Date post: | 21-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 1 times |
Global Warming Effects on Adelie Global Warming Effects on Adelie PenguinsPenguins
Lizzy PlotkinLizzy PlotkinThomas DaigneauThomas Daigneau
Amanda McCrackenAmanda McCracken
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
• ““Based on various scientific evidence, we anticipate that on the Antarctic Based on various scientific evidence, we anticipate that on the Antarctic Peninsula, rapid climate change is leading to population decline of the Adelie Peninsula, rapid climate change is leading to population decline of the Adelie Penguins.”Penguins.”
• Background InformationBackground Information– Meet the PenguinsMeet the Penguins– AntarcticaAntarctica
• Global WarmingGlobal Warming– The Consequences…The Consequences…
• In the FutureIn the Future
Two Adelie penguins
Meet the Adelie PenguinsMeet the Adelie Penguins
• Pygoscelis adeliaePygoscelis adeliae
• Smallest Antarctic Penguin Smallest Antarctic Penguin speciesspecies
• Ice DependentIce Dependent
• Rapid Population DeclineRapid Population Decline A Group of Adelie Penguins
Area of StudyArea of Study
• Antarctic PeninsulaAntarctic Peninsula
• Home of the AdelieHome of the Adelie– Mostly on the PeninsulaMostly on the Peninsula– 177 colonies177 colonies
• Average Temperature: Average Temperature: – 0 to -100 to -10°C°C
Antarctic Peninsula Map
Adelie Penguin colonies in Antarctica
Global Warming BasicsGlobal Warming Basics
• Starting at the Industrial RevolutionStarting at the Industrial Revolution• Increase in Greenhouse GasesIncrease in Greenhouse Gases• Many Possible CausesMany Possible Causes
Global warming trends from 1860 to 2001
Effects on AntarcticaEffects on Antarctica
• Winter Temperature has Winter Temperature has risen 9risen 9°F in last 50 years°F in last 50 years
• Unpredictable yet dramaticUnpredictable yet dramatic– Ice MeltingIce Melting– Glacier CalvingGlacier Calving– Species LossSpecies Loss
Antarctic glacier calving
The ConsequencesThe Consequences
Adelie Population and Sea Ice Extent (1978-2005)
Adelie Population as a Result of Sea Ice Extent and Air Temperature
The Food ChainThe Food Chain
So what’s the problem?
A diagram of the bottom up food chain consisting of ice algae, krill and the Adelie Penguins.
Effects of Ice MeltingEffects of Ice Melting
• Decline in ice algae causes break in food chainDecline in ice algae causes break in food chain
• Blocks in usual forage paths Blocks in usual forage paths
• Destruction of nests Destruction of nests – Glacier calvingGlacier calving– Heavier snowsHeavier snows
• Slush vs. ice and rockSlush vs. ice and rock
STELLASTELLAModelModel
STELLA model showing the effects of
melting ice on the populations of the Ice
Algae, Krill, and Adelie penguin
species.
STELLA RESULTSSTELLA RESULTS
Adelie penguin population with the temperature change in the
Antarctic peninsula.
A diagram comparing the populations of the Ice Algae, Krill and Adelie penguins with
the temperature change in Antarctica.
Future PredictionsFuture Predictions
• Continuation of ice lossContinuation of ice loss– Loss of nesting sitesLoss of nesting sites– More meltingMore melting
• Sun’s ray on dry ice vs. wet iceSun’s ray on dry ice vs. wet ice– TTb=Eb=ETTs s
• Further break down of the food chainFurther break down of the food chain– Species adaptation to new nichesSpecies adaptation to new niches
• Homogenization Homogenization – Less diverse speciationLess diverse speciation
Larsen B ice shelf, 17th Feb 2002 Larsen B ice shelf, 5th March 2002 (16 days
later)
What You Can DoWhat You Can Do
• Limit use of fossil fuelsLimit use of fossil fuels
• Use less energyUse less energy
• RecycleRecycle
• Spread the wordSpread the word
• Sign up to help!Sign up to help!– Greenpeace InternationalGreenpeace International
You’ll make the penguins much happier!
SourcesSources• Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., Dugger, K.M., & Karl, B.J. (2005). Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size. Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., Dugger, K.M., & Karl, B.J. (2005). Leopard seal predation rates at penguin colonies of different size.
Antarctic Science, 17, Antarctic Science, 17, 335-340.335-340.• Atkinson, A., Pakhomov, E., Rothery, P., & Siegel, V. (2004). Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the Atkinson, A., Pakhomov, E., Rothery, P., & Siegel, V. (2004). Long-term decline in krill stock and increase in salps within the
Southern Ocean. Southern Ocean. Nature, 432, Nature, 432, 100-103.100-103.• British Antarctic Survey: Natural Environment Research Council. “The Antarctic ice sheet and rising sea levels”. 2006. British Antarctic Survey: Natural Environment Research Council. “The Antarctic ice sheet and rising sea levels”. 2006.
<http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/Key_Topics/IceSheet_SeaLevel/index.html> (19 October 2006)<http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/Key_Topics/IceSheet_SeaLevel/index.html> (19 October 2006)• Broeke, M. (2005). Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf. Broeke, M. (2005). Strong surface melting preceded collapse of Antarctic Peninsula ice shelf. Geophysical Research LettersGeophysical Research Letters, 32., 32.• Clarke, J., Emmerson, L. M., & Otahal, P. (2006). Environmental conditions and life history constraints determine foraging range in Clarke, J., Emmerson, L. M., & Otahal, P. (2006). Environmental conditions and life history constraints determine foraging range in
breeding Adelie penguins.breeding Adelie penguins. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 310 Marine Ecology Progress Series, 310, 247-261. , 247-261. • Croxall, J. P., Trathan, P. N., Murphy, E. J. 2002. Environmental change and Antarctic seabird populations. Croxall, J. P., Trathan, P. N., Murphy, E. J. 2002. Environmental change and Antarctic seabird populations. Science, 297Science, 297: 1510-1414: 1510-1414• Dieckmann, G., Maria, E., Poulin, M., Riaux-Gobin, C., Treguer, P., & Vetion, G. (2005). Land-fast ice off Adelie Land (Antarctica): Dieckmann, G., Maria, E., Poulin, M., Riaux-Gobin, C., Treguer, P., & Vetion, G. (2005). Land-fast ice off Adelie Land (Antarctica):
Short-term variations in nutrients and chlorophyll just before ice break-up. Short-term variations in nutrients and chlorophyll just before ice break-up. Journal of Marine Systems, 55, Journal of Marine Systems, 55, 235-248.235-248.• Forcada, J., Trathan, P.N., Reid, K., Murphy, E.J., & Croxall, J.P. 2006. Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin Forcada, J., Trathan, P.N., Reid, K., Murphy, E.J., & Croxall, J.P. 2006. Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin
species in associate with climate warming. species in associate with climate warming. Global Change Biology, 12Global Change Biology, 12: 411.: 411.• Kling, George. (2006). “Paleoclimatology”. November 10, 2006.Kling, George. (2006). “Paleoclimatology”. November 10, 2006.• Lean, Geoffrey. “Global warming: Antarctica becomes too hot for the penguins”. 2002. <Lean, Geoffrey. “Global warming: Antarctica becomes too hot for the penguins”. 2002. <
http://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines02/0203-03.htmhttp://www.commondreams.org/cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines02/0203-03.htm> (October 17, 2006)> (October 17, 2006)• ““Monthly mean surface temperature at Bellingshausen station”. (December 2, 2006) Monthly mean surface temperature at Bellingshausen station”. (December 2, 2006)
<http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/gjma/temps.html><http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/gjma/temps.html> • Picard, G., & Fily, M. (2005). Picard, G., & Fily, M. (2005). Surface melting observations in Antarctica by microwave radiometers: Correcting 26-year time series Surface melting observations in Antarctica by microwave radiometers: Correcting 26-year time series
from changes in acquisition hours. from changes in acquisition hours. Remote Sensing of Environment, 401Remote Sensing of Environment, 401, 325-336., 325-336.• Rignot, E., & Thomas, R. H. (2002). Mass balance of polar ice sheets.Rignot, E., & Thomas, R. H. (2002). Mass balance of polar ice sheets. Science (Washington), 297 Science (Washington), 297(5586), 1502-1506. (5586), 1502-1506. • Roach, John. “Penguin decline due to global warming”. 2004. <Roach, John. “Penguin decline due to global warming”. 2004. <
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0913_040913_penguins.htmlhttp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/09/0913_040913_penguins.html> (October 16 2006)> (October 16 2006)• Topping, John C. Jr. “Film sparks discussion of fate of penguins in the face of global warming”. 2005. Topping, John C. Jr. “Film sparks discussion of fate of penguins in the face of global warming”. 2005.
http://www.climate.org/topics/climate/penguins.shtmlhttp://www.climate.org/topics/climate/penguins.shtml (October 17 2006) (October 17 2006)