Global perspective on energyRenewables Wind power Hydro power Solar power Thermal surface Thermal geo Biomass

Non Renewables Oil Coal Natural gas Peat Nuclear

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Non renew

ables

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Energy in figures

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Energy in figures - Consumption

Per capita energy consumption of different parts of the world in relation to China

1,00

14,16

6,88

6,80

4,88

0,48

1,04

0 5 10 15 20

China

United States

Japan

Western Europé

Former SU and Eastern Europé

India Dev. Parts of the world as a

whole

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Energy in figures – energy intensity

Energy intensity = energy use per 1$ of gross productEnergy use relative to economic output

0

50

100

150

200

USA

Former Soviet and Eastern Europé

Canada

Japan

China

India

OECD

World as a whole

China as Ref

Energy intensity ofdifferent countries

Sandhamn7

Predicted energy sources• Gas and oil predicted to run out, but coal is plentiful. Giving CO2

emissions for a far future.

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The oil field Bibi Heybat, Baku – ca 1910

Courtesy State Archives of Azerbabaijan Republic

KTH - School of Energy- and Environmental Technology

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Mount Tai

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1630 steps

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Kerosene200 kg

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They have lifted the barrel 500 m up

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Potential Energy PE = mgh where PE = Energy (in Joules) m = mass (in kilograms) g = gravitational acceleration of the earth (9.8 m/sec2) h = height above earth's surface (in meters)

The increase in PE for the barrel is:PE = 200 ∙ 9.8 ∙ 500 = 980 000 J = 980 kJ

The men have lifted the kerosene barrel 500 m up

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Combustion energy of Kerosene 45  kJ/g

That means that the raise of potential energy equals 980/45 = 22 g kerosene

Conversion efficiency when turning the combustion energy into mechanical energy = 0.25

This means that to lift the kerosense barrel 500 m you would need 22/0.25 = 88 g kerosene which is approximately 110 ml kerosene

The men have lifted the kerosene barrel 500 m up

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The kerosene in a 33 cl Coca Cola can is enough to lift the 200 l barrel to the topOf Mount Tai three times

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The kerosene in a 33 cl can is enough to lift the 200 l barrel to the top of Mount Tai three times

Conclusion Fossil fuel is our black slave

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The threats and vulnerability have become bigger

Source: Aleklett, 2005

KTH - School of Energy- and Environmental Technology

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• Climate change (CO2, CH4, N2O, etc)• Other pollutants from fossil fuel combustion • Ecological damage from hydroelectric dams• Problems associated with nuclear cycle• . . .

Climate Change – from transport, power generation, heating…

Environmental issues related to energy

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Assumption of technology improvements:

# Improved efficiency of fossil fuel energy

# Nuclear

# Renewables

Required to stabilize CO2 level in atmosphere at 550 ppm:

# Innovative technologies currently non-commercial

# Carbon capture storage

# Hydrogen production/advanced transport

# Solar

# Biotechnology

Emissions reduction - role of technology

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Strategies for tackling the problems related to GHG and Climate Change

The problems cannot be solved only by replacing fossile fules with renewable resources

There have to be actions taken on many levels:Technology Economy (Fees ….)Political (Legislation…)Social (Change in peoples behaviour …

These actions have to be coordinated in a cost effective way

The cost for action lower than cost of consequences

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Future Energy Options

• Short to mid-term : Enhanced use of natural gas, coal, nuclear?

• Long-term : Renewable energy resources

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Natural gas

Least polluting fossil fuel

Greater portions of proved and potential reserves of NG outside the Middle East

NG’s worldwide energy share over the next 20 years: 2.7-3.2% average growth rate of > 40% greater than that of oil

Sandhamn25

What about nuclear power?

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Nuclear power Coal power

Which energy system has the lowest risk?

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Spreading of radioactive material

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Nuclear power Coal power

Which energy system has the lowest risk?

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Renewable energy

Hydro power Wind power Solar power Thermal surface Thermal geo Biomass

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Hydro power

• - Large effects on ecosystems through dams and running water

• - Conflicts through change of land use

• + Control of flooding

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Wind power

Where both wind speed and land are abundant Most competitive with conventionally generated electricity Annual wind power growth rate: >10% Intermittency

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Solar power

Photovoltaic Production of hydrogen

Solar thermal Integration in low exergy systems

Photovolitic efficiency• Theoretical 29 %• Laboratory 23 %• Commercial product 15 %

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Geothermal

0.3 % of global electricity consumption

> 5% of national electricity consumption – only six countries (Iceland, Philippines, New Zealand, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Kenya)

Capital intensive

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Biomass

Direct heating Boiler fuel to generate electricity Liquid fuel for transport CO2-neutral ? Uncomplicated technology Relatively low cost Conflicts?

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• Use of wasted low grade energy sources from the power plants for heating and coolingBetter efficiency for the power plants

• Less heat lossesDrop in toxic air emissions

COGENERATION

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Some examples from Sweden

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The 15 national objectivesReduced Climate ImpactClean AirNatural Acidification OnlySafe Radiation EnvironmentA Protective Ozone LayerA Non-Toxic EnvironmentSustainable ForestsA Good Built EnvironmentA Magnificent Mountain LandscapeA Varied Agricultural LandscapeZero EutrophicationFlourishing Lakes and StreamsGood-Quality GroundwaterA Balanced Marine Environment,Flourishing Coastal Areas and ArchipelagosThriving Wetlands

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The 15 national objectivesReduced Climate ImpactClean AirNatural Acidification OnlySafe Radiation EnvironmentA Protective Ozone LayerA Non-Toxic EnvironmentSustainable ForestsA Good Built EnvironmentA Magnificent Mountain LandscapeA Varied Agricultural LandscapeZero EutrophicationFlourishing Lakes and StreamsGood-Quality GroundwaterA Balanced Marine Environment,Flourishing Coastal Areas and ArchipelagosThriving Wetlands

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Fertilisation of energy forest

Heating plant

Bio-fuels

Waste waterTreatment plant

Waste products (sludge)Ash

Municipalities

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Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm

• One of the biggest housing developments in Europe

• Twice as good as conventional projects• Energy: 60kWh/m², only renewable.• Transport: Reduction 20%. Bus,

underground, bicycle, walking 80% of total.• Waste: Reduction 20%. Harmful and

hazardous waste reduced 50%. 60% of nitrogen and phosphorus back to farming.

• Water: Reduce to half. 95% of phosphorus to farming. Local storm water treatment.

• Building material: Metals, gravel from raw material reduced to half. Reduction of harmful substances with 70%.

Create good examples!

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Waste management -state of management in SwedenHousehold waste (2004)

Incineration47%

Landfill9%

Biological treatment

10.4%

Recycling33%

Hazardous0.6%

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Comparison of Two Methods of Energy Efficient Houses

S

A

T

DG

Low Exergy Systems

• Systems that can utilize low valued energy in heating and cooling, where the media temperature is close to required indoor air temperature or through use of heat pumps

• S Surface Heating and Cooling• A Air Heating and cooling• G Generation / Conversion of

Cold and Heat• T Thermal Storage• D Distribution

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Communities

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Principle of heat pump

Compressor

Circulationpump

Radiator

Condensor

Circulationpump

Expansionvalve

Evaporator

Low temperature heating source

Liquid-Liquid system

Effectivity of heat pumpdepends on the temperaturein the radiator and thetemperature of the lowtemperature heating sourceand on cooling medium

Heating factor about 3

Cooling medium

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Heat pumps sold/year

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Heat pumps for domestic heating and cooling

260 MW heating and 48 MW cooling

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50

Aquifier systemcomplemented withheat pump

Evaporative cooling

Other techniques:

Office building in Stockholm

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•30 years of financing of development of heat pumps and systems in co operation between authorities, universities and companies

•Demonstration systems

”Energy collected from all heat pump installationsin Sweden, would pay for all public funding ofheat pump research since 1975, in just four days”

EFF-SYS, Final report

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Global trends

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Total dependence on fossile fuels

The industrialized society is built upon the transformation of natural resources into different goods. This transformation has been possible only through the use of relatively cheap fossil fuels.

Today we are facing a new situation where these cheap fossil fuel resources are becoming scarcer.

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What is the problem?

• Climate change

• Social instability

• International conflicts

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Energy and Globalization

• Globalization has stimulated the use of energy even more. Oil and gas demand are high and growing, so much so that the world consumes twice as much oil as is found today

• Countries like China and India have ever growing energy needs, the world does and will continue to depend primarily on oil and gas for our energy requirements now and into the foreseeable future

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Decreasing supplies

• The situation is now that the places with the greatest demand can't supply their own needs

• Over the next few decades, oil and gas production in the North Sea, North America and China are expected to fall, or rise too little to keep pace with demand. Only a few places have surplus reserves — chiefly the Middle East, Africa and Russia.

• Decision-makers in the energy industry, government, and international agencies thus face difficult decisions. How will the supply-demand problem be resolved?

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Globalization solves the problem?

• One possibility is a continuation of globalization. According to this vision, free markets will ensure that investment capital and fossil fuels alike are distributed efficiently.

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Deglobalization?• At the other extreme is a future that

involves more regulation and confrontation

• Rather than free markets, anxious governments will decide how capital and energy supplies are apportioned

• Rather than globalization, this would be "deglobalization" with a continuation of the ‘old ways’ of bi-lateral political agreements securing point to point long term supply lines and markets

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Global competition

• We can see many signs of such a development today. China is very active in developing bi-lateral cooperation in Africa to secure supplies of energy and mineral resources as well as gaining control of transport routes e.g. directly pipe crude from the Middle East to Xinjiang

• United States has a global strategy for securing energy supplies where the Middle East has a central role as well as controlling transport routes e.g. the Strait of Malacca.Lately they have also announced increased activity in Africa

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• The vast oil and natural gas reserves in the Caspian Sea basin sparked the interest of various international actors beginning in the early 1990s

• Today, development of mechanisms (such as the transnational Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline) to bring these resources to the market continues with involvement of various stakeholders—from multinational oil corporations to the governments of former Soviet states

Global competition

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• Russian energy group Gazprom has recently stated in a press release that they will develop the Shtokman field without foreign partners. The Shtokman gas condensate deposit lies in the Barents Sea, in the north of Russia.

• The Shtokman gas will instead be piped to European markets. The Gazprom change in policy came as a total surprise for large multinational oil companies who had expected to get possibilities to take part in the exploration of the vast gas field.

Global competition - Nationalism

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Honestly I don´t how toget this burning in all eternity

And is it really socially acceptable?

Are there sustainable energy systems?