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GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ALMATY
PROGRAMME OF ACTION (APoA)
Ms Heidi Schroderus-Fox, Director, UN-OHRLLS
15
4 10
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APoA to address special Challenges of LLDCs
Lack of territorial access to the sea Remoteness and isolation from world markets Dependence on neighboring and coastal countries for imports
and exports of goods Infrastructure development costs are high Dependence on narrow range of commodities for exports Limited human and productive capacities and weak institutions Inadequate and inefficient transport infrastructure Reliance on infrastructure and institutional quality in transit
countries High vulnerability to external shocks
“ If you are coastal, you serve the World. If you are landlocked, you serve neighbors” (Paul Collier, Professor of Economics at The Oxford University)
Almaty Programme of Action: Building Genuine Partnerships
Between landlocked developing countries, transit developing countries and development partners on the following 5 priority areas:
i) Fundamental transit policy issuesii) Infrastructure development and
maintenanceiii) International trade and trade
facilitationiv) International support measuresv) Implementation and review
Average annual GDP growth 2003-2011 varies between countries
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Poverty headcount ratio at 1.25 dollars per day (% of total pop) has decreased but still high. LLDCs will unlikely achieve the MDGs by 2015
38 per cent of LLDC population still live on less than $1.25 per day and per person
Half of LLDCs continue to have mortality rates in excess of 150 per 1000 live births
Efforts to narrow the gender inequality have been recorded but much needs to be done in areas of education and labor market
LLDCs have made progress in facilitating transport and trade across borders, BUT still it takes almost double the time it takes transit countries to export
or import
Costs to export and import have increased by 38 and 36 per cent respectively between 2006 and 2013
ExportsDocuments to export
(number)Time to export
(days)Cost to export
(US$ per container)
2006 2013 2006 2013 2006 2013
Average LLDCs 9 8 48 42 2,207 3,040
Average transit countries 8 8 30 23 1,004 1,268
ImportsDocuments to import
(number)Time to import
(days)Cost to import
(US$ per container)
2006 2013 2006 2013 2006 2013
Average LLDCs 11 10 57 48 2,688 3,643
Average transit countries 10 8 38 27 1,282 1,567
- Bolivia: 21 days and $1,440 to export and 24 days and $1,745 to import a container- Paraguay: 29 days and $1,850 to export and 30 days and $2,275 to import a container (World Bank Doing Business Report 2014)
The percentage of paved roads in LLDCs is low, compared to other groups of countries
Percentage of Paved Roads
LLDCs merchandise exports grew by 36 per cent to reach a record-high of $224 billion in 2011. Imports recorded an increase of 23 per cent.
…..BUT LLDCs account for a very low proportion of only 1.2 per cent of the world trade
After rising by 60 per cent in real terms between 2003 and 2010, ODA flows to LLDCs fell by 3.3 per cent from $26.5 billion in 2010 to $25.7 billion in 2011
Aid for Trade to LLDCs reached $6.4 billion in 2011, a 70 per cent increase since 2005. Most flows are directed to
economic infrastructure and building productive capacity
FDI inflows to LLDCs have reached $34.8 billion in 2011 and 2012, growing by 24 per cent since the previous year and up
from just $8.9 billion in 2003
Emerging Challenges
Landlocked developing countries are negatively affected by:
Economic and financial crisis
High and volatile food and energy prices
Climate Change, land degradation, desertification and drought
New Opportunities
South-South and Triangular Cooperation
RemittancesICT as an enabler fro development Services SectorTourism
South-South Cooperation
LLDCs increasingly benefit from external support under South-South cooperation
South-South cooperation, in particular from transit countries, offers potential for increased financial and technical assistance for LLDCs:
Increased FDI Increased market access and diversified trade
opportunities Peer-to-peer sharing of experiences and best practices Cooperation in transfer of technology Regional economic integration and cooperation
Remittance inflows in 2012 (US$ million)
01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000
Remittance inflows in 2012 (% of GDP)
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%
Remittances to LLDCs in 2012 estimated at $22bn. Only 5% of total remittances to developing countriesReducing high cost of remittances remains key.
High growth of mobile telephones and internet use, but LLDCs still lag behind
other groups of countries
The cellular subscriptions (per 100 inhabitants) increased from 6.4 per cent to 78.2 per cent between 2003 and 2012
The average percentage of internet users increased from 2.2 per cent to 18.2 per cent between 2003 and 2012
-
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Developed
Developing
LLDCs
Transit
World
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Developed
Developing
LLDCs
Transit
World
UN-OHRLLS
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Parallel Private Sector Track (Investment Forum)
Exhibition
Parallel Thematic Roundtables
Side Events
Inter-Agency Consultative
Group Meetings
10 February 2012, New York 6 December 2012, Geneva
10 June 2013, New
York December 2013, Geneva 1 Meeting in 2014
Pre-Conference Thematic Events
May 2012 through
Spring 2014
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Regional Review Meetings: Africa (ECA) – Addis Ababa, July 2013 Asia and Europe (ECE and ESCAP) –
Vientiane, March 2013 Latin America (ECLAC) – Asuncion,
November 2013
Relevant Inter-governmental Processes 2011-2013:
UN GA sessions (66th,
67th and 68th) UNCTAD XIII
UNCTAD Global Services Summit
WTO 9th Ministerial Conference
Rio +20 Conference Post 2015
Development Agenda Regional
Commissions’ sessions: ESCAP, ECE,
ECA, ECLAC
Private Sector Track Events
2013-14
Roadmap for the Preparatory Process