Globalcon.session3c.lamping.stanley

Applying the IAQ Procedure of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 at K-12

Educational Facilities

Gerald Lamping, North East ISDW. Brad M. Stanley, Purafil, Inc.March 20, 2008; Austin, Texas

GLOBALCOM 2008

GLOBALCON - Mar. 19-20, 2008 - Austin, TX 2

Outline

• Part I– Overview of the IAQ Procedure (ASHRAE

62.1-2007)– School Example – Design & Contaminant

Information

• Part II– New School Applications– Conclusions


62.1-2007 Procedures

• Ventilation Rate Procedure vs. IAQ Procedure – Prescriptive Requirements determine outdoor

air ratesvs.

– Contaminant Analysis determines outdoor air rates

• Enhanced filtration (gas-phase & particulate) typically reduces outdoor air requirements


IAQ Procedure Overview

• Steps of the IAQ Procedure– Specify Design Basis (§ 6.3.1.1)

• contaminants, sources, source strengths

– Specify Concentration Limits (§ 6.3.1.2)

• concentration value, exposure period, cognizant authority

– Specify Perceived IAQ (§ 6.3.1.3)

• percent satisfied

– Determine Minimum Airflow Rates (§ 6.3.1.4)

• mass balance analysis or other method

– Documentation (§ 6.3.2)


School Example:Overview

• Typical Classroom Arrangement– Rows of classrooms separated by corridors– VAV System

Area(ft2)

Vol.(ft3)

Occup.(#)

VAV Supply(cfm )

15,456 154,560 448 24,500 - 6,350


School Example:Sustainable Impacts

• Annual estimates for enhanced filtration and outdoor air reduction:– Outdoor Air Reduction = 9,760 cfm

• VRP2007 = 12,000 cfm

• IAQP = 2,240 cfm

– Energy Related Savings = $11,900• Electricity Savings = 68,897 kWh• Gas Savings = 4,091 therms

– CO2 Emissions Reduction = 72 tonsBased on San Antonio, TX Data


School Example: Contaminant Simulation

Chemical Formulas

- C6H5OH: phenol - O3: ozone

- HCHO: formaldehyde - TVOC: total volatile organic compounds

- NH3: ammonia

- NO2: nitrogen dioxide

% of Target Limit @ Max Supply

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

O3

TVOC

classroomcorridor

% of Target Limit @ Min Supply

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

C6H5OH

HCHO

NH3

NO2

O3

TVOC

classroomcorridor


School Example:Classroom Air Testing

• Steps of air quality testing performed on the IAQ Procedure design– Installed gas-phase filters– Set outdoor air dampers to minimum position– Chose a portable monitoring system– Monitored in 5 of 16 classrooms– Sampled air in each classroom for a 24 hour

period


School Example:Classroom Air Testing % of Recommendation

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

CO

O3

PM 10

PM 2.5

radon

TVOC

avg

extreme

Chemical Formulas– CO: carbon monoxide– O3: ozone

– PM 10: PM10 particulate

– PM 2.5: PM2.5 particulate

– TVOC: total volatile organic compounds


Summary

• IAQ Procedure Summary– Enhanced Filtration (Gas-Phase & Particulate)

Decreased Outside Air Requirements– Decreased Energy Usage– Provided Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

Part II New School Applications


North East ISD

• 1 of 13 School Districts in San Antonio, Texas

• 62,000 students - increasing by 2000 students per year.

• 1990’s Bond Elections

• 2003 Bond Election

• 2007 Bond Election


• Ventilation Rate Procedure used in 1995 Bond, 1998 Bond, and 4 Elementary Schools of 2003 Bond.

• IAQ Procedure used in 4 Elementary School Additions, 2 Middle Schools and 1 High School of 2003 Bond.

• IAQ Procedure will be used in 4 Elementary Schools and 4 Additions in 2007 Bond.

ASHRAE 62.1-2007Procedures


• The four new Elementary Schools of the ’03 Bond had HVAC systems including humidity control and energy recovery units using the 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure.

• The two new Middle Schools and one High School were designed to used gas-phase air filtration in accordance with the 62.1 IAQ Procedure.– OA flows for each Middle School were reduced by

14,425 CFM.

2003 Bond Schools


• The four Elementary School additions of the ’03 Bond used gas-phase air filtration in accordance to the 62.1 IAQ Procedure

• OA flows for the four additions were reduced from 41,856 CFM to 14,375 CFM

• Total OA reduction of 27,480 CFM

2003 Bond Additions


• Use of medical inhalers by asthmatic students has been reduced by as much as 50% from prior year’s usage

• No complaints about IAQ from Teachers

Experience with ESAdditions


Operating Cost Savings

Net operating cost savings of over $2000 per year for classroom addition


Elementary School Classroom

Classrooms have high occupancy rates and lots of potential allergenic triggers


Classroom CO2 Level

CO2 Monitoring shows that a classroom is empty for half of day time hours


Classroom Air Quality

Classroom contaminants come in both solid and gaseous states


ASHRAE 62.1-2004Outside Air Contaminants

• Particles; PM 10 and PM 2.5

• Pollen, Spores, other Allergens

• Ozone; STD 62.1-2007 Sect 6.2.1 OA Treatment

• Water Vapor

• Other Gases; Sewer, Boiler Gas, Industrial

• Chemical and Biological ThreatsWater vapor infiltration results in damp buildings and health issues


Classroom 56

16834

4608

332

2953873

163835

126876

83128

3135056

157328

11967977752

15828

4107

25047

362471

17793 92711328

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

10000000

0.1 1 10

Particle Size, Micrometers

Pa

rtic

le Q

ty p

er

Cu

. F

oo

tSeries1

Series2

Series3

Air Quality

HEPA vacuum cleaning reduced airborne particles by order of magnitude


Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 NEISDMERV Av. Eff. % Av. Eff. % Av. Eff. % StandardValve (0.30 to 1.00) (1.00 to 3.00) (3.00 to 10.00) Application

1 n/a n/a E3<202 n/a n/a E3<203 n/a n/a E3<20 Window Unit4 n/a n/a E3<205 n/a n/a 20<356 n/a n/a 35<507 n/a n/a 50<708 n/a n/a 70 Classrooms9 n/a E2<50 85

10 n/a 50<65 8511 n/a 65<80 8512 n/a 80 9013 E1<75 90 9014 75<85 90 9015 85<95 90 90 Near IS Hwy.16 95 95 95 Rifle Ranges

Source: Understanding MERV: How ASHRAE 52.2 Helps You Select an Air Filterby Jim Rosenthal, CAFS

Particulate Air Filter Types

Particulate filter media removes the airborne particle contaminants


Gas Phase Filtration Media

• Media is a combination of activated carbon, and

an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate.

• By using these media in combination, the removal of all odors is achieved.

Chemical compound media removes the gaseous contaminants


ContaminantGuideline

Limits VRP Levels VRP %

Ozone 0.08 ppm 0.104 130%TVOC 1.0 ppm 0.764 76%

Formaldehyde 0.12 mg/m3 0.07 58%Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm 0.017 32%Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm 2.6 29%

Phenol 0.1 mg/m3 0.029 29%Hydrogen Sulfide 0.04 mg/m3 0.008 22%

Ammonia 0.5 mg/m3 0.103 21%Methyl Alcohol 1.5 mg/m3 0.228 15%Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm 0.004 13%

Acetone 7 mg/m3 0.171 2%

Ventilation Rate Procedure Analysis

High levels of contamination still possible with Ventilation Rate Procedure


Indoor Air Quality Procedure Analysis

ContaminantGuideline

Limits IAQP Levels IAQP %

TVOC 1.0 ppm 0.483 48%Ammonia 0.5 mg/m3 0.211 42%

Formaldehyde 0.12 mg/m3 0.044 37%Ozone 0.08 ppm 0.024 30%

Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm 2.6 29%Phenol 0.1 mg/m3 0.019 20%

Hydrogen Sulfide 0.04 mg/m3 0.006 14%Methyl Alcohol 1.5 mg/m3 0.153 10%

Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm 0.004 7%Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm 0.0009 3%

Acetone 7 mg/m3 0.107 2%Contaminant levels are less than 50% of Guideline Limits


Energy Cost Comparisons

Total Energy Cost/SqFtBldg Type: Middle Schools (Selected Sites)

Quarter Ending 01/2008

056 - Tejeda M.S.

050 - Bush M.S.

057 - Lopez M.S.

058 - Harris M.S.

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

IAQ Procedure

Vent. RateProcedure

IAQ Procedure

Vent. RateProcedure

Quarterly energy costs are up to $0.10 less per square foot of space


IAQ Procedure Experience

• Twelve Schools– 6 High Schools– 4 Elementary Schools– 2 Middle Schools

• 85 Separate HVAC Systems– VAV Systems– Roof Top Units– Constant Volume Systems

• Over 110,000 CFM of OA reduction


Conclusions

• Energy & Environment Incentive– An IAQ Procedure design can reduce HVAC

energy requirements, saving money and cutting carbon emissions

• Acceptable Air Quality & Lower Outdoor Air Amounts– An IAQ Procedure Design incorporating

enhanced air cleaning can provide acceptable air quality with lower outdoor air


Healthy School Building DesignsIAQ Design Tools for Schools (DTfS )

www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign

ASHRAE Std 62.1-2007 And AddendaVentilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

www.ashrae.org

EnerSave Engineered IAQ Analysis

www.purafil.com

PERFORMANCE CRITERIAOF BUILDINGS FOR

HEALTH AND COMFORT

http://hvac.tkk.fi/projektit/TG42.html

Healthy Schools Network, Inc

www.healthyschools.org

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign

http://www.ashrae.org/

http://www.purafil.com/

http://www.healthyschools.org/

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