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Global overview of marine fisheries
by S.M. Garciaand I. De Leiva Moreno
(FAO Fisheries Department)
Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, 1-4 October 2001
Global overview of marine fisheries
by S.M. Garciaand I. De Leiva Moreno
(FAO Fisheries Department)
Prepared for the Reykjavic Conference on Responsible Fisheries in the Marine Ecosystem, 1-4 October 2001
Outline
• The State of the Resources:
• The Fishing Industry:
• The Governance Approaches:
• Conclusions
1. The State of the Resources
• Global Situation
• Global trends
• Regional perspective
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Fully exploited
Moderately exploited
Overexploited
Depleted
Recovering
Undeveloped
Pro
du
ctio
n (m
illi
on t
onn
es)
50
100
1800 1840 1880 1920 1960 2000
Year
Upper limit ( FAO, 1971)
EE
Zs
Cla
ims
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fully Fished
Moderately fished: U+M
Overfished: O+D+R
Phase I - Undeveloped
Phase II - Developing
Phase III - Mature
Phase IV - Senescent
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1951
1953
1955
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
Pe
rce
nta
ge
of
res
ou
rce
s
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.87
0.86
0.83
0.81
0.73
0.71
0.44
0.43
0.39
0.14
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
IE
PNW
PSW
PCW
IW
ANE
AEC
ASW
PNE
MBS
PEC
ACW
ANW
PSE
ASE
ANT1. Antarctic2. Atlantic, Southeast3. Pacific, Southeast4. Atlantic, Northwest5. Atlantic, Western Central6. Pacific, Eastern Central7. Medit . & Black Sea8. Pacific, Northeast9. Atlantic Southwest10. Atlantic Eastern Central11. Atlantic Northeast12. Indian Western13. Pacific Central Western14. Pacific Southwest15. Pacific Northwest16. Indian Eastern
0%
10%
20%
30%
50%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
40%
North Pacific
North Atlantic
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Antarctic
TropicalPacific
Tropical Atlantic
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970
1974
1976
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
80%
2. The Fishing Industry
• The fishing fleet• The fishers• The technology• Production and trade• Contribution to food security
0
1970
1990
1980
2000
10
20
30
40
Gro
ss
Re
gis
tere
d T
on
na
ge
(1
06 to
ns)
1960
Non corrected
Corrected
40
20
30
10
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Wor
ld f
ishe
rs a
nd f
ish
farm
ers
(in
mill
ions
)
Fishing technology
• High technology adoption rate;
• Improved fishing range and capacity;
• Improved preservation and quality;
• Improved safety on board
• Reduced environmental impact;
• Improved MCS
0
20
40
60
80
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Mil
lio
n t
on
nes
Capture
mariculture
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
An
nu
al r
ate
of
inc
rea
se
ImportsExports
50
40
30
20
10
0
50
40
30
20
10
01993 1999 1993 1999
Developing countries Developed countries
US$
Billion
dollars
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Ma
rin
e f
oo
d /
cap
ita
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
% u
sed
for h
um
an
foo
d
2. The Governance
• Approaches• Performance• Implementation problems• Regional fishery bodies• Improved frameworks• Ecosystemic considerations• The FAO Code of Conduct
Management approaches
• No global inventory;• No universal approach;• Mainly free and open access;• Some limited-entry systems;• Few rights-based systems;• Abundance of “technical measures”;• New global focus: capacity control, MCS,
IUU, by-catch, vulnerable species, critical habitats, coral reefs, MPAs,.
Management performance
There is room for improvement!overfishing, collapses, endangered species;
overcapacity, subsidies, economic inefficiencies;
environmental variability; Forecasting;
environmental impact of fishing; habitat, discards;
environmental impact on fishery resources;
compliance (IUU);
Ineffective regional fishery bodies. Integration into coastal areas management
Implementation problems
There are enough principles and guidance, but:• Equity problems: allocation • lack of institutional capacity (e.g. decentralization)• declining capacity in conventional research and statistics• lack of capacity in the new research required• less than effective regional fishery bodies• impact of globalization• Broadening requirements (ecosystems, integration)• Mismatch between ecosystems and jurisdiction boundaries
Regional Fishery Bodies
Not effective enough. Not enough power.
• failure to accept and implement international instruments; • lack of willingness to delegate responsibility• ineffective enforcement of management measures;• lack of secretariat resources and capacity;• weak decision-making processes;• weak conflict-resolution mechanisms;• inadequate scientific support;• lax use of the scientific advice received.
Improved Frameworks
Significant improvement in a decade!
• Formal recognition of the overfishing/overcapacity issue• UNCED (1992)• Compliance Agreement (1993)• 1982 Convention intered into force (1994)• UN Fish Stock Agreement (1995)• FAO Code of Conduct (1995) and guidelines• FAO IPOAs• Formal recognition of the need for an ecosystem approach
Ecosystemic Considerations
Significant changes occurred in the decade!
• Conventional management : weakly ecosystemic• Awareness has raised since UNCED (1992)• New instruments are available (CBD)• New programmes are ongoing (ICRI, MPAs)• New collaborations build up: e.g. FAO-CITES, FAO-UNEP• Precautionary approach• Sustainability indicators
converging
FAO Code of Conduct
conservation of the aquatic ecosystems , monitoring & minimisation of environmental impacts of fishing and non-fishing activities;
protection and restoration of fishery resources, their environment, critical habitats, biodiversity, associated and dependent species, and endangered species;
prohibition of destructive fishing the precautionary approach; participatory management; risks related to climate change
Reflects consensus about :
Conclusions
The Resources
• Many resources require significant improvement in governance to recover or avoid being overfished
• The precautionary approach may help if fully applied, using MSY as a limit.
• Risk assessment and risk management need to become standard approaches;
• An ecosystem perspective is required
The Fishing Industry
• It achieved a lot in a difficult environment;• It provides significant benefits;• It benefited a lot from Governments;• It is confronted with increasing societal
requirements and a declining resource base;• Its role is fundamental.• It cannot afford not to face responsibilities.
The Governance
• Conventional governance has spread;• It faces large scale social, economic and
environmental problems;• It has improved its framework;...but• ...needs much stronger political will;• Its resources might be insufficient to face
broadening societal requirements;
• More attention to small-scale fisheries is needed.
• Fisheries have significantly contributed to human development and can still do so;
• There are problem areas and avenues for positive change;
• Change will never be at no cost; but
Global overview of marine fisheries