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Global Malnutrition A topic report presented to the 2015 National Federation of High Schools

Topic Selection Committee

New Orleans, Louisiana

Summer 2015

Presented by:

Roy R. Rodriguez (Coach), Alena Kang-Landsberg (Student), and Eric Pillai (Student)

A&M Consolidated High School, College Station, Texas

Representing the University Interscholastic League

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Introduction

The United Nations World Food Program (UNWFP) noted that 805 million people in

the world are undernourished, roughly translating to one in nine individuals in the

world. Hunger kills more people than AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. By

solving for global malnutrition, cases could obtain many potential advantages ranging

from peace in unstable regions to vast economic benefits. Sustainable nutrition is

critical to child development and growth. When a person's nutritional needs are met

their ability to pursue education is enhanced. Some sources even note that 3.5 trillion

dollars is drained from the global economy due to global malnutrition. It is through

solving for global malnutrition, research could uncover new breakthroughs in science

and technology. Global malnutrition is a solvable problem, especially since our world

produces enough food to provide nourishment the entire globe.

When looking to solve global malnutrition, one could attempt to solve for its root causes.

The UNWFP considers the following six reasons why global malnutrition has occurred:

Poverty trap

People living in poverty cannot afford nutritious food for themselves and their families.

The lack of nutrition makes them weaker and less able to earn the money that would

help them escape poverty and hunger. This is not just a day-to-day problem: chronic

malnourishment will “stunt” a child’s growth, affect their future income, and condemn

them to a life of poverty and hunger. In developing countries, farmers often cannot

afford seeds, so they cannot plant the crops that would provide for their families. They

may have to cultivate crops without the tools and fertilizers they need. Others have no

land or water or education. In short, the poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in

poverty.

Affirmative Ground:

Affirmative teams might choose to create a case providing direct or indirect nutritional

assistance to the poor. Advanced teams might go for the angle of alleviating global

poverty and reducing malnutrition as a result. This resolution is intended to allow a

wide range of affirmative topics that address the issue of global malnutrition from a

wide variety of perspectives.

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Negative Ground:

Negative teams will have the ability to argue against traditional economic and aid

models with Capitalism Kritiks, Imperialism Kritiks, and Ableism Kritiks, to name a few.

Traditional politics and global relations disadvantages will be in play with either UN or

US agents of action, and regional disadvantages based on shifting power structures in

affected nations will also have weight in round.

Lack of investment in agriculture

Too many developing countries lack key agricultural infrastructure, such as sufficient

roads, warehouses, and irrigation. The results are high transport costs, lack of storage

facilities, and unreliable water supplies. All limit agricultural yields and access to food.

Investing in improving land management, using water more efficiently, and making

more resistant seed types available can bring big improvements (in agriculture).

Research by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) shows that

investment in agriculture is five times more effective in reducing poverty and hunger

than investment in any other sector.

Affirmative Ground:

Affirmative teams might go for the angle of constructing various forms of agricultural

infrastructure or providing business incentives to do so.

Negative Ground:

Negative teams have the option of running imperialism or governmental structure

(Capitalism/Communism) Kritiks. Private Counterplans also have significant weight

against infrastructure affirmatives.

Climate and weather

Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms, and long periods of drought are

increasing -- with calamitous consequences for the hungry poor in developing countries.

Drought is one of the most common causes of food shortages in the world. In 2011,

recurrent drought caused crop failures and heavy livestock losses in parts of Ethiopia,

Somalia and Kenya. In 2012 a similar situation occurred in the Sahel region of West

Africa. In many countries, climate change exacerbates already adverse natural

conditions. Increasingly, erosion, salinization, and desertification threaten the world's

fertile farmland. Deforestation accelerates the erosion of potential agricultural land.

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Affirmative Ground:

The Affirmative team can run weather modification plans or anti-desertification

affirmatives such as the currently proposed idea to build a wall of trees to stop the

advance of the Sahara.

Negative Ground:

The obvious Kritiks about environmental modification and destruction of the natural

world will provide fertile critical opportunity for negative teams. Additionally,

Disadvantages relating to the wide scale changes caused by environmental modification

will also be effective against affirmative cases dealing with climate challenges.

War and displacement

Across the globe, conflicts disrupt farming and food production. Fighting forces millions

of people to flee their homes, leading to hunger emergencies as the displaced lack the

means to feed themselves. In war, food can become a weapon. Soldiers starve opponents

into submission by seizing or destroying food and livestock and systematically wrecking

local markets. Fields are mined and water wells became contaminated, forcing farmers

to abandon their land. Ongoing conflict in Somalia and the Democratic Republic of

Congo has contributed significantly to the level of hunger in the two countries. In

contrast, hunger is retreating in more peaceful parts of Africa such as Ghana and

Rwanda.

Unstable markets

In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. Roller-coaster food

prices make it difficult for the poorest people to access nutritious food consistently.

People need access to adequate food all year round. Price spikes may temporarily put

food out of reach, which can have lasting consequences for small children. When prices

rise, consumers often shift to cheaper, less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks of

micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition.

Food wastage

One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never consumed. This food wastage

represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a world where one

eighth of the population is hungry. Producing this food also uses up precious natural

resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food produced but not eaten

consumes a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of Russia's Volga River.

Furthermore, producing this food adds 3.3 billion tons of greenhouse gases to the

atmosphere, with consequences for the climate and, ultimately, for food production.

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Resolutions:

During the 2014 Topic Selection meeting in South Dakota, the Wording Committee

requested that an international agent be considered as the main actor within the

resolution for the next topic selection meeting.

The question remains; which agent would create the most substantive debate?

The United Nations (UN) is an excellent potential actor because they have experience

with alleviating malnutrition worldwide. The United Nations World Food Programme

(UNWFP), United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) and the World

Health Organization (WHO) have made significant strides in highlighting the issues

surrounding hunger and malnutrition. By exploring what these UN programs have

already done, debaters can discover many creative potential Affirmative cases.

Furthermore, having the UN as the main actor would allow for debaters to gain a better

understanding of the UN and how it functions as an organization, essential knowledge

in today’s society.

Additionally, having

With that said, here we provide several potential resolutions for review by the Marshall

Committee and the Final Wording committee.

Options 1-3 have the United Nations as the main agent of action.

Options 4-6 have the United States as the main agent of action

Option 7 consider the world as a whole, allowing affirmative teams so select their own

actor.

1. Resolved: The United Nations should substantially reduce global malnutrition.

2. Resolved: The United Nations should substantially increase its support of global

malnutrition reduction efforts.

3. Resolved: The United Nations should substantially increase its support of World

Food Programme nutrition policies.

4. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially reduce

global malnutrition.

5. Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its

support of global malnutrition reduction efforts.

6. Resolved: The United States Federal Government should substantially increase

its support of World Food Programme nutrition policies.

7. Resolved: The world community should substantially reduce global malnutrition.

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DEFINITIONS

To gain a better understanding of the issue of hunger, one must consider the

terminology. The goal of this section is to give as many possible definitions that relate to

the resolutions.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition: defined as a state in which the physical function of an individual is

impaired to the point where he or she can no longer maintain natural bodily capacities

such as growth, pregnancy, lactation, learning abilities, physical work and resisting and

recovering from disease. The term covers a range of problems from being dangerously

thin (see Underweight) or too short (see Stunting) for one's age to being deficient in

vitamins and minerals or being too fat (obese). (UNWFP, 2014)

"malnutrition, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, December 2014. Web. 9 March

2015.

Nutrition which is not adequate to maintain good health, whether through insufficient

or excessive intake of food, lack of essential dietary components, or (rarely)

malabsorption; a condition of poor health resulting from this

Malnutrition Quantifying the health impact at national and local levels.

Monika Blössner & Mercedes de Onis. World Health Organization Nutrition for

Health and Development Protection of the Human Environment Geneva 2005

http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/MalnutritionEBD12.pdf

The term malnutrition generally refers both to undernutrition and over

nutrition, but in this guide we use the term to refer solely to a deficiency of nutrition.

Many factors can cause malnutrition, most of which relate to poor diet or

severe and repeated infections, particularly in underprivileged populations.

Inadequate diet and disease, in turn, are closely linked to the general

standard of living, the environmental conditions, and whether a population

is able to meet its basic needs such as food, housing and health care.

Malnutrition is thus a health outcome as well as a risk factor for disease and

exacerbated malnutrition (Fig. 1.1), and it can increase the risk both of

morbidity and mortality. Although it is rarely the direct cause of death

(except in extreme situations, such as famine), child malnutrition was

associated with 54% of child deaths (10.8 million children) in developing

countries in 2001 (Fig. 1.2; see also WHO, 2004). Malnutrition that is the

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direct cause of death is referred to as “protein-energy malnutrition” in this

guide.

Alderman H, Shekar M. "Malnutrition: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia."U.S National

Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2011. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.

<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000404.htm>.

Food provides the energy and nutrients you need to be healthy. If you don't get enough

nutrients -- including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals - you may

suffer from malnutrition. Causes of malnutrition include: Lack of specific nutrients in

your diet. Even the lack of one vitamin can lead to malnutrition. An unbalanced diet.

Certain medical problems, such as malabsorption syndromes and cancers Symptoms

may include fatigue, dizziness, and weight loss. Or, you may have no symptoms. To

diagnose the cause of the problem, your doctor may do blood tests and a nutritional

assessment. Treatment may include replacing the missing nutrients and treating the

underlying cause.

Micronutrient deficiency: A lack or shortage of a micronutrient (vitamins or minerals)

that is essential in small amounts for proper growth and metabolism. People are often

said to suffer from “hidden hunger” when they consume enough calories, but suffer from

micronutrient deficiencies. This form of hunger may not be visibly apparent in an

individual, but it increases morbidity and mortality and also has negative impacts on

other aspects of health, cognitive development and economic development. Hidden

hunger affects over 2 billion people worldwide. (UNWFP, 2014)

Protein energy malnutrition: a form of malnutrition measured not by how much food is

eaten but by physical measurements of the body - weight or height - and age (see

Stunting, Wasting, Underweight). (UNWFP, 2014)

Stunting: reflects shortness-for-age; a indicator of chronic malnutrition and calculated

by comparing the height-for-age of a child with a reference population of well nourished

and healthy children. According to the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition's 5th

Report on the World Nutrition Situation (2005) almost one third of all children are

stunted. (UNWFP, 2014)

Undernourishment: describes the status of people whose food intake does not include

enough calories (energy) to meet minimum physiological needs. The term is a measure

of a country's ability to gain access to food and is normally derived from Food Balance

Sheets prepared by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (UNWFP, 2014)

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Protein energy malnutrition: It results from a diet lacking in energy and protein because

of a deficit in all major macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

(UNWFP, 2014)

Marasmus: is caused by a lack of protein and energy with sufferers appearing skeletally

thin. In extreme cases, it can lead to kwashiorkor, in which malnutrition causes swelling

including a so-called 'moon face'. (UNWFP, 2014)

Iron deficiency: is the most prevalent form of malnutrition worldwide, affecting millions

of people. Iron forms the molecules that carry oxygen in the blood, so symptoms of a

deficiency include tiredness and lethargy. Lack of iron in large segments of the

population severely damages a country's productivity. Iron deficiency also impedes

cognitive development, affecting 40-60 percent of children aged 6-24 months in

developing countries (source: Vitamin & Mineral Deficiency, a global damage

assessment report, Unicef). (UNWFP, 2014)

Reducing

Blacks Law

What is REDUCE? In Scotch law. To rescind or annul.

Merriam-Webster

reduce verb re·duce \ri-ˈ düs, -ˈ dyüs\

: to make (something) smaller in size, amount, number, etc. : to cause (someone) to be

in a specified state or condition : to cause (something) to be in a specified form by

breaking it, burning it, etc.

re·ducedre·duc·ing Full Definition of REDUCE transitive verb

1 a : to draw together or cause to converge : consolidate <reduce all the questions to

one> b (1) : to diminish in size, amount, extent, or number <reduce taxes> <reduce the

likelihood of war> (2) : to decrease the volume and concentrate the flavor of by boiling

<add the wine and reduce the sauce for two minutes> c : to narrow down : restrict <the

Indians were reduced to small reservations> d : to make shorter : abridge

2 archaic : to restore to righteousness : save

3 : to bring to a specified state or condition <the impact of the movie reduced them to

tears>

4 a : to force to capitulate b : force, compel

5 a : to bring to a systematic form or character <reduce natural events to laws> b : to

put down in written or printed form <reduce an agreement to writing>

6 : to correct (as a fracture) by bringing displaced or broken parts back into their

normal positions

7 a : to lower in grade or rank : demote b : to lower in condition or status : downgrade

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8 a : to diminish in strength or density b : to diminish in value

9 a (1) : to change the denominations or form of without changing the value (2) : to

construct a geometrical figure similar to but smaller than (a given figure) b : to

transpose from one form into another : convert c : to change (an expression) to an

equivalent but more fundamental expression <reduce a fraction>

10 : to break down (as by crushing or grinding) : pulverize

11 a : to bring to the metallic state by removal of nonmetallic elements <reduce an ore

by heat> b : deoxidize c : to combine with or subject to the action of hydrogen d (1) : to

change (an element or ion) from a higher to a lower oxidation state (2) : to add one or

more electrons to (an atom or ion or molecule)

12 : to change (a stressed vowel) to an unstressed vowel

Oxford

[WITH OBJECT]

1. Make smaller or less in amount, degree, or size: 1.1 [NO OBJECT] Become

smaller or less in size, amount, or degree: 1.2Boil (a sauce or other liquid) in

cooking so that it becomes thicker and more concentrated. 1.3 [NO OBJECT]

chiefly North American (Of a person) lose weight, typically by dieting: 1.4 archaic

Conquer (a place), in particular besiege and capture (a town or fortress). 1.5

Photography Make (a negative or print) less dense. 1.6 Phonetics Articulate (a

speech sound) in a way requiring less muscular effort. In vowels, this gives rise to

a more central articulatory position.

2. (reduce someone/something to) Bring someone or something to (a lower or

weaker state, condition, or role):2.1 (be reduced to doing something) (Of a

person) be forced by difficult circumstances into doing something desperate:

2.2Make someone helpless with (an expression of emotion, especially with hurt,

shock, or amusement): 2.3Force into (obedience or submission): he succeeds in

reducing his grandees to due obedience

3. (reduce something to) Change a substance to (a different or more basic

form):3.1Present a problem or subject in (a simplified form): 3.2Convert a

fraction to (the form with the lowest terms).

4. Chemistry Cause to combine chemically with hydrogen. 4.1Undergo or cause to

undergo a reaction in which electrons are gained by one atom from another. T

5. Restore (a dislocated part) to its proper position by manipulation or surgery.

Remedy (a dislocation) by manipulation or surgery.

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Oxford English Dictionary

1. Chem. That causes, permits, or promotes reduction (reduction n. 11c).The action of

reduce v. (in various senses); reduction.

Significantly

Black’s Law

A measurement of how well a company is performing against its competitors.

Merriam-Webster

1: in a significant manner : to a significant degree <the salaries differed

significantly>2: it is significant <significantly, they were on time>

Oxford

1In a sufficiently great or important way as to be worthy of attention: energy bills have

increased significantly this year[AS SUBMODIFIER]: their situation is significantly

different from ours 2In a way that has a particular meaning:[AS SENTENCE

ADVERB]: significantly, he has refused to give a straight answer to this question 2.1In

a manner that suggests a meaning or message that is not explicitly stated: he paused

significantly

Oxford English

In a significant manner; esp. so as to convey a particular meaning; expressively,

meaningfully. As a sentence adverb: importantly; notably. As a sentence adverb:

importantly; notably.

Global

Merriam-Webster

Global: 1: spherical 2: of, relating to, or involving the entire world : worldwide <a global

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system of communication>; also : of or relating to a celestial body (as the moon) 3: of, relating

to, or applying to a whole (as a mathematical function or a computer program) : universal <a

global search of a file>

Oxford

1Of or relating to the whole world; worldwide: the downturn in the global economy

1.1Relating to or embracing the whole of something, or of a group of things: some

students may prefer to be given a global picture of what is involved in the

task1.2Computing Operating or applying through the whole of a file, program, etc.

Global searches

Oxford English

1. Having a spherical form; globular. rare in later use. 2. (a) Relating to or

encompassing the whole of anything or any group of things,

categories,etc.;comprehensive, universal, total, overall. (b) Of, relating to, or involving

the whole world, worldwide; (also in later use) of or relating to the world considered in a

planetary context (see sense 4).3. Math. Occurring or valid at every point of a space or

every value of a variable; relative to every point of a space, etc. 4. Astron. Of or relating

to the (whole of) a planet other than earth 5. Computing. Relating to or affecting the

whole of a program, text, etc.

Increasing (Increase)

Merriam-Webster

to become larger or greater in size, amount, number, etc.: to make (something) larger or

greater in size, amount, number, etc.

Oxford

Become or make greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree

Oxford English

That increases; growing, augmenting, enlarging, etc.: see the verb. Esp. in law of

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increasing return(s) : the observed fact that in certain manufactures and industries the

expenditure of labour or capital up to a certain point produces a more than

proportionate corresponding return.

Establish

Merriam-Webster

: to cause (someone or something) to be widely known and accepted : to put

(someone or something) in a position, role, etc., that will last for a long time : to

begin or create (something that is meant to last for a long time)

1: to institute (as a law) permanently by enactment or agreement 2 obsolete :

settle 3 a : to make firm or stable b : to introduce and cause to grow and multiply

<establish grass on pasturelands> 4 a : to bring into existence : found

<established a republic> b : bring about, effect <established friendly relations> 5

a : to put on a firm basis : set up <establish his son in business> b : to put into a

favorable position c : to gain full recognition or acceptance of <the role

established her as a star>6: to make (a church) a national or state institution7: to

put beyond doubt : prove <established my innocence

Oxford

1.1Initiate or bring about (contact or communication):the two countries established

diplomatic relations 2 Achieve permanent acceptance or recognition for: the principle of

the supremacy of national parliaments needs to be firmly established he had established

himself as a film star 2.1Introduce (a character, set, or location) into a film or play and

allow its identification: establish the location with a wide shot 3Show (something) to be

true or certain by determining the facts:[WITH CLAUSE]: the police established that the

two passports were forgeries

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Oxford English

1. To render stable or firm.a. To strengthen by material support (obs.).b. To ratify,

confirm, validate (obs.).c. To confirm, settle (what is weak or wavering); to restore

(health) permanently; to give calmness or steadiness to (the mind).d. catachr. To calm

(anger), to settle (doubts). a. To fix, settle, institute or ordain permanently, by

enactment or agreement. Sometimes with obj. clause. Also (rarely) to impose

(something) upon.†b. To secure or settle (property, privileges, etc.) to or upon persons.

Obs. 3. To set up on a secure or permanent basis; to found (a government, an

institution; in mod. use often, a house of business).c. To impute (guilt) to. Obs.

[Compare ‘ne statuas illis hoc peccatum,’ Acts vii. 30 in Vulgate.] 3. To set up on a

secure or permanent basis; to found (a government, an institution; in mod. use often, a

house of business).†b. To provide for the maintenance of (persons). Obs. Cf. SETTLE v a.

To set up or bring about permanently (a state of things); to ‘create’ (a precedent); to

introduce and secure permanent acceptance for (a custom, a belief). Also, to secure for

oneself, gain permanently (a reputation, a position).b. To erect into (a rule, etc.). †Also

(with complement), to secure in a certain condition. c. Cards. to establish a suit (see

quot.). d. Cinematogr., etc. To introduce and secure the identity or position of (a

character, set, etc.).a. To place beyond dispute; to prove (a proposition, claim,

accusation); rarely with personal obj. and complement. b. To affirm judicially the

validity of (a disputed will).7. From 16th c. often used with reference to ecclesiastical

ceremonies or organization, and to the recognized national church or its religion; in

early use chiefly pass. in sense2 (esp. in phrase by law established, i.e. ‘prescribed or

settled by law’), but sometimes with mixture of senses 3 – 5. Hence in recent use: To

place (a church or a religious body) in the position of a national or state church.

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United Nations

"UN at a Glance." UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.un.org/en/aboutun/>.

The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second

World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security,

developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living

standards and human rights. Due to its unique international character, and the powers

vested in its founding Charter, the Organization can take action on a wide range of

issues, and provide a forum for its 193 Member States to express their views, through

the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council and other

bodies and committees.The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the

globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and

humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System

(specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and make the world a

better place. The Organization works on a broad range of fundamental issues, from

sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter

terrorism, disarmament and non-proliferation, to promoting democracy, human rights,

gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social

development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production,

and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this

and future generations.

Oxford English

United Nations n. in the war of 1939–45, the Allied nations who united against the Axis

powers; hence, an international peace-seeking organization of these and many other

States, founded by charter in 1945 (in full, United Nations Organization ), with a

permanent headquarters in New York; abbrev.UN

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Oxford

The members of the United Nations, originally the countries that fought against the Axis

Powers in the Second World War, now number 193 and include most sovereign states of

the world. Administration is by a secretariat headed by a secretary general. The chief

deliberative body is the General Assembly, in which each member state has one vote;

recommendations are passed but are not binding on members and generally have had

little effect on world politics. The Security Council bears the primary responsibility for

the maintenance of peace and security and may call on members to take action, chiefly

peacekeeping action, to enforce its decisions. The UN’s headquarters are in New York

City

United States Federal Government

Oxford Learner’s Dictionary

http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/federal-government

(in the US) the system of government as defined in the Constitution which is based on the

separation of powers among three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. This

system provides a series of checks and balances because each branch is able to limit the power of

the others. The executive branch consists of the President and Vice-President, based in the

White House in Washington, DC, and government departments and agencies. The President can

approve or stop laws proposed by Congress, appoints senior officials, such as heads of

government departments and federal judges, and is also Commander-in-Chief of the military

forces. There are 15 government departments, the heads of which make up the Cabinet which

meets regularly to discuss current affairs and advise the President. The legislative branch is the

Congress which is made up of the two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives

which both meet in the Capitol Building in Washington, DC. The main job of Congress is to

make laws, but its other responsibilities include establishing federal courts, setting taxes and, if

necessary, declaring war. The President and members of Congress are chosen in separate

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elections. The Senate has 100 members, two from each state, both of whom represent the whole

state and are elected for six years. The House of Representatives has 435 members, who are

elected every two years. The number of members from each state depends on the population of

the state, with larger states divided into districts, each with one representative. The judicial

branch of government has three levels: the Supreme Court, 13 courts of appeal and many federal

district courts. The Supreme Court has nine members, called justices who are chosen by the

President and headed by the Chief Justice. The Supreme Court has the power to influence the

law through a process called judicial review.

US Legal Dictionary

http://definitions.uslegal.com/u/united-states-federal-government/

The United States Federal Government is established by the US Constitution. The Federal

Government shares sovereignty over the United States with the individual governments of the

States of US. The Federal government has three branches: i) the legislature, which is the US

Congress, ii) Executive, comprised of the President and Vice president of the US and iii)

Judiciary. The US Constitution prescribes a system of separation of powers and ‘checks and

balances’ for the smooth functioning of all the three branches of the Federal Government. The

US Constitution limits the powers of the Federal Government to the powers assigned to it; all

powers not expressly assigned to the Federal Government are reserved to the States or to the

people.

United States Federal Government

http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml

The Constitution of the United States divides the federal government into three branches to

ensure a central government in which no individual or group gains too much control:

1. Legislative – Makes laws (Congress)

2. Executive – Carries out laws (President, Vice President, Cabinet)

3. Judicial – Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and Other Courts)

Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows:

● The president can veto laws passed by Congress.

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● Congress confirms or rejects the president's appointments and can remove the

president from office in exceptional circumstances.

● The justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn unconstitutional laws, are

appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate.

The U.S. federal government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through this system

of checks and balances.

World Community

MacMillan Dictionary

http://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/the-international-community

political leaders and important organizations from all parts of the world

Collins Dictionary

http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/global-community

the people or nations of the world, considered as being closely connected by modern

telecommunications and as being economically, socially, and politically interdependent

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Timeliness This resolution will remain current. Malnutrition is a major problem that will not

disappear in the next few years; if anything, it will increase. In a recent statement from

the UNWFP on climate change, they note that “Without considerable efforts made to

improve people's climate resilience, it has been estimated that the risk of hunger and

malnutrition could increase by up to 20 percent by 2050.” There are hundreds of

millions of people hungry today, and with population increase, political instability,

increasing inequality, and climate change, those numbers will not decrease.

EVEN WITH THE PROGRESS THAT HAS BEEN MADE, HUNGER IS STILL

A MAJOR PROBLEM AND HAS THE POSSIBILITY OF GETTING WORSE

DUE TO THE INCREASING CLIMATE CHANGE

WFP, UN, 2013, https://www.wfp.org/stories/10-hunger-facts-2014

1. About 842 million people in the world do not eat enough to be healthy. That means that one in every eight

people on Earth goes to bed hungry each night. (Source: FAO, 2013) 2.The number of people

living with chronic hunger has fallen by 17 percent since 1990–92. If the trend continues, we will fall just short of

the hunger target in the Millennium Development Goals. (Source: FAO, 2013) 3. Most of

the world’s undernourished people are still to be found in Southern Asia, closely followed by sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia.

(Source: FAO, 2013) 4. A third of all deaths in children under the age of five in

developing countries are linked to undernutrition. (Source: IGME, 2011) 5. In the

developing world, one child in four is stunted, meaning that their physical and mental growth is

impaired because of inadequate nutrition. (Source: The Lancet, 2013) 6. The first 1,000 days of a child’s life,

from pregnancy through age two, are critical. A proper diet in this period can protect children from the mental and physical stunting that can result

from malnutrition. (Source: IGME, 2011) 7. If women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the world could be

reduced by up to 150 million. (Source: FAO, 2011) 8. It costs just US $0.25 per day to provide a child with all of the vitamins and nutrients he or she

needs to grow up healthy. (Source: WFP, 2011) 9. By 2050, climate change and erratic weather

patterns could have pushed another 24 million children into hunger. Almost half

of these children would be in sub-Saharan Africa. (Source: IFPRI,2009) 10. Hunger can be eliminated in our lifetimes. The Zero

Hunger Challenge, launched by the UN Secretary General Ban ki-Moon, works to galvanize global support around this very

objective.

Hunger and malnutrition is prevalent around the world and climate change will likely

cause hunger to increase. The current organizations are not sufficient enough to

eliminate hunger and malnutrition even as it stands today, without increase due to

climate change.

19

HUNGER IS A MAJOR PROBLEM AND ITS CAUSES ARE NOT GOING

AWAY

FREEDOM FROM HUNGER, 2015 https://www.freedomfromhunger.org/world-hunger-facts Among this group of poor people, many have problems obtaining adequate, nutritious food for themselves and their families. As a

result, 1.02 billion people in the developing world are undernourished. They

consume less than the minimum amount of calories essential for sound

health and growth.4 Undernourishment negatively affects people’s health, productivity, sense of hope and overall well-

being. A lack of food can stunt growth, slow thinking, sap energy, hinder fetal

development and contribute to mental retardation.5 Economically, the effort of constantly

securing food consumes valuable time and energy, allowing poor people less time for work and earning income.4 Pregnant women

and new mothers who breastfeed infants and children are among the most at risk of undernourishment.4 What Causes Chronic

Hunger? Chronic hunger affects more than 925 million people in the world and

is, in and of itself, a potentially deadly condition. You may be surprised to learn that it has little

to do with food shortages. Global supplies of food far outstrip demand. Far more people die from causes related to chronic hunger

than to famine. Chronically hungry people are exceptionally vulnerable when famine strikes. They have fewer resources to protect

themselves and their families and are already living on the margin of survival. Five things contribute to most

of the world's hunger1: Poverty: Poor people do not have the resources—whether land, tools or money—

needed to grow or buy food on a consistent basis. Armed Conflict: War disrupts agricultural production, and

governments often spend more on arms than on social programs. Environmental Overload: Over-consumption

by wealthy nations and rapid population growth in poor nations strain natural resources and make it harder for poor people to feed

themselves. Discrimination: Lack of access to education, credit and employment—a recipe for hunger—is often the

result of racial, gender or ethnic discrimination. Lack of Clout: In the final analysis, chronic hunger is caused by

powerlessness. People who don't have power to protect their own interests are hungry. The burden of this condition falls

most acutely on children, women and elderly people.

No matter how much work is done to eliminate global malnutrition, the causes that

contribute most are not about to disappear. Poverty, war, environmental overload,

discrimination, and powerlessness are continual problems that will not vanish in the

next couple years.

THERE IS STILL CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS NEEDED IN REDUCING HUNGER State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO, UN, 2014 http://www.fao.org/3/a-

i4037e.pdf

Despite this overall progress in developing countries as a whole, there is still considerable room to reduce

undernourishment and improve food security. SOFI 2014 shows that advances in

reducing global malnutrition require political commitment expressed

through appropriate policies, programmes, legal frameworks and sufficient

resources. SOFI 2014 highlights examples of successful national efforts to reduce hunger, but also identifies factors that can

act as bottlenecks to progress. Global progress in hunger reduction mainly reflects

achievements made in the countries that have already met the MDG 1c

target of halving the proportion of undernourished people by 2015; of these 63 countries (out of a total of 136 countries and territories monitored by FAO), 25 have

already met the more ambitious World Food Summit (WFS) goal of halving the number of undernourished people between 1990 and 2015. Regional efforts to reduce hunger are

gaining traction, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean and Africa. In July 2014, at the African Union summit in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, African Heads of State

committed to end hunger on the continent by 2025. Last year, at the first summit of the Community of Latin America and the Caribbean States (CELAC), Heads of State and

Government endorsed the 2025 zero hunger target by reaffirming a regional commitment to the Hunger-Free Latin America and the Caribbean Initiative to end hunger by 2025,

20

launched in 2005. Together, these two regions include nearly 90 states and over 1.5 billion people. This commitment sends a powerful message to their citizens and to the rest of

the world. The decision of the Latin American and Caribbean Community to end hunger by 2025 underpins the national and regional action to promote food security that has

resulted in the achievement for the region as a whole of the First Millennium Development Goal hunger target. In addition, Latin America has also met the World Food Summit

target. The African commitment to end hunger by 2025 also acts on this principle and strengthens the ongoing efforts within the framework of the Africa-led Comprehensive

Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The commitment made at Malabo also builds on the region´s

decision to increase South-South Cooperation efforts within Africa, as signalled by the Africa Solidarity Trust Fund for Food Security established in 2013. FAO Director-General

José Graziano da Silva welcomed the increased commitment and action to promote sustainable food security and the fact that many countries and regions are responding to the

Zero Hunger Challenge: “Political commitment of governments is increasingly being translated into comprehensive and effective action, with strengthened engagement of non-

state actors. Timor-Leste recently launched its national Zero Hunger Challenge. India has recently approved its National Food Security Act scales up the country’s effort to end

hunger, could create one the world’s biggest family farming food purchase programme and is scaling up financial inclusion for direct transfers.Regional efforts are also giving

important support to national action to bring the goal of achieving food security in our lifetime closer to reality. Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are examples of this

The African commitment to end hunger by 2025 also acts on this principle and strengthens the ongoing efforts within the framework of the Africa-led Comprehensive Africa

Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The commitment made at Malabo also builds on the region´s

decision to increase South-South Cooperation efforts within Africa, as signalled by the Africa Solidarity Trust Fund for Food Security established in 2013. FAO Director-General

José Graziano da Silva welcomed the increased commitment and action to promote sustainable food security and the fact that many countries and regions are responding to the

Zero Hunger Challenge: “Political commitment of governments is increasingly being translated into comprehensive and effective action, with strengthened engagement of non-

state actors. Timor-Leste recently launched its national Zero Hunger Challenge. India has recently approved its National Food Security Act scales up the country’s effort to end

hunger, could create one the world’s biggest family farming food purchase programme and is scaling up financial inclusion for direct transfers.Regional efforts are also giving

important support to national action to bring the goal of achieving food security in our lifetime closer to reality. Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean are examples of this

Despite overall progress in developing countries as a whole, large differences remain across regions. In general, Africa is making slow

progress in achieving international hunger targets, with the sub-Saharan region especially

lagging behind global trends. The region has been afflicted by conflict and natural disasters, and one in

four people remain undernourished in sub-Saharan Africa – the highest prevalence of all the

regions. The most populous region in the world, Asia, has reduced the number of hungry people by 217 million since 1990-92. The three countries that

have made the most progress reducing the absolute number of undernourished people are in Asia: there are 138 million fewer hungry people in China,

while there are 20 million fewer hungry people in India and in Viet Nam today, as compared to 1990-92. However, Asia is still home to two-thirds of

the world’s hungry people: in the region as a whole, 526 million people remain undernourished. Western Asia saw the number of undernourished

people increase by 10.5 million since 1990-92, from 6.3 to 8.7 percent. In Southern Asia, 276 million people were chronically undernourished in 2012–

14, only marginally fewer than the number in 1990–92. Much more rapid progress has been achieved in Eastern Asia and in South-Eastern Asia. In

fact, South-Eastern Asia has already met the WFS hunger target.

Even in a report intended to report positive progress, hunger is acknowledged as a

persistent problem. Therefore, significant policy action beyond the status quo will be

required to remedy global malnutrition.

THE UNITED STATES STILL HAS MANY HUNGRY, AND NOT MANY ARE

AIDED BY THE CURRENT PROGRAMS

NO KID HUNGRY, 2011, http://www.nokidhungry.org/sites/default/files/2011-childhood-hunger-facts.pdf All data refer to the year 2010. They are collected in 2010, and reported in September 2011.

48.8 million Americans—including 16.2 million children—lack the means to

get enough nutritious food on a regular basis. They live in food- insecure households and as a

result, they struggle with hunger at some time during the year. Food-insecure families Food insecurity—the limited or

uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe food—exists in 17.2 million households in

America, 3.9 million of them with children. Rates of food insecurity are substantially higher than

the national average among households with incomes near or below the Federal poverty line, among households with children

headed by single parents (35.1% of children living in a single-mom household are food-insecure), and among Black and Hispanic

households. Food insecurity is most common in large cities but still exists in rural areas suburbs and other outlying areas around

large cities. − 25 % of children living in large cities are food insecure The typical (median) food-secure

household spends 27 percent more for food than the typical food-insecure household of the same size and composition. 57% of

food-insecure households report that in the previous month they had

participated in one or more of the three largest Federal food and nutrition

assistance programs: SNAP (food stamps), School Lunch and WIC. The full USDA report, Household Food Security

21

in the United States, 2010, including state food insecurity data, is available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/err125/

Children struggling with hunger (i.e. children living in food-insecure households) More than 16 million

children (nearly one in five children in America) struggle with hunger. They

live in families that lack the means to regularly put enough nutritious food on the table for everyone to live healthy, active lives. They

are considered “food-insecure.”

The USA has several programs devoted to lessening hunger. However, millions remain

hungry even with the current programs in place. Clearly, the current programs are not

enough to end hunger soon enough for it not to be a current topic in the 2016-17

scholastic year.

22

Scope This resolution has a substantially large scope, considering how many people are

affected each day by hunger related issues. The 2014 UN Food and Agriculture report, “

The State of Food Insecurity in the World” notes that the biggest issues are with

developing countries. The numbers do not lie: 526 million in Asia and the Pacific, 227

million in Africa, 37 Million in Latin America and the Caribbean and 15 million in

developed countries are hungry and malnourished. Debaters will have many options for

case areas to look into with hunger being such a significant issue worldwide.

AFRICA REMAINS BEHIND IN GLOBAL HUNGER TRENDS

UN FAO 2014 UN Food and Agriculture report, “ The State of Food Insecurity in the world” http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4037e.pdf Despite overall progress in developing countries as a whole, large differences remain

across regions. In general, Africa is making slow progress in achieving international

hunger targets, with the sub-Saharan region especially lagging behind global trends. The

region has been afflicted by conflict and natural disasters, and one in four people remain

undernourished in sub-Saharan Africa – the highest prevalence of all the regions.

HUNGER IS AN ISSUE IN ASIA

UN FAO 2014 UN Food and Agriculture report, “ The State of Food Insecurity in the world” http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4037e.pdf The most populous region in the world, Asia, has reduced the number of hungry people by 217

million since 1990-92. The three countries that have made the most progress reducing the absolute number of undernourished

people are in Asia: there are 138 million fewer hungry people in China, while there are 20 million fewer hungry people in India and

in Viet Nam today, as compared to 1990-92. However, Asia is still home to two-thirds of the world’s

hungry people: in the region as a whole, 526 million people remain

undernourished. Western Asia saw the number of undernourished people

increase by 10.5 million since 1990-92, from 6.3 to 8.7 percent. In Southern

Asia, 276 million people were chronically undernourished in 2012–14, only

marginally fewer than the number in 1990–92. Much more rapid progress has been achieved in

Eastern Asia and in South-Eastern Asia. In fact, South-Eastern Asia has already met the WFS hunger target.

LATIN AMERICA IS A “POLICY LABORATORY”IN FIGHTING HUNGER,

BUT MANY ARE STILL HUNGRY

January 2013

Wainer, Andrew- Immigration Policy Analyst at Bread for the World Institute “Hunger and Development in Latin America http://notes.bread.org/2013/03/hunger-and-development-in-latin-america.html

"There can be no sustainable development in the world while millions of

people go hungry." FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva, January 2013, Community of Latin American and

Caribbean States-EU Summit This summit, which included representatives of about 60 nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and

the European Union, focused on food security as a key component of sustainable development. In the past decade, Latin America

has been a leader in both rhetoric and action to make reducing hunger and poverty a top priority.Graziano pointed

23

out that Latin America was one of the first regions to take on the challenge

of eradicating hunger, launching the Hunger Free Latin America and the

Caribbean Initiative in 2005. Latin America has been a “policy laboratory”

whose anti-poverty and -hunger campaigns include Fome Zero (Zero

Hunger) in Brazil as well as the Crusade Against Hunger in Mexico,

launched in January 2013. The political commitment of the past decade has

been accompanied by significant progress against hunger and poverty in

many countries in the region. Governments have harnessed strong economic growth to support anti-poverty

and hunger reduction programs that combine market-based economic growth with an emphasis on addressing social problems and

inequality. Brazil has been the most visible example of using strong economic growth to address social problems; its combination of

growth and social spending has helped lift tens of millions of people out of poverty over the past decade. Hunger has also been

reduced in the region as a whole over the past two decades. In 1990-1992, 14.6 percent of the population, or 65 million people, were

hungry, while by 2010-2012, 8.3 percent, or 49 million people, were hungry. Graziano said that in Latin

America, as a middle-income region, hunger is fundamentally a lack of

access to food, not the availability of food. "Latin America and the

Caribbean, with a population of 600 million people, produce enough food

to feed 750 million people. However, 49 million of the current population

still suffers hunger," he said. As in other regions, women and children in

Latin America suffer from poverty and hunger more than men. For example, in

Colombia, there are 110 women ages 20 to 59 in poor rural households for every 100 men. In Chile 114 women live in such

households for every 100 men. Despite the progress in Latin America, hunger, poverty,

and lack of economic opportunity still push people to look for work in the

United States. Historically, a large majority of immigrants to the United States have been men seeking economic

opportunity to support their families at home. But today more Latin American immigrants than ever are female – 51 percent – since

women, too, often need to support children who remain in their home countries.

24

Solvency

UN PROGRAMS HAVE BEEN BENEFICIAL IN SOLVING FOR HUNGER

Lederer, Edith M. "UN Says Hunger in Africa Can Be Eradicated by 2025 with Help of

Leaders." CTVNews. The Associated Press, 11 Nov. 2013. Web. 29 June 2015.

<http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/un-says-hunger-in-africa-can-be-eradicated-by-2025-

with-help-of-leaders-1.1556456>.

Eradicating hunger in Africa by 2025 is achievable -- if Africa's leaders champion it and promote

improved crop production and healthy eating, the head of the U.N. food and agriculture agency said

Friday.Jose Graziano da Silva went even further in an interview with The Associated Press, saying the Food and

Agriculture Organization believes that hunger can be eradicated around the globe

"in a generation -- in our lifetime" if there is a political commitment by world

leaders to ensure that all their citizens get access to nutritious food."We are not

talking about sending a man to the moon or something that complicated," he said.

"We have the technology. We have the expertise. We have the things that we need

to do it." Graziano said the World Food Programme looked at how the 62 countries

that have achieved the first U.N. Millennium Development Goal -- reducing

extreme poverty by half -- did it before the target date of the end of 2015, and it found three

key factors.First, he said, was "political will" and leadership, because improving food security involves improvements not only in

agriculture but in nutrition, health, water supplies and storage facilities, to name a few."If the president doesn't take the lead, or the

prime minister ... it doesn't work," he said.Second, Graziano said, is improving agricultural performance and access to

food."According to FAO, we have more than enough food produced nowadays to avoid hunger," he said. "People are hungry today

because they don't have access to food ... because they cannot pay for the food or they cannot produce it any more as we did in the

past."One problem is that one-third to one-half of the food produced today is lost or wasted for a variety of reasons including bad

storage, poor transportation and cultural issues, including the move from traditional cuisine to fast food, he said. A lot of food that

could be consumed is thrown out, often because of huge portions.Third, Graziano said, is improving the nutritional value of the food

people eat."We are seeing more and more malnutrition rise in developed countries ... because of the quality of what (people) are

eating," he said.When children are listed by income, for example, "you see in families with the lowest income a proportion of obese

and malnourished (youngsters) similar to the families that have high level income," he said.Graziano said the FAO is

promoting the best practices collected from around the world to eradicate hunger,

especially in Africa, "where we have the worst situation at the moment." He

expressed hope that an African Union summit in January will set a target to

eradicate hunger in Africa by 2025."All countries in Africa can do it ... with the

proper assistance FAO is giving them," he said.For example, the FAO in early 2012

declared a famine in Somalia, but Graziano said "we have been able to pull

Somalia out of famine in six months" with improvements in agriculture and

livestock raising and a cash-for-work program aimed primarily at women because

they provide food for the family. This program was based on the FAO's experience

in Brazil, Vietnam and other countries, he said.Graziano was in New York to

launch the "International Year of Family Farming" in 2014.There are almost

500,000 family farms, mostly in Africa where 95 per cent of farmers are small or

subsistence farmers, many of whom don't produce enough to eat, he said.Graziano

said the FAO is promoting family farms because they are "the most efficient" when

it comes to using land and water resources and because the agency wants to

25

promote local production and local use of food, which avoids increasingly high

transportation costs.Graziano is also still promoting this year's International Year

of Quinoa -- "the unique cereal that has all the proteins and amino acids that the

human being needs" and requires 100 per cent less water than any other cereal.

That makes it perfect for dry areas, and it can be cultivated at any altitude. The

FAO achieved its goal of introducing quinoa in the Sahel and the Horn of Africa,

where countries are testing different varieties, as well as in Yemen, he said. "It takes one or two years of testing and choosing the best one," Graziano said, "but after that ... the wind helps a lot because it

spreads the seeds all around -- you don't need to pay Monsanto for the seeds! So it will be really amazing to see the Sahel and many

drought areas of the world cultivated with quinoa in the future, and we are working on that."

UN IS A KEY PLAYER IN PROMOTING PROGRAMS TO REDUCE

MALNUTRTION AND HUNGER

"United Nations Millennium Development Goals." UN News Center. UN, n.d.

Web. 29 June 2015.

<http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/Zero_Hunger_Challenge.pdf>

The United Nations Secretary General gives top priority to the elimination

of hunger. This requires comprehensive efforts to ensure that every man,

woman and child enjoy their Right to Adequate Food; women are

empowered; priority is given to family farming; and food systems

everywhere are sustainable and resilient. The challenge of Zero Hunger

means: • Zero stunted children less than 2 years • 100% access to adequate

food all year round • All food systems are sustainable • 100% increase in

smallholder productivity and income • Zero loss or waste of food

Eliminating hunger involves investments in agriculture, rural development,

decent work, social protection and equality of opportunity. It will make a

major contribution to peace and stability and to the reduction of poverty. It

will contribute to better nutrition for all – especially women from the

beginning of pregnancy and children under the age of two. The UN

Secretary General encourages all partners to scale up their efforts and turn

the vision of an end to hunger into a reality. He appreciates the bold

leadership by many from government, civil society, business, labour unions,

consumer groups and the scientific community. They succeed through

working together. They encourage participation by a range of organizations,

social movements and people around a common vision. They promote

effective strategies, more investments and increased development

cooperation, in line with existing national and international agreements.

26

They strive for results and are accountable for their efforts – particularly to

those who are hungry. "Our world has enough food to feed every man,

woman and child. Yet 870 million people – one of every eight members of

the human family – go hungry. People across the world share my outrage

and are taking up the challenge to end hunger in our lifetime.” United

Nations Secretary General Ban Ki moon 870 million (1 in 8) people hungry

165 million malnourished children At least 20 countries talking about Zero

Hunger 23 High Level Task Force Agencies aligned with the Zero Hunger

Challenge Hunger can be eliminated in our lifetimes. We are already seeing

progress taken in that direction. Since the Zero Hunger Challenge was

launched by the Secretary‐ General at the Rio+20 Sustainable

Development Conference in June 2012, governments, NGOs, private sector

companies, religious leaders, and citizens around the world have taken up

the call. Underlining the fact that strong political leadership and the right

policies can produce dramatic reductions in levels of hunger and

malnutrition, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced in

June that 38 countries have already halved either number or percentage of

their population who is hungry before the deadline for the Millennium

Development Goals in 2015. Achieving MDG1 is the first step towards zero

hunger. “When it comes to hunger, the only acceptable number is zero.”

FAO Director General José Graziano da Silva Programmes in line with the

Zero Hunger Challenge are taking shape or being discussed in some 20

countries around the world, as governments set their own goals and work

out plans with UN agencies and other partners. Regional multistakeholder

programmes, including the HungerFree Initiative for West Africa, La

Iniciativa América Latina y Caribe sin Hambre, and the Zero Hunger

Challenge for Asia & the Pacific, bring global actors together to create

operational programming. From monetary commitments from

governments, civil society and the private sector, including over US $25

billion at the “Nutrition for Growth” event in London, to political

commitments by parliamentarians, the African Union, London and Mexico

City, the world is coming together to form effective partnerships for the

eradication of hunger. NOW is the time to take up the Challenge Political

and societal to eliminating hunger is higher than ever. The moment for

leaders from government, business, and civil society to come together is

27

now. Successful partnering involves working together in support of national

authorities – examples include the Movement for Scaling Up Nutrition,

with 41 countries and hundreds of organizations and agencies working to

end child malnutrition, and the “Think. Eat. Save” initiative which aims to

reduce food waste and loss. Countries are driving the response, with bold

commitments from their political leaders, and continuous sharing of

experiences. Political and thought leaders are exchanging proposals for

accelerating the achievement, in 2015, of the MDG hunger reduction target.

Together we can build the world the future we want – a future with Zero

Hunger. UN HAS A PROVEN TRACK RECORD OF HELPING THOSE WHO ARE

HUNGRY AND MALNOURISHED

"World Food Programme." Preventing Hunger. World Food Programme, n.d. Web.

29 June 2015. <https://www.wfp.org/preventing-hunger>.

WFP's post-emergency and development operations are built around projects focused

on preventing hunger taking hold in the future and breaking the cycle of hunger which is

at its root.WFP's innovative projects allow the weak and poor to stop worrying about

their next meal and build a sustainable future for themselves, their families and their

communities. Here are some of the ways in which we work to prevent hunger in the

future:

School meals-As well as directly addressing hunger, school meal projects encourage

families to keep their children in school and so help them build better futures. If

children are not hungry they will also concentrate better on their lessons. With a solid

education growing children have a better chance of finding their own way out of hunger.

These projects benefit girls especially.

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Food for Assets-WFP's Food for Assets projects pay the hungry with food to lay the

foundations for a better tomorrow. When poor farmers no longer have to worry about

the next meal, they have the time and energy to build irrigation systems that can

boost production. Similarly, Food for Training projects allow the poor to devote time

to learning skills that will sustain them economically in future

HIV/AIDS-WFP uses its food rations to soften the blow of HIV and AIDS. The

agency distributes its rations to people living with HIV and AIDS, so they can keep

providing for their families for longer and have time to transfer vital knowledge and

skills to the growing number of AIDS orphans - the next generation of food providers

in developing countries.

Purchase for Progress (P4P)-WFP already buys large amounts of food in

developing countries. P4P harnesses this purchasing power and uses it to help poor

farmers connect to reliable markets where they can get competitive prices for their

produce. With secure markets, farmers will be encouraged to produce more and

innovate. The knock-on effect is more food security for everyone.

Focus on Women-WFP has long believed that women are the first and fastest

solution to reducing hunger and poverty. In both its emergency and development

projects, WFP has a special commitment to helping women gain equal access to life's

basic necessity.

US INITIATIVES SUCH AS FEED THE FUTURE HAVE HAD EARLY

SUCCESS

USAID, April 13, 2015, http://www.usaid.gov/sustaining-ftf-progress

For generations, the United States has been a leader in providing

development assistance across the globe to alleviate suffering and build

shared progress and prosperity. But global food price spikes and resulting instability in 2007 and 2008 were a wake-up

call: More needed to be done to break the vicious cycle of hunger and poverty. The answer: Unlock the potential of agriculture as the key to reducing

hunger, extreme poverty, and malnutrition through a movement that became Feed the Future. Feed the Future, the U.S.

Government’s global hunger and food security initiative, has pioneered a

comprehensive approach to ending global hunger that draws on

partnerships across sectors, country leadership, and a focus on achieving

results. With an emphasis on supporting smallholder farmers to strengthen global food security and nutrition, Feed the Future

is building on early success to drive real change at a large scale. The momentum to

achieve the long-term vision of Feed the Future – a world where the scourge of hunger, poverty, and malnutrition no longer threaten the peace and

prosperity of millions – is strong. U.S. leadership and bipartisan commitment have been integral to driving the progress that Feed the Future has made

in just a few years. The ongoing Ebola crisis emphasizes the urgent need to secure progress toward eliminating extreme poverty and chronic hunger,

29

which are key drivers of such crises. Poverty can allow a single case to become an outbreak and turn an outbreak into an epidemic. Long-term food

security, which the U.S. Government supports through Feed the Future, is essential to combating poverty in developing countries. It helps provide for

long-term stability and security and serves to mitigate the impacts of future crises. An Urgent Need Food, fuel and financial turmoil in 2007 and 2008

pushed millions of people around the world back to the precipice of poverty. Food prices hit all-time highs, sending prices for basic staples like rice and

wheat beyond the reach of the world’s most vulnerable people. The resulting spike in food insecurity worldwide and its destabilizing effects served as a

wake-up call to policy makers about the depth of the problem. More needed to be done to address not just the symptoms of food insecurity, but the root

causes to break the cycle of poverty, hunger and crisis. Investing in agriculture was integral. Under the Bush Administration, the United States allocated

resources for a near and longer-term response to the food price crisis focused on boosting agricultural productivity, strengthening supply chains, and

promoting sound market-based principles for agriculture sector development and regional trade. This approach built on ongoing efforts by African

leaders to invest in and revitalize agriculture as a proven means for pulling people out of poverty. Early success provided a

near-term boost to agricultural productivity in West Africa and increased

food availability. What began on a modest scale in several countries through the Initiative to End Hunger in Africa provided the

foundation for a more comprehensive, global response to address the underlying causes of food insecurity and malnutrition. Following the food price

crisis, the United States mobilized a movement that is increasing investments

in agriculture and approaching implementation of these resources in a new

way: One that coordinates efforts across donors and sectors, supports country-owned plans for improving food security and nutrition, and is highly

accountable for achieving results. Through Feed the Future, the U.S. Government

contributes to this global effort, working hand in hand with partner

countries to develop their agriculture sectors and improve global food

security. Putting “whole-of-government” into practice, Feed the Future draws on the agricultural, trade, investment, science, development, and

policy resources and expertise of departments and agencies across the U.S. Government. In just a few years, this U.S. Government

initiative is already delivering results that are helping reduce poverty and

hunger while also improving nutrition for millions of children and families around the world. More Results: U.S.

Government Initiative Reduces Hunger and Poverty for Millions “In the past, we thought our job was done when we taught a farmer how to plant a new

crop. Today, our job isn’t done until we also help her – and her neighbor – learn how to run a successful business. We don’t want our impact to stop at

just one family, business or community. We want communities around the world to see real change at a large scale.” Sustaining Progress In March

2015, Rep. Chris Smith (R-NJ) and Rep. Betty McCollum (D-MN), along with 11 other co-sponsors including House Committee on Foreign Affairs

Chairman Ed Royce (R-CA) and Ranking Member Eliot Engel (D-NY), introduced H.R. 1567, the Global Food Security Act of 2015. The legislation

would authorize and codify international food security programs and is similar to the bill that passed the U.S. House of Representatives last Congress.

The legislation would codify the U.S. Government’s commitment to the productivity, incomes and livelihoods of small-scale producers, particularly

women, by working across agricultural value chains and expanding farmers’ access to local and international markets. It would strengthen the Feed the

Future initiative’s existing accountability mechanisms and establish parameters for robust Congressional oversight, monitoring and evaluation of

impact toward this commitment. What Has Feed the Future Achieved? As the U.S. Government’s global hunger and food security initiative, Feed

the Future has been led by USAID since 2010 in concert with 10 other

federal departments and agencies. We have built a broad network of

stakeholders to advance global food security and nutrition through

agriculture-led development as a means for sustainable, broad-based economic growth that reduces extreme poverty. Feed

the Future is the signature U.S. Government initiative contributing to this global effort. There is broad bipartisan

support for sustaining Feed the Future due in large part to tremendous

gains made over the past few years.

30

WAYS FEED THE FUTURE HAS HELPED SOLVE

HUNGER/MALNUTRITION

Ramundo, Kelly, May 19th, 2014, http://blog.usaid.gov/2014/05/10-ways-america-is-

helping-feed-the-world/

In this environment, President Obama was determined to reverse course and give millions of people a pathway out of

extreme poverty. In his first inaugural address, the president outlined his vision of a

world without hunger. “To the people of poor nations,” he said, “we pledge

to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean water flow;

to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds.” His remarks marked the

beginning of renewed global attention that brought poverty, hunger and

undernutrition back to the top of the international agenda. As one of his first foreign

policy acts, President Obama launched Feed the Future. Its aim: to strengthen food

security and nutrition for millions of people by focusing on the smallholder farmers at the

foundation of the world’s agriculture system. This week, Feed the Future marks four years of progress and has just released a report

on its impact to date. In the spirit of this progress, here are some of the ways that Feed the Future

is helping grow a more prosperous future for the 842 million people who

will still go to sleep hungry tonight. 1. By Empowering Farmers Farmers working

small plots of land are the backbone of the world’s agricultural system, but often struggle to feed their own families. In the past year

alone, Feed the Future has helped nearly 7 million farmers and food producers use new technologies and management practices on

more than 4 million hectares, or over 15,000 square miles, of land to boost their harvests. 2. By Helping Families

Nourish their Children Poor nutrition is a stealthy killer and the underlying cause of one out of every three deaths

of young children in developing countries. Conversely, good nutrition in the 1,000-day window from pregnancy to a child’s second

birthday lays the foundation for health, development, and even prosperity for the next generation. In 2013, Feed the Future, in

collaboration with the Global Health Initiative, reached more than 12.5 million children with nutrition interventions that can help

ensure a stronger and more successful future. Feed the Future also supported nearly 91,000 women farmers in homestead

gardening, improving access to nutritious foods and increasing income for women and children. 3. By Encouraging

Banks to Loan to “Risky” Borrowers The ability to borrow money is what allows farm families to make

the investments needed to grow more for their families and communities. Working with Feed the Future, local banks are using

innovative finance mechanisms to lend to more smallholders, often considered too “risky” by banks. Last year in Senegal alone,

more than 17,000 farmers and small entrepreneurs benefited from nearly $20 million in rural loans and grants which helped them

access better seeds and modern equipment, as well as weather-indexed crop insurance, and helped negotiate favorable contracts

with commercial mills. The results? Farmers’ profits for rice rose by 56 percent and for maize by 173 percent between 2012 and

2013. 4. By Involving the Private Sector in the Fight Against Global Hunger A

food-secure world will not become a reality without a combination of public and private sector investment. Last year, Feed the

Future assistance created 1,175 public-private partnerships, up from 660 the previous year—8 out of 10 involved local small and

medium-sized firms. That same year, U.S. Government investments also leveraged more than $160 million in private sector

investment, a 40 percent increase from 2012. These alliances foster growth in emerging markets by commercializing new

technologies; helping to create policy environments that enable even greater growth; increasing opportunities for investment,

finance and risk mitigation; and improving market access and trade. 5. By Promoting Responsible

Investment It’s not enough to just encourage investments that “do no harm.” The U.S. Government works to ensure that the

countries we partner with to improve food security adhere to specific policy measures so that the investments benefit women and

smallholder farmers as well as investors. 6. By Helping Farmers Become Entrepreneurs Feed the

Future reflects a new model for development—one that emphasizes partnership, linkages and access to tools, technologies and the

global economy. Whereas in the past, success meant helping farmers grow more crops, success today means also helping them learn

how to be entrepreneurs. 7. By Reforming Food Aid to Save More Lives In addition to Feed the

Future, in 2014, President Obama proposed changing our largest international food assistance program to allow more flexible,

efficient and effective food aid through the purchase of local commodities and the provision of cash vouchers. The goal was to enable

the United States to reach 4 million more people in crisis, with the same resources, and speed response time to emergencies.

31

Combined with other legislation, reforms in the 2014 Farm Bill now mean USAID can reach an additional 800,000 chronically food-

insecure people with no extra funds. The 2015 Budget seeks additional reforms for emergency food aid that would allow around 2

million more people in crises to be helped without additional resources. 8. By Involving U.S. Students and

Universities in the Fight against Global Hunger The United States boasts some of the world’s

cutting-edge agricultural research facilities. Feed the Future fosters strong partnerships with both U.S. and international agricultural

research institutions, such as the University of California, Davis; Virginia Tech and the Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research (CGIAR) to, for example, help develop new strains of cowpea that can fend off common pests and to help

India control the papaya mealybug pest that was decimating its horticulture sector. So far, 23 Feed the Future Innovation Labs made

up of 70 of the United States’ top academic research institutions have been created. 9. By Sending Some of our

Best and Brightest Abroad The Peace Corps has a long history of being on the front lines of the U.S. fight to end

global poverty. Partnering with USAID as part of the Feed the Future initiative, the Peace Corps has fielded more than 1,200 Peace

Corps Volunteers in countries overseas to help people make sustainable changes in how they cultivate their food, address water

shortages and feed their families. 10. By Helping Farmers Weather the Weather Maize is the

major staple and an important cash crop for farmers in East and Southern Africa, but it is threatened by climate change. U.S.

Government-supported projects have contributed to the release of 140 drought-tolerant maize varieties in 13 countries since 2006.

Building on this work, Feed the Future strengthens public and private sector seed systems to ensure that new varieties can reach

smallholders at scale. In 2013 as a result of U.S. Government investments, farmers planted more than 28,000 hectares, or nearly 90

square miles, of land with improved high-yielding varieties across the key maize-producing countries of Tanzania, Ghana and Kenya.

Balance AFF Cases The following is a list of potential case areas with an explanation and some examples for each

area. Not all areas may be applicable to all resolutions. Also many cases address the causes of

malnutrition rather than directly addressing malnutrition. ● Vitamin Deficiency-One of the major problems related to global malnutrition is

vitamin deficiency. There are many ways to solve vitamin deficiency ranging from

completely solving hunger to developing new cheaper genetically modified foods.

a. Bugs

b. GMO Rice

c. GMO Bananas

d. Vitamin Distribution

e. Infant and Prenatal nutrition

f. Palm Weevils

● Food Sources/Technology-One suggested way to solve for hunger, and thus

malnutrition, is to develop more sources or cheaper methods of gathering food. The

basic idea is that more food means less hunger.

a. Aquaculture

b. Vertical Farming

c. Unconventional Food Sources (Bug Meat, Jellyfish, Seaweed, etc)

d. Breadfruit

e. Hydroponics

f. Urban Farming

g. Improve crop yields

h. Agroecology

i. Improve farming tech/availability of tech

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● Money-Many problems (including hunger) can be solved with the addition of more

money or money related incentives. Also many organizations devote themselves to

ending hunger, so especially for novice debaters, simpler cases could just be to pick an

organization to fund.

a. Help assorted organizations

b. Local business giveaways

c. Subsidize low income farmers

d. Tax Breaks for donations alleviating hunger

e. Microloans

f. Gramin Banks

● Education-Education is a major part of quality of life, and schools have had a large

impact on hunger in more developed countries through school lunches and acting as a

distribution center. Expanding education means expanding that infrastructure.

a. Encourage education

b. School lunches

● Addressing Poverty/Standard of living-Most organizations agree that the root

cause of hunger is poverty and unstable environments. Although these cases would

straddle the line of FX topicality, they allow for a wide variety of substantive debate,

especially among older debaters.

a. Encourage job creation

b. Improve Education

c. Empower Women

d. Raise Minimum Wage/International Minimum Wage

e. Increase spread of basic sanitary and medical care

f. Refrigeration

g. Encourage stability

● Prioritization-Solving hunger could also be done by ensuring quality land for

agricultural purposes, or by improving current land usage. These cases would require

research on current land use as well as research on malnutrition.

a. Land usage

b. Limit speculators

c. Local farmers

d. Agroecology

● Promotional Campaigns-In these cases students could argue about changing people’s

mindsets through promotional campaigns. In these cases, simple changes in the lifestyle

of large groups of people could have a large effect on lessening global malnutrition.

a. Shift Crop Production from Biofuels to Food

b. Vegetarianism/Veganism

c. Reduce Beef Consumption

d. Limit desertification

e. Help farmers organize

f. Agroecology

● Redistribute food/Change current distribution system-Most organizations agree

that plenty of food exists, but skewed distribution causes the majority of global

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malnutrition. While reasonable plans for this area may be difficult to write, the result

would be a completely topical plan that solves global malnutrition.

a. Food drops

b. Localizing food production

NEG Ideas

The following arguments could be run on just about any affirmative case: ● Capitalism Kritik

● Funding Tradeoff Disadvantage

● Non-Inherent-Malnourishment is simply a symptom of hunger/food insecurity

● Solving hunger is bad

○ social structure/destabilization

○ environmental concerns

○ overpopulation (quasi-Malthusian Theory)

● Solvency: Local forces prevent

● US Agriculture Economy DA

● The US Model of agriculture is bad/Spreading said model is bad

● Pesticide arguments

● Globalism Kritik

The following is a chart describing potential negative arguments depending on the resolution

and the case area. An explanation will follow.

Topic Area w/ UN actor w/ US actor w/ WFP

Vitamin

Deficiency

● S-Doesn’t solve

distribution

● DA-politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Vitamins are not

Calories

● Doesn’t completely

solve malnutrition,

ex. protein

deficiency

● GMOs bad

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● S-International

problem

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● S-Doesn’t solve

distribution

● K-Imperialism

● Vitamins are not

calories

● Doesn’t completely

solve malnutrition,

ex.protein

deficiency

● GMOs bad

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● S-Doesn’t solve

distribution

● Vitamins are

not calories

● Doesn’t

completely

solve

malnutrition,

ex.protein

deficiency

● GMOs bad

● Environmental

K

● Monoculture is

bad

34

Food

Sources/Tech

● S-Enough food

worldwide, more

food/tech is not the

same as better

distribution

● S-Expensive

● Bad for

environment

● DA-politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Taste preferences,

dissatisfaction, civil

unrest

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● S-International

problem

● S-Enough food

worldwide, more

food/tech is not the

same as better

distribution

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● S-Expensive

● Bad for

environment

● Taste preferences,

dissatisfaction, civil

unrest

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● S-Enough food

worldwide,

more food/tech

is not the same

as better

distribution

● S-Expensive

● Bad for

environment

● No current

section of the

WFP does it

● Taste

preferences,

dissatisfaction,

civil unrest

● Environmental

K

● Monoculture is

bad

Money ● Not the UN’s

jurisdiction

● DA-politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● CP-Private

donorship

● Environmental K

● S-International

problem

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● Not the US’s

jurisdiction

● K-Imperialism

● CP-Private

Donorship

● Environmental K

● the WFP

doesn’t have the

power

● CP-Private

donorship

● Environmental

K

Education ● DA-politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● Western styles of

education is bad

● S-International

Problem

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● Western styles of

education is bad

● Environmental

K

● Monoculture is

bad

● Western forms

of education are

bad

35

Poverty/

Standard of

living

● DA-politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Environmental K

● S-International

Problem

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● Not part of

WFP

● Environmental

K

Prioritization

of resources

● Destroys free

markets

● DA-Politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Environmental K

● S-International

Problem

● Destroys free

markets

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● Destroys free

markets

● Not part of

WFP

● Environmental

K

Promotional

Campaigns

● K-Ad campaigns are

evil

● DA-Politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Environmental K

● S-International

Problem

● K-Ad campaigns

are evil

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● K-Ad

Campaigns are

evil

● Environmental

K

Distribution of

food

● Consult Amazon CP

● DA-Politics

● S-UN=unsuccessful

● CP-Actor

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● S-International

Problem

● Consult Amazon

CP

● DA-politics

● CP-

NGO/International

actor

● K-Imperialism

● Environmental K

● Monoculture is bad

● Consult

Amazon CP

● Environmental

K

● Monoculture is

bad

Arguments that can be run depending on the actor(s): ● The UN

○ The UN is inefficient

○ The UN has no real power

○ Actor Counterplan- USFG/China/India/Private Corporation

36

○ politics Disadvantage depending on whatever international crisis arises in 2016

○ Eurocentrism Kritik

○ Environmental K

● The United States Federal Government

○ global malnutrition is an international problem

○ global malnutrition occurs mainly in Asia and Africa

○ politics Disadvantage

○ International Actor/Privatization/Charity counterplan

○ Imperialism Kritik

○ Environmental K

● The World Food Programme

○ Not within WFP Jurisdiction

○ The WFP is ineffective, (past performance demonstrates)

Arguments that can be run depending on the case area: ● Vitamin Deficiency

a. It doesn’t solve for the distribution

b. Solving for vitamin deficiency means that while people might receive enough

nutrients they might still not receive enough food

c. Doesn’t solve all forms of malnutrition- ex. protein deficiency

d. GMOs are bad

e. Environmental K

f. Monoculture is bad

● Food Sources/Technology

a. There is enough food worldwide, more food or technology will not solve for the

hungry because of unequal distribution

b. Development of new sources or technology will be expensive

c. New sources or technology may be bad for the environment

d. Taste preferences leads to dissatisfaction-leads to civil unrest-leads to nuclear

war

e. Monoculture is bad

f. Environmental K

● Money

a. Counterplan-Private donorship

b. Solvency-Throwing money at a problem doesn’t necessarily indicate a solution

will be found

c. Inefficiency

d. Environmental K

● Education

a. Inability to reach some of the most unstable areas meaning inability to solve

global malnutrition

b. Environmental K

● Addressing Poverty/Standard of living

a. Doesn’t solve for hunger caused by war

b. Environmental concerns

c. Environmental K

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● Prioritization

a. Destroys free markets

b. Environmental K

● Promotional Campaigns

a. Kritik-Ad campaigns are telling people what to think

b. Campaigns don’t have a significant enough impact

c. Environmental K

● Redistribute food/Change current distribution system

a. Counterplan-Consult Amazon for their distribution system

b. Free trade

c. Environmental K

d. Monoculture is bad

Fundamental Negative Clash An important element for substantive debate is that a true ideological clash exist

between the affirmative and negative sides as a matter of principle in round. Otherwise, one

team will always be at a significant advantage since they have to essentially concede that the

other team is correct in their fundamental outlook. While World Hunger may seem to be the epitome of this problem (who could possibly

argue for letting children die miserable deaths without seeming like a monster?), the Kritikal

ground provided to the negative under our resolution ensures that even if the negative team has

to concede that human life has value, they are still left with significant ground to attack the idea

of “ending world hunger” as an institution rather than being pigeonholed into accepting the

affirmative’s worldview. A key element of what made last year’s ocean topic easy to debate was that the oceans

are, for the most part, fairly neutral ground. There is a wealth of arguments on both sides, both

advocating for and against human intervention, exploration, and infrastructure development.

This year’s surveillance topic exists in a significantly more polarized area, yet the core of the

debate is split into two fairly clear areas- the affirmative arguing for the philosophical concept of

civil liberties and the negative arguing for ruthless pragmatism in the face of existential threats. While there are some fringe arguments about not solving world hunger due to

overpopulation concerns, the vast majority of organizations dealing with the issue are in support

of providing nutritional aid to those affected rather than allowing them to die. This adds a new

dimension of complexity to the World Hunger topic because it requires each individual team to

take a position somewhere on a fairly fuzzy spectrum of what level of involvement is acceptable.

This rewards advanced debaters because it allows high-level rounds to come down to

argumentation of what constitutes “affirmation” and “negation” of the resolution, since the most

advanced negative teams will most likely rely on agent of action counterplans with some degree

of overlap with the agents specified in the final resolution. However, the fuzzy scale also helps

novice debaters because it both fosters strong topicality argumentation skills as well as allows

novice teams to

38

Sources The amount of information available concerning global malnutrition seems endless.

Debaters will not have any issues finding evidence for this topic. Should the wording

committee choose the UN as the actor debaters must become familiar with UN sources.

Regardless, the UN sources will play a critical role in this topic as they are a major

source for hunger statistics. Below are some important organizations that focus on the

issues of global malnutrition.

UN World Food Programme: http://www.wfp.org/hunger

UN Food and Agriculture Organization: http://www.fao.org/home/en/

The State of Food Insecurity in the World: http://www.fao.org/publications/sofi/en/

Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research: http://aciar.gov.au/AIFSC

Barilla Center for Food and Nutrition: http://www.barillacfn.com/en/

Bioversity International: http://www.bioversityinternational.org

The Chicago Council on Global Affairs:

http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/globalagdevelopment

CGIAR: http://www.cgiar.org/

Food and Water Watch: http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/

Food First: http://foodfirst.org/

Heifer International: http://www.heifer.org/

IFAD: http://www.ifad.org/

ONE Campaign: http://www.one.org

The World Vegetable Center: http://avrdc.org/

Norman Borlaug Institute: http://borlaug.tamu.edu/

Food Tank: http://foodtank.com/

World Food Prize: http://www.worldfoodprize.org/

UNICEF http://www.unicef.org/

This Website has a list of 99 organizations fighting global malnutrition

http://mswonlineprograms.org/poverty-hunger/

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Interest

The countless charity programs, food drives, and aid initiatives run by people from all

walks of life demonstrate that a debate resolution about global malnutrition would be

interesting and engaging for a wide variety of debaters, judges, parents, school officials,

and donors.

Young People are involved in fighting world hunger "#YouthNow: Commemorating the 20th Anniversary of the World Programme of Action For Youth." #YouthNow: Commemorating

the 20th Anniversary of the World Programme of Action For Youth. United Nations, 2015. Web. 27 Feb. 2015.

<httpwww.un.org/pga/youth

Weekly, in partnership with UN agencies and global stakeholders, #YouthNow will

release relevant materials to raise awareness about youth development

opportunities and challenges based on the 15 cross-cutting youth priority areas

outlined in WPAY including: Education, Employment, Hunger and Poverty,

Health, Environment, Full and effective participation of youth in the life of society

and in decision making, Youth in conflict, Girls and young women, Armed

Conflict, HIV/AIDS, and Information and Communications technology. The

WPAY+20 campaign will come to an end in September 2015, with the General

Assembly Summit to adopt the post-2015 development agenda.

The YouthNow conference demonstrates the significant investment that youth have in solving

the pressing issues of the day, including world hunger and malnutrition. Just as the issue of

world hunger appeals to these youth, it will appeal to debaters as well.

Teens Get Involved in Fighting Hunger Amishai Gottlieb, Jewish Exponent Newpaper, Nov 21, 2014 http://jewishexponent.com/headlines/2014/11/philly-jewish-teens-raise-hunger-awareness-at-hunger-games-preview Just before the lights dimmed at an exclusive showing of the newest Hunger Games movie the night before its mass release,

Evan Finkelstein and Leah Kay led a theater filled with about 200 of their

teenage peers in a pledge to fight global malnutrition.Teens from grades six

through 12 also brought canned food to be donated to Philabundance to the event, hosted by

Jewish youth movement BBYO. The Nov. 20 showing at an AMC theater in Plymouth Meeting was part of a national BBYO initiative,

a “collaborative adventure” that in Philadelphia involved partnering with 10 other Jewish community groups to

help raise teens’ awareness of hunger, said Arielle Weisberg, the group’s local associate regional director. A

grant from the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia also helped subsidize the event.“Jewish teens really do care

about issues in their community,” Weisberg said. "They’re helping in hunger relief

while also doing something that’s really social and fun and exciting.”Finkelstein,

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an 18-year-old senior at William Tennett High School and BBYO’s regional co-president, has been involved with local

initiatives combatting hunger over the last couple of years and said he

recognized the importance of teen involvement in social action

leadership.He volunteers every few months with the Jewish Relief Agency through his synagogue, Reform Congregation

Keneseth Israel in Elkins Park, helping to box and deliver food packages to the needy. “It expanded my horizons

to learn that there’s more to life than just my life, and we’re fortunate

enough to have food on the table so we should be helping out everyone else

that doesn’t,” said the Bucks County native.Though event-goers filled two tall boxes with canned foods, Finkelstein

explained that the main goal was to bring new faces into the Jewish youth movement

fold and open their eyes to the helping roles they can play in the future.“To be

honest, I think for the majority of them it’s just an event, but the follow-up is what matters to us,” he

said.Weisberg agreed with that assessment and noted that using pop culture events and social media is the way “to really get teens

involved” in volunteering. Another example is BBYO’s upcoming text campaign, which will be the youth group's first foray into

#GivingTuesday, a national and international movement focused on charitable giving following the post-Thanksgiving spending

sprees of Black Friday and Cyber Monday.For that campaign, teens will text their family and friends asking for money pledges,

similar to a telethon, only using text messages.“Teens are more comfortable texting,” Weisberg said, likening the text campaign to

Federation's Super Sunday, but with a slight twist. “I think that we’re seeing more than ever that this is the way to really get teens

involved. The passion is there, we just have to find out the right outlets.”However teens get involved,

Weisberg continued, it’s important that they do so because hunger is “not

just affecting countries across the world, but it’s also right in our

backyard.”Some 12 percent of families in the Keystone State lived in food insecure households between 2011-2013,

according to the Coalition Against Hunger’s website. That's roughly 1.5 million families — and the numbers aren’t improving.The

statistics can seem daunting, Finkelstein said, "but if you really want to

help” out in the community “there’s a way to do it." Kay, Finkelstein’s fellow regional BBYO

co-president, said that when she was in middle school she used to volunteer one Sunday night a month at the University of

Pennsylvania Hillel, serving food to the homeless.

Just as the UN organized youth movements to combat global issues, teenagers

themselves have organized efforts to tackle hunger and malnutrition in their own

communities. These small-scale efforts demonstrate that youth take a personal interest

in the issue of hunger.

Both large and small scale initiatives to combat hunger and malnutrition have been

started and participated in by teens and youth. These initiatives offer irrefutable proof

that young people are interested in solving malnutrition. This real-world commitment

translates to interest in world hunger as a debate topic.

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Community:

Many Food-Based Charities Exist Feeding America 2015 http://www.feedingamerica.org/our-response/how-we-work/food-bank-network/

Feeding America is a nationwide network of 200 food banks and 60,000 food

pantries and meal programs that provides food and services to people each year. Together, we are the nation’s leading domestic hunger-relief organization. Our network serves virtually every community in all 50

states, Washington D.C., and Puerto Rico. Thousands of charities, food banks, and other nutritional aid organizations exist and gather

support from members of their communities. These broad-based aid organizations exist as a

result of the interest in solving for malnutrition by adults. This interest in real-world action

translates to interest in malnutrition as a debate topic.

Quality Hunger and malnutrition affects everyone. As such, it is of immediate relevance to those

debating the topic. Additionally, hunger and malnutrition are real and pressing issues that

future leaders will need to address. As such, this debate topic will expose debaters to the issues

that will have to be confronted as well as give them experience in critically evaluating plans and,

when writing affirmative cases, solve problems.

Global Malnutrition Statistics UN World Food Program 2015 http://www.wfp.org/hunger/stats

Some 805 million people in the world do not have enough food to lead a healthy

active life. That's about one in nine people on earth.The vast majority of the world's hungry people live in

developing countries, where 13.5 percent of the population is undernourished.Asia is

the continent with the most hungry people - two thirds of the total. The percentage in southern Asia has fallen in recent years but in

western Asia it has increased slightly. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region with the highest prevalence (percentage of

population) of hunger. One person in four there is undernourished.Poor nutrition causes

nearly half (45%) of deaths in children under five - 3.1 million children each year.One out of

six children -- roughly 100 million -- in developing countries is underweight. One in four of the

world's children are stunted. In developing countries the proportion can rise to one in three.If women

farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of hungry in the

world could be reduced by up to 150 million.66 million primary school-age children attend classes hungry

across the developing world, with 23 million in Africa alone.WFP calculates that US $3.2 billion is needed per year

to reach all 66 million hungry school-age children.

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Malnutrition affects millions of people around the world. Therefore, debating solutions to it is of

immense real-world value to debaters. Since debaters will grow up to be the leaders of the

future, exposing them to the real and pressing issues of the day will inform their future choices

and possibly lead to real and lasting change in the world.

Hunger Affects Everyone Sodhexo Foundation, 2007 http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/06/070605120859.htm

While thirty-five million Americans feel the physical effects of hunger each day,

every household and individual in our nation feels the economic effects. So finds a new

study released today by the Sodexho Foundation and researchers affiliated with Harvard University School of Public Health,

Brandeis University and Loyola University.The study, titled "The Economic Cost of Domestic Hunger: Estimated Annual Burden to

the United States," finds that the U.S. pays more than $90 billion annually for the direct and

indirect costs of hunger-related charities, illness and psychosocial dysfunction and

the impact of less education/lower productivity. These costs are borne by all

Americans.Distributed on an individual basis, it means that on average, each person residing in the U.S. pays $300 annually

for the hunger bill. Distributed on a household basis, it means that the annual cost is closer to $800 each year. And calculated on a

lifetime basis, each individual's bill for hunger in the nation is nearly $22,000.The study

found that the lion's share of the overall cost, $66.8 billion, resulted from illness associated with hunger, said Brandeis health

economist Donald Shepard, who led the economic analysis. These illnesses included iron deficiency, colds and depression, and other

causes of fair and poor health. "What was unusual about hunger was the wide range of problems associated with it, which included

not only the illness burden, but also expenses on food pantries and other charities to mitigate the problem, and lost productivity due

to hunger's adverse impact on learning," said Shepard."The Cost of Hunger study is a call to action for communities, legislators, the

private sector and individuals to look at hunger as more than a social issue -- hunger also is an economic issue," said Stephen J.

Brady, president of the Sodexho Foundation. "As such, it is everyone's responsibility to end hunger.

The first step is to be aware of the magnitude of the impact of hunger on every

American."

A solution to global malnutrition has not yet been found. People still go to bed malnourished.

Therefore, since the issue hasn’t been solved in the real world and since there are many

competing ideas, opportunities will be available for varied debate on both the affirmative and

negative side throughout the year. Affirmative teams have a plethora of options available to

them, each with its own positives and negatives, creating a varied set of debates. Repetitive

debates occur when the topic area is limited, as both affirmative and negative teams are forced

to find unique and unpredictable cases in order to secure the maximum competitive advantage.

43

Range A resolution focusing on global malnutrition will allow for all debaters, from novice to

experienced to have fruitful debates. The idea of solving for world hunger and malnutrition is

not a difficult concept to understand and has the potential of attracting new and diverse

students to debate.

General Public: -Global malnutrition is an issue that often comes up when discussing charity work and problems

facing the world. As such, presenting a global malnutrition topic for Policy Debate will interest

those who are currently not a part of Policy Debate, bringing fresh blood into the event, helping

to secure private sponsors, and generating increased respect for the event.

Novice Debaters: -Since global malnutrition is a well-researched topic area as it is a major issue facing the world,

novice debaters will have no trouble finding evidence for both the affirmative and negative sides.

Additionally, the emotionally charged nature of the topic provides an easy way for novices to

learn the concept of the Kritik in an environment which lends itself strongly to critical debates.

Advanced Debaters: -Global malnutrition has numerous scholarly articles and research from every imaginable

perspective. While this mass of information helps novices find evidence, it also provides an

enormous amount of ground for warrant debates and analytical arguments that force advanced

debaters to make analytical arguments extemporaneously, contributing to their overall

educational experience and creating a skillset that will be applicable to them throughout their

lives.

UNICEF Has Volunteers From All Demographics UNICEF, 2014, http://www.unicefusa.org/supporters/volunteers

Supporting UNICEF From Within the United States Our volunteers are of all ages, gender and

race/ethnicity living in the U.S. who educate,advocate and fundraise on behalf of UNICEF in their

communities. Our vast network of volunteers across the United States have increased awareness on issues of child survival,

advocated on behalf of, and raised or leveraged funds for UNICEF for nearly 60 years.

44

Children volunteer to curb Detroit area hunger Gleaners Community Food Bank, 2012 http://www.gcfb.org/site/PageServer?pagename=pg_edutraining_kidshelpingkids

Hunger can be reduced by the deeds of children. That was the philosophy of Gleaners' board members

Kathryn Michalak and Ruth Ellen Mayhall, who together with staffers Peg Roberts and Jack Griffo developed the Kids

Helping Kids® Hunger Awareness Program in 1986 and presented the idea of involving school-

age children in hunger relief to Detroit area schools.KHK OverviewToday KHK invites students to

Gleaners for volunteering and education. Students visiting Gleaners begin with an introduction to the history of the food bank, a tour

of the warehouse, and an education session, followed by a hands-on experience. The educational focus is on the importance of good

nutrition and hunger awareness. Over the years, KHK has introduced thousands of school-aged children

to community service helping their fellow students.

International Rugby Board and UN World Food Program Team Up World Food Program, Sept 2014 https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/wfp-and-irb-team-tackle-hunger-rugby-world-cup-2015

The focus of the drive in the build up to the world’s third-largest sporting event, which kicks off on September 18, 2015 will be a Million Meal Challenge, to raise funds for WFP to provide meals to school

children in developing countries.The Rugby World Cup Tackle Hunger

partnership has been hugely successful in raising awareness and support of WFP’s work feeding the

world’s hungry. And with England 2015 set to be the biggest Rugby World Cup to date, fans are digging deep to

support the Million Meal Challenge.More than US$21,000 has already been raised by voluntary online

donations through the English Rugby Community ticket sales phase, and with global public ticket sales set to launch on September

12, the Rugby family is set to get behind the campaign.“There is a powerful connection between good nutrition and sporting

excellence and as the world’s largest humanitarian organisation, WFP is instrumental in ensuring that young children get the food

they need to reach their full physical and intellectual potential,” said WFP Executive Director, Ertharin Cousin. “The Tackle

Hunger partnership with the IRB shows how the global rugby community

can play an instrumental role in supporting our work on the frontlines of

hunger.”

As for veteran debaters, there is a significant amount of Kritik potential from avenues such as

Malthusian Theory, Capitalism Kritik, and Ecological Kritik, just to name a few. Additionally,

hundreds of potential plan areas exist, allowing for engaging and varied debates throughout the

course of the year.

45

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