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GHN Site Conservation Assessment (SCA)

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Global Heritage Network (GHN)

Site Conservation Assessment (SCA) Report

Date: April 4, 2011

Site Name: Tiwanaku

Country: Bolivia

GHN Site Monitor's Name: Pablo Miguel Rendón Lizarazu

Institution:

Profession: Archaeologist

Affiliations:

Dates of visit: February 2011

World Heritage Status: Designated, National Heritage

WH inscription failed or Removed from Tentative List

Annual Visitation and Revenues

It was only possible to obtain information for a period of 4 years (from 2007 to 2010) because of a change in civic authorities, who usually take with them information they are charged with when they leave office.

National Tourism Income (% of Total): 54.7 %

Entrance Fee Revenue: 100 % received from entrance fees

Concession Revenues: 0 %

Approximate number of visitors annually:

It was only possible to obtain information for a period of 4 years (from 2007 to 2010) because of a change in civic authorities, who usually take with them information they are charged with when they leave office.

The period from 2007 to 2010:

National: 95.6% Foreign: 4.4%

Growth from 2007: 10,892 visitors 2010: 13,412 visitors

An increase in visitors of 23.1 % during the 4 year period.


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Site Historical Archives

Development of a historical database of site photos and reports from historical records in libraries, national archives, from local communities, site directors and other sources can be invaluable in understanding current state of conservation with historical photos, especially comparing the same panoramas and views. Please include photo credits and copyright limitations.

First descriptions of the site:

1549 Pedro Cieza de León

Investigations of the site:

Visitors (pre-systematic inquiries):

1794 Tadeo Haenke

1825? Alexander von Humbolt

1811 Juan José Castelli

1825 José Antonio de Sucre

1833 Alcides Dessalines d’Orbigny

1864 Ephrim George Squier

1877 Charles Wiener

1881 Edwin R. Heath

1887 Ernest W. Middendorf

1904 Clements R. Markham

Systematic scientific investigations:

1894 Max Uhle

1894 Adolph F. Bandelier

1920 – 1930 Erland Nordenskiöld

1909 – 1946 Arthur Posnansky

1917 Philip Ainsworth Means

1920 Belisario Diaz Romero

1910 Comisión Congreso de Americanistas

1920 José María Camacho


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1930 Atilio Sivirichi Tapia

1955 Manuel Rigoberto Paredes

Excavation and data recovery efforts:

1915 Julio C. Tello

1932 Wendell Clark Bennett

1933 Eduardo Casanova

1909 – 1937 Fritz Buck

1938 Stig Rydén

1910 – 1963 Federico Diez de Medina

1950, 1955 Salvador Canals Frau

1955 Alfred Kidder II

1962 Alden Masson

Institutional investigations and/or investigations carried out under the auspices of the Bolivian State:

1957 – 1985 Carlos Ponce Sanjines

1957 – 1979 Gregorio Cordero Miranda

1957 – 1984 Maks Portugal Zamora

1957 – 1975 María Elena Fortun

1957 José Mesa – Teresa Gisbert

1989 – 1997 Oswaldo Rivera Sundt

1975 – 2007 Juan Faldin

1980 – 2009 Eduardo Pareja Siñani

1985 – 1996 Leocadio Ticlla

1978 – 1989 Alan Kolata

1980 – 1990 José Huidobro

1965 – 1999 Max Portugal Ortiz

1985 – 2000 Javier Escalante Moscoso

1988 – 1989 Juan Albarracín – Mathews


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1988 – 1989 Linda Manzanilla – María René Buduan

1996 – 2007 Alexis Branish

1999 – 2010 Dedora Blom – Nicole Delcourt

1996 – 2004 Pablo Rendón

2002 – 2006 Velia Mendoza

2004 – 2009 Ruden Plaza

2009 José Luis Paz

1999 – 2009 Ludwing Cayo

Archives and databases:

Among the most important are the following:

• Archives and databases of the Ex-Unidad Nacional de Arqueología (which originally was the Instituto Nacional de Arqueología, then the Dirección Nacional de Arqueología, and finally the Unidad Nacional de Arqueología).

• The library of the National Museum of Archaeology.

(In actuality, the two documenting entities listed above are in control of the recently created Unidad de Arqueología y Museos del Ministerio de Culturas. Data controlled by these entities are not accessible to the public)

• The archives and library of Carlos Ponce Sanjines, which is under the control of his daughters.

• The collection of photographs by Arthur Posnansky, which is under the control of …

• The archives and library of Arthur Posnansky, which is under the control of his nieces.

The old library of the Centro de Investigaciones de Tiwanaku has been plundered since 1985 and its documents have disappeared into the hands of administrating officials. By the 90s the consolidated collection no longer existed.

In the town of Tiwanaku proper, there exists no central collection of documents, specialized library or databases that house documents for the investigations of the adjoining site.


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Site Name: Tiwanaku

Entry Fee in US Dollars from the period of 2007 to 2010:

(Domestic): 7,724.03 (International): 6,382.10

Charge for Camera: N/A Video: N/A

Guides available Yes X No

Training of guides: Yes

Languages Available: No

Literature available Yes No X

Quality on a scale of 1-5: ___ N/A

Custodians Yes X No

Quality on a scale of 1-5: ___ 1

Supervisory Staff Yes No X

Quality on a scale of 1-5: ___ N/A

Accessibility (describe): The site is easily and conveniently accessible by asphalt road. It is located 1.5 hrs from the capitol city of La Paz at a distance of 75.0 km. Public transportation to Tiwanaku is available every 30 minutes from 0600 hrs to 1400 hrs (Monday thru Saturday) from zona del Cementerio in La Paz, and every 30 minutes from 0600 hrs to 1500 hrs (Monday to Sunday) from la Avenida Juan Pablo Segundo (Chacaltaya), in El Alto.

Taxis and tourist buses to Tiwanaku are also available for hire from La Paz.

Parking and visitor circulation (describe): Parking is available adjacent to the main site of Tiwanaku (Area Nº 1, which is described below), in front of the Lithic Museum. The parking lot is hard-packed soil and open-aired, and there are no walls, fences, or other barriers to offer protection to the parking lot.

Interpretive signage Yes X No


Adequate restroom facilities Yes X No


Visible security personnel/measures Yes X No

Amenities (food/drink, shop etc) Yes X No



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Available souvenirs, books, videos Yes X No



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Site Name: Tiwanaku

General condition (with details of maintenance or repair needed, where appropriate):

At the site of Tiwanaku, there are 3 improved areas for visitation by the public. Following are details of each, along with a summary of necessary maintenance and repairs:

a) Area Nº 1 consists of the principal monuments and constructions of the Tiwanaku culture. This area presents serious deficiencies in the system of drainage for rain water. Although some channels and drainage pipes exist, they are insufficient. Within Area Nº 1, 2 distinct sectors are distinguishable. The first one is composed of structures restored in the past like the Kalasasaya and the Semi-subterranean Temple. These have adequate systems of drainage. The second sector consists of structures that have been excavated from the 1980s until the last 10 years. These structures include the Akapana, Kantatallita, Putuni and Chunchucala. The drainage system for these structures is very bad or nonexistent.

The soil that has resulted from excavations, particularly the soil around the Akapana, impedes the movement of visitors through the site because of its volume and its placement. These soils should be removed or readjusted.

Also, the Olympic netting that surrounds the area, although in good condition, should be extended in order to expand and accommodate land that should be protected. The site actually extends north and outside the present limits of the site, into a sector known as the Karaña.

Finally, it is necessary to repair and improve the small shack that serves as a collection place for tickets, as well as creating strategically placed covered guard shacks inside the site.

b) Area Nº 2 consists of the 2 museums, the depository for excavated items, and the support building for investigators. Ceilings within the buildings are in very bad states of disrepair, the closed-circuit security cameras in the buildings do not function, and the electrical wiring and lighting systems within the buildings are in bad (if not dangerous) conditions. It is necessary to install an automatic generator in case of electrical malfunction or emergency. The museum interiors and their rest areas are in poor aesthetic condition and need to be repainted.

The zones in between the 2 museums are delimited by barbed-wire that represents a risk to visitors, particularly children. There are very few rest areas in relation to the number of visitors to the site. Finally, there are various original Tiwanaku-period sculptures that are exposed to the elements; these are located in the garden area of the Ceramic Museum.

The area behind the museums presents many deficiencies. Areas that are off limits are protected by walls of corrugated metal sheets that simply offer no protection at all. These areas are used as scrap dumps, and it is to see unusable vehicles and all sorts of trash materials.


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The building that houses museum personnel is practically unserviceable. The building is poorly constructed, and the patio area is overflowing with all sorts of archaeologically recovered material. In summary, these areas are poorly protected and in a state of serious disrepair.

c) Area Nº 3 consists of the Pumapunku pyramid and its surroundings. Much like Area Nº 1, Area Nº 3 and the pyramid area in general suffer from inadequate drainage systems that are poorly planned and and of inferior quality. This system must be renovated and fixed.

Conservation or restoration work completed or in progress:

The first restoration and conservation projects at Tiwanaku began in the 1960s and 1970s on the Kalasasaya and the Semi-subterranean Temples. To this day, constant and routine maintenance takes place on the drainage system, and metal grating has been installed on top of stones within heavily trafficked monuments to prevent the deterioration of structural stones and to facilitate the movement of visitors.

Between 2000 and 2002, a team of North American archaeologists under the direction of Alexei Vranich excavated and conserved structures at Tiwanaku that were attributed to the later Inka occupation, as well as the southern façade of the Pumapunku Temple. Although these efforts remain in relatively good condition, it is necessary to maintain the reconstructions before or after the onset of the rainy season.

Between 2005 and 2006 a team of researchers and technicians from the Unidad Nacional de Arqueología de Bolivia (UNAR) began re-excavating north façade of the Pumapunku Temple, focusing on its reconstruction and conservation to make it ready for public visitation. However, annual maintenance is required, as evidenced by the deterioration of the protecting adobe walls.

In 2004 saw the beginning of a project of excavation and conservation on the Akapana pyramid at Tiwanaku. However, these were suspended in 2009 after the Tiwanaku municipality intervened. The areas that were preserved during this project are not being maintained, and adobe walls that were built to protect the structure are deteriorating. Likewise, some of the excavated sectors were not conserved and it is necessary to intervene to preserve these exposed architectural remains. Currently, only improvised gutters and corrugated metal sheets protect these sectors.

It should be noted that the soil that resulted from excavations of the eastern side of the Akapana Pyramid could be used to fill the looters pit in the central portion of the pyramid. This pit was created by looting during the Colonial era.

In 2008 and 2009 efforts were made to re-excavate and conserve the Putuni Temple. To date there seems to be no extensive damage or deficiency resulting from these efforts, but it still is necessary to maintain them annually.

From 2007 to 2009, a Polish mission excavated the ruins of the Kantatallita Temple. This structure has seen very little work in the area of conservation. More drainage channels should be constructed, recent profiles from excavations should be protected and old looters pits should be filled in. Any conservation work proved to be of very poor quality.


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Condition of setting and environment:

The site of Tiwanaku is 3824.0 meters above mean sea level in the Lake Titicaca Basin. It is 75.0 km from the city of La Paz, in the Highlands of northern of Bolivia. The rainy season occurs between the months of October and April, with a fluctuation between 65.0 to 175.0 mm per year. January is the month of greatest rainfall. The climate of the area is classified as "temperate with dry winter".

In the dry season (or winter), the temperature ranges from -14° to 22° C. Temperatures in the rainy season (or summer) range from a minimum of -5° C to a maximum of 23° C. Vegetation and fauna are limited by these conditions and generally include the presence of varieties of grasses and shrubs. Where more moisture dominates, one can see small concentrations of native tree and shrubs. Native fauna include a variety of rodents like rabbits, and the presence of predators like foxes.

Integrity of the Site

The integrity of the site is poor, which is seriously affected by two factors: First, the local Tiwanaku municipality (and current administrator of the site) has not proceeded with the purchase or expropriation of lands that surround the site in order to consolidate the proprietary right of the site.

Secondly, buildings are being constructed within the protected area and its perimeter because since the sites declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000 the municipality has not offered a normative plan to regulate spaces and construction in and around the site, including Area No. 1, the Museums, and the Pumapunku and Mollokontu structures.

In fact, the municipality has authorized the construction of a building adjacent to the Lithic Museum, and years ago the construction of a large three story hotel was authorized that is located practically within the area of impact. This construction has also served to destroy the natural landscape and viewscape at the site of Tiwanaku.

Current and potential threats to the integrity of the property:

To date, the Tiwanaku Municipality controls the site and its economic resources. This fact has impacted negatively on any potential expansion onto lands adjacent to the site for the purpose of consolidation. For example, the Municipality gave authorization to construct the three story hotel mentioned above, as well as the construction of a house in very close proximity to the Lithic Museum.

In short, there is a problem with regard to the consolidation of areas to be protected. For commercial reasons (homes, businesses and hotels), new constructions are advancing daily toward the site’s central ruins.

UNESCO has initiated a series of workshops in order to assess potential areas of impact. As such, they have recommended a decentralized institution (one that does not rely upon directly of any institution for its functions) that will handle and manage the site. This independent institution would serve as intermediary between parties and entities that want to conserve and consolidate the site and communities, villagers and government entities (state agencies, local municipality, the federal government, etc.).


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Touristic potential:

Estos son los principales atractivos y como se verá no estan siendo aprovechados a su maximo nivel debido a la falta de un plan estratégico que permita encarar esta tarea, permirtiendo de esta forma elevar el aprovechamiento a su maximo.

In order to carry out a more systematic analysis of the site in regard to its tourist potential, information and areas have been divided for individual clarification:

Area Nº 1:

The main problem in this area is to solve the museums purpose and approach towards rendering the site, which is currently non-existent. Some of the areas main needs are: the lack of signage and explanations in several languages (including the Spanish), as well as the improvement of flow design within the museum areas.

Area Nº 2:

The potential capacity of the museums is at only 50%. Some of the problems that limit their potential are: the lack of maintenance; the lack of proper signage; the lack of proper Museum programs; the lack of audiovisual programs and equipment; the misuse and disuse of rooms; the lack of a centralized and dedicated storage area; the lack of controlled and restricted areas; and the lack of explanation material in Spanish and other languages.

Area Nº 3:

The Pumapunku Temple is not clearly identified, which poses a problem for visitors. It is necessary to improve signs and explanations within each of the temple’s exposed areas, as well as in the overall tour circuit.

The town of Tiwanaku:

Within the town of Tiwanaku stands a very early Colonial church, which does not have signs or explanation of any kind. There also is a church museum that must be restored to include proper planning for its exhibits.

These are the site’s main attractions. As can be seen, they are not be exploited to their full potential because a strategic plan is lacking that would allow the problems to be addressed. A proper plan is needed to raise their potentials.

Site Values: Are these values readily communicated to the public? Yes No X

It is possible to do address this in 2 ways: first, is to plan locally for the use of visual media and publicity; secondly, is to plan at the national and international levels for for audiovisual media in the form of public announcements and commercials.


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Site Name: Tiwanaku

Critical observations

There exists no permanent staff of professionals who care for the site in regards to research, advocacy, conservation, restoration, museum related studies, public relations, etc. There is a perception that the site and its museums are not owned by any institution. This should change in order to benefit the agencies who conduct research at the site.

If these areas are not consolidated the site’s conservation will surely suffer because both the municipality and the Bolivian government politicize the management of the site at the expense of a professional and critical management strategies.

Recommendations:

In my opinion as a professional archaeologist with experience working at Tiwanaku, and as a former employee of the state, I consider it a priority to establish a decentralized institution with no ties to any other institution. Instead, this independent institution would be made up of a group or committee of Bolivia Nationals who holds purview over several areas of interested research. Its goal would be to lead the management, research, and administration of the site.

Based on field observations and once the aforementioned institution is in place, it would be necessary that 100% of the resources generated by the site be reinvested back into the site for at least 3 to 5 years. The goal of this action would be to improve the site’s condition and to take advantage of its maximum potential. This action would require agreements with the communities that surround Tiwanaku, the local municipality, and all interested local, federal, and foreign state entities.

Additional comments:

I believe that the participation of the Tiwanaku community is very important in order to institute an adequate site management and preservation plan, and that is vital that the present percentage of resources allocated to the communities be maintained.


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Quantitative Assessment - Site Conservation and Responsible Development

To the best of your ability, rate on a scale of 1-10 (worst to best) current state of site conservation and responsible development using the table below.:

Site Name: Tiwanaku

Date:

Area of Assessment

Scoring (1-10 Best)

Comments

1. Site Conservation Plan (where applicable)

0

No plan of conservation is in place by any independent institution

2. Site Conservation and maintenance

2

Since 2009, maintenance has only been carried out in areas that were conserved by the Unidad Nacional de Arqueología (UNAR) and the Proyecto Pumapunku – Akapana.

3. Site integrity

2

There remain various adjoining lands that are not treated as part of the site. These should be should be acquired.

4. Setting integrity

0

To date, no institution has planned for conservation work at the site or in areas associated therewith.

5. Authenticity

5

This it is a very important aspect. Although promoting a high degree of authenticity and management are important elements, the outsider is not always educated in the full potential of this aspect because educational tools like signs and placards are missing.

6. Site management

1

Although UNAR and the Municipality of Tiwanaku have become responsible for managing the site, there is no stable entity that has taken charge of its practical application.

7. Community involvement in management

2

Members of the surrounding communities only participate as caretakers and laborers in excavations, but there has been no real appropriation of the site.

8. Responsible development

1

Due to a clear normative, there exists no responsibility by any institution for the development and preservation of the site.

9. Continuance of traditional uses

6

In spite of the influx of tourism, local customs and traditions continue and are being incorporated into a sort of "cultural tourism", an


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aspect that in certain form aids to preserve these traditions.

10. Visitor experience

1

Due to the general disrepair of the museums and the lack of information on the site, visitors constantly complain, even with the reduction in visitation in 2010.

Total Score: 20

Qualitative Assessment

Site Name: Tiwanaku

Current developments and threats

Factors Affecting the Properties, Latest Events and Current Situation

- There exists no normative regulations by the Municipal Government in Tiwanaku that sets limits or dictates the types of constructions that can take place within or outside of protected areas

- There exists no master plan that dictates in clear form the best way to protect and conserve the site of Tiwanaku

- There exists no plan to buy or expatriate lands inside the protected area

Threats (Encroachment, Insufficient Resources, Looting, etc):

- In the site there exists no permanent group of specialists who work exclusively in and for the site.

- The economic resources stimulated by the site are not reinvested back into the site. The municipal government administers these monies.

- No governing institution (either federal or municipal) assigns supplemental funds for the operation and preservation of the site and its museums.

- The area known as Mollokontu occasionally presents problems related to the use of land and its access because landowners claim and demand their legal rights of possession.

- In lands that adjoin the Lithic Museum, brick and cement structures are being constructed because there is an absence of regulations that govern this practice.

- There exists no municipal policy that contributes to the recuperation of site related objects found on lands owned by private citizens.

Potential Solutions to Heritage Threats and Loss

Additional Ideas and Questions for site improvements, protection and sustainability


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- Promote the creation of a decentralized institution that functions on behalf of the municipal, regional and national governments, as well as an administrative council created by these institutions. They should take into account also the local communities, the residents, and other institutions that have stake in the site. This will allow a staff of professionals and technicians to not be affected by political changes, which often occurs after elections at all levels of government.

- Reinvestment of funds generated by the site for a period of between 3 to 5 years in order to improve the conditions of the site (conservation, maintenance of buildings, signage, etc.), based upon prior consensus between the social and political actors involved in the management and administration of the site.

- Inter-institutional agreements with the major University of San Andres and the Catholic University of Bolivia, both based in the city of La Paz, in order to create viable internship for students of archaeology, architecture, tourism, social communication, environment, and other relevant disciplines in order to support the work to be developed on the site.

- Search for external financing external to carry out more research, conservation and restoration.

- Manage a Government Fund to pay for current expenditures which cannot be covered with the funds generated by site generated funds.

Management

In World heritage sites: Justification for Inscription

The site was declared a world heritage site because it was the birthplace of one of the most important civilizations in South America, which developed between 1200 BC and AD 1250.

In general, the architectural, artistic and cultural remains of the site include a city, whose center and periphery is estimated to have covered 600 Ha. These ruins are visible even today. Despite extensive looting on the site, structures like the Akapana pyramid and a set of temples like the Kalasasaya, Putuni, Kerikala, Pumapunku and the Semi-subterranean Temple are still visible.

Among lower echelon structures (but no less important and known) are the stelas or monoliths. These include the Bennett, Friar and Ponce, to name a few. There also are ceramics, objects of stone and even organic materials that have been recently found in excavations.

The site’s collective ideology overreached the natural limits on the site, influencing other civilizations like Wari (in Peru) and regional cultures such as the Atacameños (in Chile). Tiwanaku also settled colonies in distant places like the valleys of Cochabamba, the jungle (or yungas) and the coastal deserts of the Peru (Moquegua).

Clarity and enforcement of boundaries and buffer zones


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The site is bordered on the west and north by a town of the same name. This is one of the most complicated problems to solve because the buffer zone is not respected. The residents of the village tend to construct in this sector due to the influx and presence of tourists at the ruins.

The site is bordered on the west by local communities and a technical college directed by the Catholic University of Bolivia. With the exception of the consolidation of properties by the community of Mollokontu, there have been no major setbacks in this area.

The site is bordered on the south by urban and communal lands. These have not presented much of a problem.

Finally, there are lands and houses that are virtually inside the main area. These represent a serious problem and threat because of new construction and expansion projects.

(See Figure 42)

Management organization and level of support

In 1958 the government began work at the site under the auspices of the Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Tiwanaku (CIAT), and in 2000 the site of Tiwanaku began to be managed by the Inter-institutional Committee for the Administration and Management of Tiwanaku (in Spanish the acronym in “CIAGSAT”) was created by Supreme Decree # 26274 to address the problem of mismanagement at the site. This committee was headed by the Deputy Minister of Culture and consisted of representatives from the municipal government of Tiwanaku, the separate communities (there are 23) that make up department of Tiwanaku, the Board of Residents at Tiwanaku, the Prefecture of the Department of La Paz, the Vice Minister of Tourism, and the National Department of Archaeology. The Supreme Decree administered and overseen by this committee.

Since 2000, the responsibility of administering financial resources from the site was passed on to the municipality, while the 23 separate communities collectively took control of the site’s security. These communities rotate responsibilities annually between their members. This particular partnership represents a problem in sustaining properly trained personnel.

The CIAGSAT Committee also is in charge of approving annual expenses, managing their disbursement, and approving non-scientific activities on the site.

Since 2009, the National Department of Archaeology, in compliance with the Regulations for Excavations in Bolivia, has been responsible for the supervision of all scientific work that is carried out on the site. But there is currently conflict between the Municipality of Tiwanaku and the Ministry of Culture about the administration and management of scientific projects.

Past Management and conservation plans: implementation and impact

From 1958 to 1997 the Center for Archaeological Research at Tiwanaku was commissioned to manage financial resources, daily management, research, and promotion of the site. Between 1985 and 2000 the Ministry of Cultures began to directly manage the funds that were gathered by the site, funds that were to have been delivered in the following


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proportions to different stakeholders: 30% to the communities, 20% to the municipality, 20% to the National Institute of Archaeology (who has since become known as the National Department of Archaeology) and 30% to the then Secretary’s office. This situation generated employment for the Municipality of Tiwanaku and the 23 surrounding communities.

Currently there is a vacuum in terms of who should manage and manage the site, mainly because of the site’s World Heritage status.

With regard to the conservation of the site, until 2009 technicians from the National Department of Archaeology were tasked with carrying out routine maintenance on the site, and although they had no formal annual long-term objectives, still managed to maintain Area 1 and Pumapunku.

The Municipality of Tiwanaku has recently hired a foreign specialist in conservation, but she and her team have yet to offer a comprehensive plan for the conservation of the site.

Governance

Agencies responsible

Up until 2010 the National Department of Archaeology had assumed the majority responsibility for managing the site, except that which is the administration of economic resources. In 2011 that agency was dissolves and replaced with the Department of Archaeology and Museums, who has been charged with the added responsibility of mediating between the municipality and the National Government and coordinating with UNESCO. But this agency’s actions have been limited compared to the prior agency’s work because they lack sufficient manpower to function effectively.

For its part, the Municipality of Tiwanaku has hired an ombudsman to oversee issues at the site. However, persons assigned to this position can be removed at any time because of political circumstances within the municipality.

Current legislative and current protection level

Section III/Cultures/article 99 of Bolivia’s Constitution deals with general points concerning cultural heritage and archaeology. By no circumstance can these laws be nulified, negated or there powers impeded, and the State guarantees their preservation, conservation, and promotion.

Specifically, the Regulation of Excavations in Bolivia currently points out that Tiwanaku is a first class site and has been declared a National Heritage Site (Chapter V, Classifications of Archaeological Sites, Article 26).

Insofar as is specified in Article 27, excavation permits shall only be granted if they are linked to processes of preservation and restoration. These tasks must also be performed principally by the National Directorate of Archaeology and Anthropology, which has been renamed the National Department of Archaeology.

Note: there are no other legal regulations that refer to the site in an indirect or direct way.

Funding


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To date, there are no other funding sources other than those generated by the site.

However, Japan, through the auspices of UNESCO, has contributed 4 million USD to Tiwanaku. These funds are not administered by the Bolivian State or private institutions; there are an administrator funds in Quito and a local link in Bolivia.

International projects that work at the site manage their funds independently and national institutions have no bearing on these funds.

Staffing levels

Are adequate professional staff available across the following disciplines?

• Conservation • Management • Promotion • Interpretation

Tiwanaku has a staff of professionals who are in charge of it. Private sector involvement in site funding, management, tourism development

Top these point three aspects can be considered:

(a) Management and administration of the site is conducted by national-level entities.

(b) There have been many agencies involved in the research of Tiwanaku, including international projects (primarily representatives of universities led by trained professors), agencies (Corporación Andina de Fomento [CAF]), and international financial and private companies (the Bolivian Society of Cement, and a producer of Bolivian beer).

(c) In tourism, although there is a Vice-Ministry of Tourism, the main actors at the site are private companies that are involved in the promotion of the site. Onsite, there are local guides who cover the need for providing services to local and national visitors and to foreigners who are not linked to the agencies.

Management Systems - Has a World Heritage site steering group or similar management committee been set up to guide the management of the site?

There currently is an initiative to revive CIAGSAT.

How could the overall management system of the site best be described? • Management by the State Party • Management under protective legislation • Management under contractual agreement between the State Party and a third part • Management under traditional protective measures or customary law • Consensual management • Other management system


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- Currently, national agencies do not manage the site directly. However, they contribute

to the management of the site with help from UNESCO and embassies. - Given the current conditions of the site, which are managed and administered by the

municipality, these are triggered both by Article 99 of the Constitution and the Regulations for Excavation in Bolivia. But this remains an unresolved issue.

- In this framework, legislation regarding customs traditions is not taken into account, although local native communities serve as guards for the site.

- Presently, the Supreme Decree is being updated, and the CIAGSAT is being tasked with management of the site. This action will allow a joint management strategy between the national government, the municipality, communities, the town, and other entities and stakeholders.

- Besides these listed items, there is no other proposal or management system for the site.

Which level or levels of public authority are primarily involved with the management of the site - National, Regional, Local?

Primarily, this charge is given to the Ministry of Culture, through Department of Archaeology and the Vice-Ministry of Tourism.

At the Regional level, the responsibility falls upon the Governor of the Department of La Paz.

Locally, the task falls upon the Municipal Government of Tiwanaku, representatives of rural communities, and town board of Tiwanaku.

Are the current management systems effective and/or sufficient?

Current administration systems are ineffective and inefficient.

Boundaries and Buffer Zones - Do current boundaries fully cover the site's limits and significance? Are needed to clarify delineation and functions changes?

The boundaries and areas of impact cover the most important areas. However, there are archaeological remains located in and around the area that comprises the current village. This fact has not been taken into account in the planning and management of the site. (For example, remains of the Tiwanaku culture have recently been located in the area of the town church)

Are modern digital maps showing definitions of borders and buffer zones available?

Maps issued by the Military Institute of Bolivian Geography (the body responsible for this work) do not specify clear boundaries or limits for the site or the area of potential effect. Maps generated by institutions like the Ministry of Cultures or by the Municipality of Tiwanaku usually include the above limits (see Figure 42).

What are the most urgent needs for site management personnel?


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Facilitate the creation of an institution or decentralized research center that will carry out the responsibility for the management and administration of the site.

Conservation

The maintenance of a World Heritage property's value is the responsibility of each State Party. The statement of authenticity and/or integrity is crucial to retain this value. When was the latest statement written? Are changes needed? Have there been significant changes to the authenticity and/or integrity of the site since inscription?

Appropriate Materials and Techniques are being used?

The materials used initially for the work of restoration and conservation (cement) were not the most appropriate. At the same time key architectural features were not taken into consideration when consolidating an overall vision of the site.

Local and less aggressive materials (mud, local clay, straw, etc.) for the work of conservation have been used in the past few years; they were used between the 2004 and 2009. Currently, there is no conservation work being carried out.

Has the site been the subject of (a) Reactive Monitoring Report (s) to UNESCO World Heritage Committee?

Until the site was declared a World Heritage Site, it was under the custody of the then Directorate of Archaeology. This institution and its technicians carried out constant monitoring to the site. Several reports and studies were stimulated in order to meet the requirements of declaration as a World Heritage Site.

What sources of expertise and training in conservation and management techniques are available to site staff?

From 1958 to 1980, staff members trained in Mexico. Between 1981 and 1989, some of the members of the then National Institute of Archaeology (INAR) were trained in Peru. Towards the end of that decade the Getty Institute provided courses in conservation to officials of the INAR, and others who were in charge of the area.

During the 1990s INAR personnel were trained in conservation in Spain. However, the staff trained by the Getty continued to carry out the majority of conservation work at the site. The current National Department of Archaeology and Museums does not have conservators who are specialized in archaeology or the treatment of archaeological remains. The Municipality of Tiwanaku hired a curator of Greek origin who began working on the site at the end of 2010. Her tasks have mainly been monitoring.

What are site manager’s top priorities for conservation?

- One of the priorities for the site is planning improvements to the drainage system.

- To consolidate the improved adobe walls located within recently excavated structures.

- To improve the conditions of conservation of within the ruins of the various temples.


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- Perform periodic maintenance of the two museums to better preserve the materials housed therein, and to preserve the exhibit materials and local facilities.

What scientific studies have been conducted or are underway?

(1) In the 1960s and 1970s, a team of researchers headed by Carlos Ponce Sanjinés (who was formally trained in Mexico) carried out the restoration work of the Kalasasaya and Semi-subterranean Temples.

(2) In the 1980s, the Getty Institute carried out a series of courses and training workshops in the area of conservation.

(3) Between 2004 and 2009, several excavation projects worked in Tiwanaku and carried out conservation of excavations carried out during past projects. Among the most important was that of the Akapana Pyramid, and the Pumapunku and Putuni Temples.

These works were planned, carried out and supervised by technical conservators of the National Department of Archaeology.

Conservation Funding

Is site funding sufficient?

The funds generated by the site are insufficient; these cover only maintenance, conservation, and minimal research, as well as the salaries of guard personnel. In order to consolidate a staff and initiate a decentralized institution, the national government must allocate permanent funds. It also is necessary to efficiently manage these funds in order to carry out projects of a grand scale and importance, as well as to carry out investigations that include extensive excavations of the site.

Other funds need to be managed to address the issues at the museum in an appropriate manner, as well as to improve the presentation and exhibits at both museums, to improve their overall conditions, and to renovate spaces dedicated to staff and collections.

Have extra funding been drawn in through World Heritage site status?

Funds received as a result of Tiwanaku’s World Heritage Site status have increased significantly. Among the most important examples are:

(in) Donation by the Kingdom of Spain in the amount of 10 thousand USD for the rehabilitation of elevated agricultural fields.

(b) Funds in the amount of 160 thousand USD from SOBOCE - CAF for the first stage of excavations on the Akapana pyramid.

(c) 500 thousand USD donated by the Republic of Venezuela for excavation of the Akapana pyramid.

(d) 4 million USD donated by Japan through UNESCO to support the site and its management.

(c) Small projects whose amounts are unknown include:

a. Work of leveling of giant of Pumapunpu blocks


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b. Works of restoration at Pumapunku

c. Expansion of two wings at the Museum Lítico.

d. Research projects such as the Polish Mission, the Proyecto Arqueologico Pumapunku Tiwanaku, Mollokontu Research Project by the University of Vermont, just to name a few.

Does the site have sufficient funding available for the adequate management of the site?

The site does not have the funds necessary for its proper management. You have the site received financial assistance? State estimated amounts:

(a) Site does not receive funding from the government.

(b) Indirectly, site receives assistance from Japan through UNESCO, who pilots and manages a 4 million USD fund.

(c) Bilateral financing does not currently exist. However, it should be noted that the Republic of Venezuela donated 500 thousand USD for the continued excavation of the Akapana pyramid, a project that was carried out until 2009.

(d) There are no other funds that are managed by other institutions. If excavations are carried out they are normally administered by the research institution in charge of investigations. The national government does not manage these resources.

Community Involvement

Is there awareness of the Heritage property among various local groups?

Ninety percent of the protected area has been purchased by the State, but there exist some small land parcels that are private property and have yet not been acquired. The area of potential effect includes various villages, which existed as urban areas when the site boundaries were conceived.

Have information channels been identified for reaching relevant groups at local, national and international level?

At the local level, the Municipality of Tiwanaku usually hires a tourism specialist to take charge of communications for the site. On the other hand, local farming communities and residents exercise social control and are actively involved in almost all the activities that have to do with the site. The Constitution and the Municipality Act provide for this involvement.

The Regional Governor supports the initiatives of the Municipality of Tiwanaku, but the officer does not have a person of or group of people intended to perform any specific tasks in relation to the site.

At the national level, the Ministry of Culture handles public relations and assigns and an intermediary. It should be mentioned that the Department of Archaeology and Museums is in charge of authorizing research and monitoring, while the Vice-Ministry of Tourism is


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charged with promoting and disseminating information about the site at the domestic and international levels.

The Ministry of Culture is responsible for assigning general guideline for the management of the site’s policies, and the Minister of Culture is to be the head CIAGSAT.

National tourism agencies also do very important work at the promotional level, since these agencies promote the site mainly at the international level.

Have mechanisms been established for effective communication between site, national UNESCO and levels?

The main charge at the operational level has been to establish links, channels of communication and coordination between UNESCO the General Directorate of Culture, a subsidiary of the Ministry of Culture’s Vice-Ministry of Intercultural Relations. Secondly, but no less important, is the Department of Archaeology and Museums.

With regard to the 4 million USD donated by Japan through UNESCO, Bolivia has a local coordinator who answers to a representative in Ecuador who is responsible for the fund. This representative in Ecuador in turn answers directly to the UNESCO office in France.

Has material information encouraging sustainable tourism, such as a 'code of conduct' been developed?

To date, no information of the kind listed above has been generated.

How can the local communities reach the full potential of their heritage, both tangible and intangible?

(1) Local festivities dedicated to Catholic Saints can add to the cultural wealth of Tiwanaku, which is not yet realized. These can be a more inextricable link between these festivals and the Ecclesiastical Museum and the church in the town.

(2) There are traditional dances that can be recovered and revived and linked to the intangible cultural wealth of the site. These dances correspond most strongly to the peasant farming communities of Tiwanaku.

(3) Traditional meals, which are also part of the area’s cultural identity. These foods are disappearing as a result of time and the influence of tourism.

(4) Finally, the recovery of traditional clothing might be another important ethnographic component to showcase the rich heritage of the site.

Education, Training & Capacity Building

Is heritage management training available through government agencies or universities in-country? Specialized training in management and conservation of national or international heritage sites does not exist in Bolivia. Neither is there formal training that leads to a diploma, certificate, or college degree. There is, however, a distance-learning Masters Degree in Cultural Management offered by the University of San Simón in Cochabamaba, Bolivia. Is on - site training available for all stakeholders (ie homeowners, others)?


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There is no continuous training program onsite for staff or researchers, much less for the general population. What capacity-building international efforts have there been? Have these been effective? To date no professional or technician, linked to any institution working at Tiwanaku has been trained abroad. Are partnerships in place with schools for site visits, curriculum development, awareness-building? Tiwanaku is not formally included in the curriculum of any local schools. However, and due to its proximity to the site, the preferential subject in schools at all levels is Tiwanaku and its importance in the identity of children. Are there up-to-date, native language publications available describing the site’s history, significance, relevance? There are no texts in Bolivian native languages that make reference to the history of the site, its importance, or any other aspect.

Legal

Is there is special national or regional legislation for World Heritage site?

There is no legislation, law or rules that deal specifically with World Heritage Sites in Bolivia.

Does the site have special legislation or administrative arrangements (such as specific spatial planning and requirements)?

With regard to Tiwanaku, the only administrative arrangement to deal with Tiwanaku is the Supreme Decree that is aimed at improving the conditions of site management through the establishment of the CIAGSAT. This is in the process of being updated.

Have there been any significant changes in the ownership, legal status, contractual or traditional protective measures for the site since the time of inscription?

There have been no significant changes. On the contrary, there is no formalized legislation at any government to limit construction within the area of potential effect.

The property in and around the site that should be protected has not yet been consolidated. And while there are plans to do so, these have not been implemented because of the institutional vacuum that exists in the management of the site.

Are the current arrangements effective protection and/or sufficient?

They are insufficient. More active committed participation is necessary by the municipality and the Ministry of Culture to solve legal and regulatory gaps.


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Disaster Preparedness

Which natural disasters threaten the site's integrity or may compromise its values?

The Tiwanaku Valley is very stable geologically. There are no seismic or telluric activities. However, during the rainy season, rainfall in excess can affect the site’s conservation.

How can the sites disaster risk be reduced?

Through constant maintenance of the restored areas, as well as the maintenance of the museums. This includes improvement of the drainage system, which would drastically improve the protection of the site.

Which traditional skills must be essential to enhance conservation and prevention and mitigation of disasters maintained?

There are groups of farmers and herders who have continuously worked as laborers and technicians in the research of Tiwanaku. These people are extremely competent as archaeological technicians and they could lead teams that perform work in the event of natural disasters.

In general herders are accustomed to farming and can provide their services in an emergency in the framework of community support for the site. Their knowledge of archaeology and cultural heritage issues is fairly basic, but they know how to mobilize and act in cases of emergencies and natural disasters.

Which gradual cumulative processes and factors, such as pollution, tourism, or urban encroachment are affecting authenticity or integrity of the site?

One of the most important factors affecting the authenticity of not only the site but also the town is that of waste management. While within the site there is constant cleaning, the areas outside the site boundary, including the town, the museums, and their surroundings, have dispersed trash in small quantities. Townspeople have taken to digging holes to deposit or burn garbage. This gives a very poor appearance when people take foot tours in areas around and adjacent to the site (see Figures 43 and 44)

Dirty, non-drinkable water is another problem. It is contaminated water from the River Katari, which receives directly the drainage from the town. Wells also contaminate underground drinking water.

Visual pollution comes from the various building projects around the site and signals and signs of all types, mostly from shops and restaurants.

How can we strengthen support at the regional, national and local institutions for reducing natural and man-made risks at the Heritage site?

I believe it is possible to train people from local and national institutions to respond to the site in the event of natural disasters. At the same time, it may be possible to invest the largest resources to consolidate the restored areas and maintain museums in good condition.


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As for damage caused by man, it is necessary first to develop a plan for the mitigation and management of garbage and general waste and apply it as fast and efficiently as possible. It is also necessary to train and raise awareness among the local population with regard to these issue.

Tourism Management

Is there an opportunity to increase funding for site preservation thru Bed Taxes?

The Constitution of Bolivia, laws, and rules ensure that Tiwanaku, like other municipalities, are autonomous. However, archaeological heritage is under the protection of the State and because it is a World Heritage Site the state must have a more dominant political presence. This being said, the following should apply:

(1) Revenues generated by Tiwanaku to date are exploited by the Municipality of Tiwanaku to deal with site related issues.

(2) According to the Bolivian law, municipalities receive money from the State based on their population sizes. In this sense the resources of the site would have to be “exploited” by the municipality.

(3) Because the site is located within the limits of the town, the town should benefit from taxes and economic resources gotten from the site.

(4) The site does not benefit from any taxes, but dialogue with local, regional, and national entities could occur to create such benefit.

Are there visitor statistics available for the site?

It is very difficult to access information because when a change of local authorities occurs, subordinates of the previous authorities take with them information that their administration generated. This is one of the most important reasons why an autonomous institution should be created for the management of the site—to avoid loss of documents, records, and data that together create institutional memory for the site.

How can the impact of humans on the historic materials and site be reduced? Eliminated?

The number of current visitors does not impact greatly on the preservation of the site because all materials that might be affected are guarded.

It should be noted that visitors access only specified areas and museums. The remaining protected areas are either available only for research, do not remain in great concentration, or at least to date they have not been identified. This aspect also contributes to the preservation of cultural remains.

How can income diffusion to local community through local ownership be increased?

One of the most important aspects would be to establish standardized facades for the houses of community members, thus fostering the participation of the population in the promotion of the site. On the other hand, there can be an initiative to constantly train the local population about themes relating to tourist relations and to have the municipality


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establish rules for the categorization of services offered in and around the site. This would greatly improve the conditions of care for tourists and in turn positively affect the generation of higher incomes for the population in general.

As tourism pressure poses a growing threat to World Heritage properties, what is the tourism/visitor management plan to manage growing visitation?

Because of growing tourism and commercial ventures, new constructions are advancing without control towards Area 1 and the museums.

Unfortunately there is no management plan that takes into account guidelines and actions that must be followed with regard to the incentive of tourism, management, routes to be followed by tourists, levels of provision of services, etc.

Is there a website(s) for the Heritage site(s) focusing on conservation and community development?

Tiwanaku does not have an official website.

Reference map of photo locations – see Tiwanaku SCA Figures


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Tiwanaku SCA Figures

Figure 1. View of an area within the actual Tiwanaku site perimeter. Note the small visitor rest area. The photo is taken from the top of the Akapana pyramid. Note also the construction of a

building immediately adjacent to the Lithics Museum, in clear disregard for UNESCO regulations that state that no construction shall take place within the principal area of the site.


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Figure 2. Large soil mounds that have resulted from excavations at the Akapana pyramid initiated

by UNAR in 2004 and completed in 2009. These interfere with the natural viewscape of and accessibility to the eastern portion of the pyramid. The photo was taken from on top of a dirt

mound along the eastern portion of the pyramid that resulted from looting during Colonial times.

Figure 3. System excavated to drain rain water from off the eastern side and northeast corner of the Akapana pyramid. Note the backfill at the base of the pyramid that contains structural stones

that lack covering. These stones have been submitted to a process of conservation and


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preservation. The rope is used to delimit the area and to impede the access by visitors to the excavations.

Figure 4. Expedient drain system made from a piece of corrugated sheet metal. It is installed in the northeastern corner of the Akapana pyramid. Observe the deterioration that has occurred as

a result of the lack of maintenance. The conservation detailed in the photograph took place during excavations by the UNAR between 2004 and 2009. Photo was taken facing the north façade of

the pyramid.


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Figure 5. Photo of the inner court of restored Semi-subterranean Temple. Restoration efforts took

place in the late 1960s and were led by Ponce Sanjines. Note the drainage system and the pockmarked clay floor. This damage occurs because of heavy rains. In the past, fine gravel was laid down on top of the floor surface to combat the deterioration. This action is no longer carried

out. Photograph was taken standing from on top the east wall of the temple.


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Figure 6. View of a canal drain constructed during the 1960s in the northern sector of the Kalasasaya Temple. Note the gravel on the left side of the channel. This prevents the pooling of

water and mud.

Figure 7. Underground water collection drain built by Ponce Sanjines in the 1960s as part of the restoration of the Kalasasaya Temple and the Semi-subterranean Temple. Photo taken from the

northern sector of Akapana pyramid facing north. Semi-subterranean Temple is in the background.


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Figure 8. Display case in the Ceramics Museum. It was constructed during the 1990s and

inaugurated in 1997. The display case is cluttered with objects that have no associated signs or pictures for explanation. Nearly all display cases suffer from this deficiency. The photograph was

taken in the final display room of the museum.


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Figure 9. Wall in the Ceramics Museum that has been damaged by the effects of rain, the accumulation of snow, and hail. It is not repaired because no institution has taken full control of

the site and its museums. Note the security camera. This security system is currently out of service and the cable that hangs on the display case to the right is an improvised and expedient

electrical connection. Photo taken in the middle room of the Ceramics Museum.

Figure 10. Damaged ceiling in the Lithics Museum. This museum was opened at beginning of the 21st century but its condition is deteriorating and maintenance is not being carried out because there is no responsible institution. To date, the Municipality of Tiwanaku, who administers the museum, has failed to provide maintenance for the facility because it claims the building was

never formally presented to them. This has not stopped them from collecting entry fees for the building. Photo was taken in the southwest corner of the inner courtyard of the Lithic Museum.


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Figure 11. View of an improvised electrical cable on which hang several exposed light bulbs to

illuminate the sculpture. Note the patched and damaged ceiling that results from a lack of maintenance at the museum by the municipality. Photo taken in the main foyer of the Lithics

Museum.

Figure 12. View of space between the Lithics and Ceramics Museums. Note that the space is


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presently used as a collection point for unused materials. Also, there is a corrugated metal building in the space that is likely used as a repository for materials. In the background is the repository for archaeological materials constructed by the Proyecto Arqueológico Akapana

Pumapunku (PAPA) in the early years of the 21st Century. Photo taken from the public access areas in front of the Lithics and Ceramics Museums.

Figure 13. View of some original pieces of lithic sculpture in the front courtyard of the Ceramics Museum. In the background is the facility for researchers renovated during the first part of the

20th Century. Photograph taken from the front (northern) wall that encloses the courtyard of the museum.


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Figure 14. View of the area between the museums and to the rear of the Lithics Museum. Note

the drainage canal constructed by PAPA, along with scrap materials. Image taken from the southeast corner of the Ceramics Museum.


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Figure 15. View of drainage system constructed during excavations by PAPA during the early 2000s along the northeast corner of the Pumapunku Temple. Profiles excavated by the National Institute of Archaeology (now called UNAR) during the 980s are not being properly conserved, or else they lack proper maintenance. This area is seen in the box. The photograph was taken along

the northeast corner of the Pumapunku looking east.

Figure 16. Standing water along the southeast sector of the Pumapunku Temple. Note the

excavation profiles that have been conserved. However, conservation materials, including plaster, are degrading because of a lack of maintenance. Photograph taken southwest corner of the

Temple.


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Figure 17. Drainange along the southeast corner of the Pumapunku Temple. This is one of the

temple areas that lack proper conservation. Note the lack of protection for excavation profiles and exposed building elements, as well as the massive amounts of vegetation. Photograph taken at

the southeast corner of the temple.


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Figure 18. General view of the Kalasasaya and Semi-subterranean Temples. These were excavated and restored by the Centro de Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Tiwanaku (CIAT) during the 960s. The investigations were headed by Ponce Sanjines. In the background are

raised fields created during the Wila Jawira Project in the 1980s. Photograph taken from on top of the Akapana pyramid, facing east.

Figure 19. General view in the northern sector of the Pumapunku Temple of Inka structures

excavated by PAPA during the beginning of the 2st Century. These date from approximately A.D. 1464. Note the good state of conservation materials. However, maintenance must be an ongoing

and constant process. Photograph taken along the northeast corner of the temple.


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Figure 20. General view of areas excavated during the 1980s by UNAR. The area underwent

aggressive conservation measures during the first part of the 21st Century. Note the degradation of adobe walls that were constructed to preserve excavation profiles and architectural features.

Photograph taken along the southeast corner of the temple.


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Figure 21. Conservation undertaken from 2005 to 2009 by UNAR personnel along the southwest

sector of the Pumapunku Temple. Note the deteriorated state of conservation.

Figure 22. Restoration and conservation undertaken by UNAR between 2004 and 2009 of areas


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along the west sector of the Akapana pyramid. This is one of the best conserved areas at Tiwanaku. If annual conservation and maintenance does not continue to happen, weathering and

deterioration will occur.

Figure 23. Conservation of areas excavated by Alan Kolata in 1989 on top of the Akapana

pyramid. Technicians from the UNAR conserved the area between 2004 and 2009. Note the stone uncovered by UNAR in 2005 that was used to seal an underground tunnel. Photograph

taken in the northeast sector, on top of the Akapana.


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Figure 24. View of the north profile in the area excavated by Alan Kolata at the top of the

Akapana pyramid. UNAR re-excavated the area between 2009 and 2010. Preservation measures are at risk because of a lack of maintenance. Photograph taken in the northeast sector, on top of

the Akapana.


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Figure 25. Conservation work undertaken by archaeologists from UNAR between 2004 and 2009 on the eastern side of the Akapana pyramid. This is one of the areas that is most affected by the

lack of maintenance. Note the erosion of the original structural fillings on the left side of the image. Photo taken from on top of the backfill created during Colonial times by looters along the

southern portion of the Akapana pyramid.

Figure 26. View of the east façade of the Akapana pyramid. Note the absence of the lining of

stone that was removed during the Colonial and Early Republican Periods. Photo taken from the area of the Kantatallita Temple situated in the northeast corner of Area 1.


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Figure 27. View of the northwest corner of the Akapana pyramid, in which preserved platforms

are highlighted to show its original form. The arrow points to a guard shack. Photo taken from the northwest sector of the Kalasasaya Temple.

Figure 28. General view of the north façade of the Akapana pyramid, in which can be seen the results of conservation work undertaken between 2004 and 2009. Note the contrast between

Ponce’s restoration from the 1960s and that mentioned above. Both criteria of conservation are clearly different. Photo taken from the west wall of Kalasasaya Temple, looking west.


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Figure 29. Northwest corner of the Akapana pyramid showing the almost imperceptible drainage

system that was constructed by UNAR archaeologists and conservators between 2005 and 2009.

Figure 30. View of the north facade of the Akapana pyramid. The pyramid’s tiered levels were

identified by excavations led by Kolata in 1989, and the expansión of those excavations by UNAR between 2004 and 2009. Photo taken from the northwest facing southeast.


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Figure 31. Republican Period structure identified a few meters from the north face of the Akapana pyramid. This was part of conservation work in areas excavated during the years 2004-2009. This is an example of the policy of “excavate-preserve-display.” Photo taken along the central sector of

the Akapana pyramid’s north façade.


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Figure 32. General view of Putuni Temple that was subjected to a conservation work in 2009. Note the plaster, straw and mud used to cover the structure. In the background is the modern village of Tiwanaku. Photo taken from the southwest corner of the temple, looking northeast.

Figure 33. Wall of inner, south platform of the Putuni Temple. In the right of the image is the large

hotel built only 100 meters from the Area 1, and that effectively alters the original viewscape of the site. Photo taken from the northeast corner of Putuni Temple.


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Figure 34. West access to the sunken court in the Putuni Temple. In the background is the hotel.

Photo taken from the west side of the Putuni’s sunken courtyard.

Figure 35. Restored enclosure within the Putuni Temple, located within the south inner wall of the

north platform. This conservation work was carried out under the supervision of the UNAR in 2009. Photo taken from the south wall of the Putuni’s north platform.


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Figure 36. General view of the excavations carried out by the Polish Mission between 2008 and 2009 in the Kantatallita Temple. Cultural materials were found in very shallow soils, so profiles are minimal. Photo taken from the northwest corner of the Kantatallita Temple, facing south.

Figure 37. View of the south and eastern excavation profiles at the Kantatallita Temple exposed


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by the Polish Mission during its work between 2008 and 2009. Note the proximity of the wire fence that protects the site. Parts of the temple are likely outside this fenced boundary. Photo

taken from the central part of the temple looking southwest.

Figure 38. View of the north and west excavation profiles created by the Polish Mission during

their work in 2008 and 2009 at the Kantatallita Temple. Note the poor state of conservation due to the lack of maintenance.


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Figure 39. General view of the Lithics (left) and Ceramics (right) Museums. Note the new

construction only a dozen meters from the Lithics Museum. This encroachment is due to poor urban planning on the part of the Municipality of Tiwanaku. Photo taken from on top of the

Akapana pyramid, looking northwest.

Figure 40. General view of the sector in which the 3-story, and 20 meter long hotel is located.

Note the manner in which its affects the viewscape at the site. The municipality is responsible for having given permission for the construction in this area, which impacts the buffer zone. This

situation indicates the progress of individual buildings towards the protected area, as well as the need for the municipality to regulate such a situation. Photo taken from the southwest sector of

the Kalasasaya Temple, looking north.


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Figure 41. Front part of the hotel located very close to the protected area. Note the large size of

the building. Photo taken about 50 meters northwest of the Ceramics Museum.

Figure 42. Official map of the site generated by the former UNAR. There are a number of legends

and scales. This map clearly shows the protected area (Area 1, the museums, the Pumapunku Temple, Mollokontu, and others), as well as the buffer zone or area of potential effect. Only

institutions directly linked to the site can generate such maps. The Military Geographic Institute does not include these features and limits on its official map, which it generates at a scale of

1:50,000 or 1:250,000.


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Figure 43. Hole excavated to deposit trash. It was dug on the periphery of the protected area,

very close to the Ceramics Museum. Note the museum in the background, and to the left. Photo taken about 40 meters northwest of the Ceramics Museum.

Figure 44. Garbage at the base of the hole represented in Figure 43. This waste management protocol represents a major problem for the Municipality of Tiwanaku, which as of yet does not


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have a strategic plan to resolve the situation. Note the heavy concentration of prehistoric material in the profiles of the hole.

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