Medical waste o Landfill o Leachate o Toxic waste o Environmental impact of the coal

industryo Exporting of hazardous waste

Measurement of Human impact on Environment

I= PAT-In the I=PAT equation, the variable P represents the population of an area, such as the world. Since the rise of industrial societies, human population has been increasing exponentially.

-The variable A, in the I=PAT equation stands for affluence. It represents the average consumption of each person in the population. As the consumption of each person increases, the total environmental impact increases as well.

-The T variable in the I=PAT equation represents how resource intensive the production of affluence is; how much environmental impact is involved in creating, transporting and disposing of the goods, services and amenities used. the unit for T is often tailored for the situation I=PAT is being applied to. For example, for a situation where the human impact on climate change is being measured, an appropriate unit for T might be greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESMitigation

Priority Issues/ Solutions:

Curbing Global Warming-

Afforestation-

Creating the Clean Energy Future-

Reviving the World's Oceans-

Defending Endangered Wildlife and Wild Places-

Protecting Our Health By Preventing Pollution

Ensuring Safe and Sufficient Water-

Fostering Sustainable Communities-

Practicing Organic Farming

Implement and practicing three R’s (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle)


WHO SHOULD COME FORWARD ?

Each and Everyone must come forward to mitigate with this burning issues because our existence is now in our hand.

The implementation of the solutions in this document as well as those in the NEAP Volume 1 is categorized by principal players thus:

a. Actions to be taken by people on their own;

b. Action to be taken by people with assistance from the Government or non

governmental agencies; and

c. Actions to taken by the Government alone.

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESMitigation Strategy


Involvement of Media:

There are an increasing number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on climate change and global warming. Al Gore's 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth gained commercial success and a high media profile.

Within the last twenty years, commercially successful films with an environmentalism theme have been released theatrically and made by the major Hollywood studios.

The truth about Wildlife, Years of Living Dangerously are some of the popular TV shows based on Environmental Conservation.

List of International Organization Working on Environmental Issues:• Earth System Governance Project (ESGP).• Global Environment Facility (GEF).• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC).• International Union for Conservation of

Nature (IUCN).• United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP).• World Nature Organization (WNO).• Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).etc.


There are literally dozens of environmental organizations in the world, with most countries having at least one government ministry or agency with a dedicated role to monitor and protect the environment.

In addition there are a large number of Private Organizations, sometimes known as Non-Government Organizations (NGOs). A significant number of these have a worldwide coverage and although some of them are relatively unknown outside a fairly specialized circle, several, such as Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace have an international profile and reputation.

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF BANGLADESH

Climate Change- Increasing Temperature, Decreasing rainfall, Seasonal

instability.

Biodiversity Loss- Extinction of many floral and faunal species. More and

more become endangered.

Wetland Degradation- Degradation of rivers, lakes, ponds and many

important drainage.

Air pollution- Increasing amount of harmful chemical compounds in the

atmosphere.

Water pollution- Increasing amount of harmful chemicals, toxic wastes, non

degradable wastes changing the property of fresh water bodies.

Soil Degradation- Increasing amount of Fertilizers & pesticides and excessive

agricultural practice damaging the soil stability.

Noise pollution- Increasing amount of urbanized motor vehicle.


Biodiversity LossBangladesh has about 5000 species of flowering plants and 1500 species of fauna. It was much more a century ago.

Flora:-It is recorded 7095 (apx) species of different plant (MOef 2007).

-Total forest area less than 17%, day by day it is reduce due to increasing of population and landlessness.

-According to latest account about 96 seed-bearing plant species are threatened.

-According to task force report 9 vascular plants are endangered and 27 are threatened

Fauna:-According to IUCN Red Book 266 species of inland fishes, 442 species of marine fishes, 22 species of amphibians, 109 inland reptiles,17 marine reptiles, 388 resident birds, 240 migratory birds, 110 inland mammals and 3 species of marine mammals exist in Bangladesh.

-According to IUCN red list 54 species of sea fishes, 8 amphibians, 58 reptiles, 41 resident birds and 40 mammals are threatened.

-Number of extinct fauna of Bangladesh is 17.


Climate ChangeClimate Change is the most fearing environmental issue in Bangladesh.

-Tropical monsoon climate (high temperature-high humidity, heavy rainfall). Mean annual temperature of Bangladesh is 26oc. Average rainfall 1300 mm. to 4000 mm.

-Increasing trend of temperature.

-Decreasing trend of Monsoon.

-Recently, Seasons are not behaving regular.

-About 20 million people in the costal region of Bangladesh are affected by salinity intrusion caused by sea level rise.

-40% of the productive land is projected to be loss in the southern region for 65cm sea level rise within 2080.

-Desertification in the Northern Region.

-Uncontrolled emission from motor vehicles, dust, industrial waste product, construction dust, garbage, brick kilns, cooking stoves, burning of wood, coal and bio-mass are mainly responsible.

-Common pollutants: Dust, Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxide & Sulpher dioxide, Respirable suspended particulates (RSP), Smoke etc.


Air pollution

-Bangladesh receives water: 74% from transboundary, 24% from rainfall & 2% from groundwater.

-Source of pollution: Industrial effluent (textiles, tanneries, pulp and paper mill, fertilizer), municipal waste, chemical fertilizer & pesticide, oil & lube spillage from sea & river ports.

-Arsenic contamination in the groundwater (57 million people in Bangladesh drink water containing arsenic). 9136 death per year due to arsenic related diseases.

-Increasing salinity in the coastal regions during dry seasons.

-Water pollution by sector: Pulp & Paper Industry 47.4%, Pharmaceuticals 15.9%, Metal Industry 14%, Food Industry 12.1%, Fertilizers & Pesticides 6.6%.


Water and Soil pollution

-Water Pollution control Ordinance 1973 (promulgated in 1974).

-Bangladesh wild life (preservation) order 1973 (promulgated in 1974) & wild life (preservation) Act 1973

-Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1995.

-Environment Conservation Rules 1997.

-Environment Court Act 2000 (Amendment 2002)

-The Forest Act 1927 (amended in 1990, 2000)

-Bangladesh Bio-safety Rules 2010.


Policy Adopted

THANK YOU

Date post:	21-Apr-2017
Category:	Environment
Upload:	md-inzamul-haque-sazal
View:	3,248 times
Download:	0 times