Global Software: Why You Should...

Global Software:Why You Should Care

Richard GillamIBM Unicode Technology Center

1027113036, Richard Gillam 2

What Is Internationalization?

• Internationalization is the process ofdeveloping a piece of software from theground up so that it can be translatedfor a new user community withoutrecompilation

• An internationalized application:– Displays messages, data, text, etc. according

to local conventions– Doesn’t need recompilation to run in a

new location


The Importance ofInternationalization

• INTERNATIONALIZATION IS NOT A FEATURE!– People expect your product to “just work”– Many users cannot or will not use a program that

doesn’t interact with them in their native language– A program is useless to a user if it can’t handle the

data he needs to process (which may also be in hisnative language)


China

Asia/Pacific

India

Africa

LatinAmerica

North America

EU

Middle East Japan

Europe

World Population Distribution


China

Asia/ Pacific

L. America

NorthAmerica

EuropeanUnion

Japan

Europe

GDP By Region


EnglishGermanJapaneseFrenchSpanishChineseItalianDutchPortugueseKorean

761172

8968585239292322

FinnishRussianSwedishCzechPolishCroatianDanishHebrewIndonesianNorwegian

7652211111

The Pro grammin g Community

• 1,340 books on Java™ technology havebeen published:


1 30 ,0 00

1 ,5 00 ,0 00

5 ,0 00 ,0 00

1 99 8 1 99 9 2 00 0

Internet Use in India


It Pays to Think Ahead

• If you produce computer software, twothirds of your potential market is outsidethe English-speaking world

• If you produce something else, the marketmay be even bigger, which will affect youas you move to eBusiness

• If you have a Web site, the number ofhits you get from foreign countrieswill increase


A Stitch in Time Saves Nine

• Retrofitting an existing application to beinternationalized can be extremely painful

• The Java platform is internationalized

• Java APIs supply extensive facilitiesto help programmers internationalizetheir programs

• Advantages of using built-in facilities:– Far less development effort than ad-hoc solutions– Inherit new languages and features for free


Internationalizin g Your Pro gram

• Separate program code from user interface– Avoid hard-coded character strings in program code

(unless you're sure the strings aren’t user-visible)– Allow for customization of icons and other

pictorial elements– Avoid making assumptions about window layout


Heute ist Freitag, 2. April 1999

Translatable Messa ges


Today is Friday, April 2, 1999



Heute ist Freitag, 2. April 1999



Today is Freitag, 2. April 1999



Today is Freitag, 2. April 1999

static text



Today is Freitag, 2. April 1999.

dynamic text



[DEMO]

The Problem ofInternationalization


Watch Out forHidden Assumptions

• In internal processing:– Date and time arithmetic– String comparison– Case mapping– Character-property tests

• When manipulating text:– Counting and indexing characters– What's a “word”?– Not always 1-1 mapping:

character, code point, glyph, keystroke


To Sum Up…

• An internationalized application:– Displays messages, data and text according

to local conventions– Doesn’t need recompilation to run in a

new location– Allows you to enter global markets

• Java APIs supply internationalizationfacilities

• Advantages of using built-in facilities:– Less development effort than ad-hoc solutions– Inherit new languages and features for free

Internationalizationin the Java 2™ Platform

John RaleyIBM Unicode Technology Center


Internationalizationin the Java 2 Platform

• Language-sensitive text analysis– Acquiring localized messages– Formatting numbers, dates, and messages– Text boundary location– String comparison– Calendar

• Complex text– Text display– User interaction with complex scripts (e.g. Arabic)– Paragraph layout


Localized Resources

• ResourceBundle stores messages whichvary across languages

• Appropriate ResourceBundle for theuser’s language will be loaded

ResourceBundle b = ResourceBundle.

getBundle(“mypkg.UI”);

new Button(b.getString(“OK”));


Data Formattin g

• Format classes conform to local languageand conventions

• Dates–

• Numbers– 1234: “ 1,234” or “ 1.234”

• Currency– 9700: “ $9,700.00” or “ L. 9.700”


Message Formattin g

• Order of message parameters can varyacross languages

• Don’t form messages with concatenation

• Use MessageFormat instead


Text Boundar y Anal ysis

• BreakIterator finds boundaries such asword, line, and sentence breaks

• Accounts for language differences

• Disambiguates punctuation

Well, I think $1,234.56 is the amount.


Strin g Comparison

• String comparison is language-dependent– Traditional Spanish: c < ch < d– Traditional German: ö => oe

• Collator class compares correctly

Collator col = Collator.getInstance();

if (col.compare(str1, str2) < 0) {

// less than

}


Calendar

• Calendars vary across countries

• Abstract Calendar class enablescalculations on dates and times

Calendar cal = Calendar.getInstance();

cal.add(cal.MONTH, 1);

Date monthFromNow = cal.getTime();


Complex Text

• Most scripts are more complicated thanLatin (English)

• Some scripts:– Are not strictly left to right– Have multiple sizes / shapes for a single character– Require complex positioning of characters

• The Java 2 platform adds support forcomplex text– Display– Interaction


Bidirectional Text

• Text is stored in reading order, not basedon appearance

• Arabic and Hebrew read right to leftmemory

reading order


Character Shapin g

• Arabic character shapes change toconnect adjacent characters


Ligatures

• Arabic and Devanagari represent somecharacter sequences with ligatures


Character Positionin g

• Thai (and other scripts) require charactersto reposition


User Interaction

• More than just drawing lines of text

• User Interaction– Mapping from graphical point into text (hit-testing)– Assigning positions and sizes to characters

• Line Break: displaying paragraph aslines within an area


Workin g with Complex Text

• When working with complex text, cannot:– Assume a uniform text direction– Measure or draw one character at a time– Rely on default character positions

• Instead, use the Complex Text capabilitiesin the Java 2 platform


Graphical Text inthe Java 2 Platform

• Static text– Swing JLabel class– Graphics.drawString()

• Text editing components– Swing JTextComponent subclasses

• Supporting user interaction with text– Complex Text APIs


Complex Text APIs

• In the java.awt.font package

• Part of Java 2D™ API

• Styled text

• Line operations:– Hit-testing– Caret– Selection

• Paragraph break


Styled Text

• Styled text is accessed withjava.text.AttributedCharacterIterator

• Attributes are key-value pairs in a Map

• TextAttribute has keys

• All Complex Text APIs can use styled text


TextLa yout

• TextLayout represents one line orsegment of text

• TextLayout provides– Drawing– Hit-testing– Caret drawing and movement– Selection


TextLa yout: Hit-testin g

• Hit-testing is mapping from a graphicalpoint to a text location

• Used when responding to mouse clicks


081616 20 26

TextLa yout: Caret Displa y

• Caret shows position between characters

• Can have “dual” carets in bidi text

• Single-caret only is also supported


Offset 25 Offset 15

TextLa yout: Caret Movement

• Arrow-key response should be “visual”

• No predictable relationship to offset

• TextLayout calculates correct offset forvisual caret movement


081616 20 26

TextLa yout: Selection

• Selection shows range of characters

• In bidi text, single character range mayhave multiple highlight regions

• TextLayout generates selections - clientscan be unaware of discontinuities


LineBreakMeasurer

• LineBreakMeasurer formats paragraphsinto lines of text

• Lines are TextLayout instances

Global Software:Why You Should Care

Laura WernerManager, IBM Unicode Technology Center


IBM’s AdvancedInternational Support

• Complex Text: Hindi and Thai

• “Spellout” NumberFormat

• Rule-based BreakIterator

• StringSearch

• 1.1 Rich Edit Control, with BiDi

• NumberFormat enhancements

• International Calendars


Rule-based BreakIterator

• Where do you break lines of text?










• Problem: BreakIterator uses fixed rule set– Must compromise between Japanese and Chinese– Thai is not supported at all




• Problem: BreakIterator uses fixed rule set

• Solution: RuleBasedBreakIterator– Build customized tables with regular expressions– Supports dictionary-based breaking for Thai

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/rbbi


Unicode Strin g Searchin g

• Multilingual sorting & searching is difficult– Minor variants: “e” vs. “é” vs. “e´”– In traditional German, “ä” = “ae”– In traditional spanish, “ch” is one letter– In German, “ß” = “ss”



• Multilingual sorting & searching is difficult

• java.lang.Collator is for sortingCollator c = Collator.getInstance();

c.compare(“foo”, “bar”);




• java.lang.Collator is for sorting

• CollationElementIterator is for searching– Search through “elements”, not characters– Very low-level interface




• java.lang.Collator is for sorting

• CollationElementIterator is for searching

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/StringSearch– Makes efficient searching easy

StringSearch s = new StringSearch(“the”,“Now is the time for all...”);

int pos = s.first();


BiDi Edit Controlfor JDK™ 1.1 API

• Bidirectional text (Hebrew and Arabic) wasfirst supported in the Java 2 platform




• What about JDK 1.1 API users?




• What about JDK 1.1 API users?

• BiDi edit control

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/bidi


NumberFormat Enhancements

• Space Padding: “$1234.56”“ $34.56”



• Space Padding: “$1234.56”“ $34.56”

• Nickel Rounding: 1.233 —> 1.25 SFr



• Space Padding: “$1234.56”“ $34.56”


• Scientific Notation:1234567 —> 1.234E+06



• Space Padding: “$1234.56”“ $34.56”


• Scientific Notation:1234567 —> 1.234E+06

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/numberformat


Unicode Normalizer

• Two ways to represent accented letters– Precomposed character: é (00E9)– Combining sequence: e + ´ (0065 0301)


Unicode Normalizer

• Two ways to represent accented letters

• Search engines need a canonical form


Unicode Normalizer



• Unicode TR #15 specifies two:– Composed é (00E9)– Decomposed e + ´ (0065 0301)


Unicode Normalizer



• Unicode TR #15 specifies two:– Composed é (00E9)– Decomposed e + ´ (0065 0301)

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/unicodenormalizer


International Calendars

• java.util.Calendar is abstract, but onlyGregorianCalendar is provided




• Traditional calendars still in use– Buddhist (Thai) June 18, 2542– Hebrew Tamuz 4, 5759– Hijri (Islamic) Rabi’l 5, 1420– Japanese Imperial June 18, 11 Heisei




• Traditional calendars still in use– Buddhist (Thai) June 18, 2542– Hebrew Tamuz 4, 5759– Hijri (Islamic) Rabi’l 5, 1420– Japanese Imperial June 18, 11 Heisei

• alphaWorks.ibm.com/tech/calendars


Conclusion

• The Java 2 platform providesinternationalization– Text Analysis– Complex Text display and input

• Avoid “ad-hoc” solutions– Extra development effort– No internationalization

• Use internationalization facilities– Get into global markets– Take advantage of new capabilities


Resources

• IBM’s Java Developer Hubwww.ibm.com/java

• Downloadable Softwarewww.alphaWorks.ibm.com

• Unicode Consortiumwww.unicode.org

• Internationalization Documentationjava.sun.com/products/jdk/1.2/docs/guide/internat


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