GLOBALISATION

BPLN0302 :

PLANNING THEORY - I

COMPILED BY:

Aman Singh Rajput

Amruta Mahakalkar

Bhupendra Pratap Singh

Divya Holani

Rajesh P

Sarthak Verma

What is GLOBALIZATION?

What are it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?

What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?

What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?

What are it’s IMPACT on the CITY?

CASE STUDIES

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

SHRINKING

WORLD

GLOBAL

SOCIETY

BORDERLESS

WORLD

HOMOGENITYDEATH OF

DISTANCE

TAIPEI

MUMBAILONDON

SINGAPORE DUBAI

MOSCOW

ONE

WORLD

What is Globalization?

Is a process which embodies a transformation

in the spatial organisation of social relations

and transactions – assessed in terms of their

1. extensity – spatial/geographical reach

2. Intensity – number & quantity of flow

3. Velocity – speed of movement of flow

4. impact – overall impact on the city

generating transcontinental or interregional

flows, and networks of activity, interaction,

and the exercise of power

Globalization refers to all those processes by

which the people of the world are incorporated

into a single world society, global society

The process of continuing integration of the

countries in the world

DETERRITORIALIZATION : Process of the “recon- figuration of geography, so that social space is no longer wholly mapped in terms of territorial borders.”

INTERNATIONALIZATION : The “global” in globalization is viewed “as simply another adjective to describe cross-border relations between countries.”

MODERNIZATION : The social structures of modernity (capitalism, industrialism, etc.) are spread the world over destroying cultures and local self-determination in the process

UNIVERSALIZATION : Process of spreading ideas and experiences to people at all corners of the earth so that aspirations and experiences around the world become harmonized

LIBERALIZATION : Removing government- imposed restrictions on movements between countries

Broad sets of Division

IT IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE, GOODS AND SERVICES, TRADES, IDEAS AND INFORMATION FLOW ACROSS THE BORDERS OF COUNTRIES WITH ADVANCEMENT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Fast global transactions and greater

personal mobility

Reductions in transportation costs and technology

transfer

Knowledge-intensive and high-

tech industries

Magok District is located to the southwest of Seoul and it is a

futuristic high-tech city

Hibernia's Global Financial Network (GFN) provides a network for financial exchanges,

global banks North America, Europe and Asia

IS AN ECONOMIC CONCEPT WHERE CAPITAL, LABOUR AND COMMODITY, MARKET, INFORMATION, RAW MATERIAL, MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ARE INTERNATIONALIZED AND FULLY INTERDEPENDENT THROUGHOUT THE PLANET

Golden age for business, commerce and trade

Increases in trade and

liberalization policies

Export-based

economies to propel

American multinational retail corporation that runs chains of large

discount department stores

World's largest chain of hamburger fast

food restaurants, serving more than 119

countries

THE TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE GLOBALLY, FACILITATED BY THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE, OBJECTS, SIGNS AND SYMBOLS, BOOKS AND CULTURAL ARTIFACTS

Common shape of

local cultures

Minimizing cultural diversity

Formation of Global Culture

The process of globalization

suggests simultaneously two

images:

STAGE 1

The compression of cultures.

Things formerly held apart are

now brought into contact and

juxtaposition

Berlin celebrating HoliMovement organized by

WWF celebrated globally

STAGE 2

Entails the extension of a particular culture to its

limit, the globe. Heterogeneous cultures become

incorporated and integrated into a dominant culture

which eventually covers the whole world

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS INTEGRATING THE GOVERNMENTS OR RULING POWERS OF DIFFERENT NATIONS AT INTERNATIONAL LEVEL TO SOLVE THE PROBLEMS IMPOSING THREAT TO THE WORLD

Worldwide infrastructur

e of inter-national

agreements

End geopolitics

and the advent of a

new age— the era of global

politics

Political integration

schemes such as the

European union

Group of seven industrialized nations of the world, formed by Canada, USA, France, Germany,

Italy, japan, and the UK

SAARC: geopolitical organization of

eight countries that are located in South

Asia

ENVIRONMENTAL GLOBALIZATION MEANS TO CONSTRUCT PHYSICAL STRUCTURES IN SUCH A WAY THAT THEY ARE SUSTAINABLE IN TERMS OF SOCIETY AND ENVIRONMENT

Economy is a wholly owned

subsidiary of the ecology

Better living for

all—sustainably

Environment and

globalization deeply welded

together

UNCED: Earth Summit

where 172 governments

participated with 116

heads of state govt

(WMO) is an intergovernmental

organization with a membership of

191 Member States and Territories

What are the EFFECTS of Globalization?

DEATH OF DISTANCE

Distance – barrier against trade

The trade of goods and services has become feasible with technological developments and trade agreements that decrease or eliminate tariffs

Distance is the diffusion of production into the whole world

Currently, through FDI, MNC’s have diffused their productions to many countries

END OF NATION STATE

As the development of modern nation-state depends on inter-state relations, the definition of state becomes more evident in the globalization process

Globalization increases the local awareness and solidifies ―auto-awareness instead of eliminating nation-state

DOMINANACE OF R & D

Investment on knowledge forms the basics of innovativeness and technologic development

Developing countries have significant R & D expenditures and expenditures on education is increasing in most OECD countries

1700 1900 2000 & above

ECONOMICS Agriculture Manufacture Information

TECHNOLOGY Plough Machine Computer

OUTPUT Food Good Information

RESOURCE Land Capital Knowledge

UNIT Family Company Network

ENERGY Muscle Fossil Fuel Brain

COMPETITION Local National Global

DEMAND Minimal Remarkable Continuity

10000 B.C

4,000 BC

14th century

late 17th century

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

AGRICULTURAL

INFORMATION

ERA

WRITING

KNOWLEDGE

ERA

COMMUNICATION

ERA

SPACE ERA

INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

PRINTING PRESS

CULTURAL EROSION

“Particular culture” – heterogeneous culture dissolves, covers the whole world

“tightening of culture” – cultures flow without organizational principle

Local cultures have the possibilities to interpret the global and redefine it in their authentic characteristics framework

Anthony smith declares that ― “global culture is problematic”

GLOCALIZATION

Combination of the terms “global” and “local”

The creation of goods and services that are customized to supply global markets but consistent with local values

Glocalization does not eliminate all differences but ceases that globalization will wipe all the differences out

Now globalization evolves itself in order to include local values

CONTEMPORARY THESIS OF GLOBALIZATION

Hyperglobalist Transformationalists Sceptic

A new global era

Global civilization &

government

Promote unrestricted &

free international

interactions

Extinction of nation-state

Increased regionalism

Internationalized political

economy lead by world’s

superpowers

Strengthening of nation-

state

Unprecedented

interconnectedness

National policies owned

not only by nation but

international governments

Transforming government

pattern

What is it’s IMPORTANCE in PLANNING?

Planning can be said to be a subset of globalization

In planning we try to bring positive aspects of different

societies into one by combining them

The planners’ location is in the middle of the ideological

spectrum of hyperglobist and sceptic & are viewed to be a

sign of weakness Appreciate the potential for growth, development which

globalization offers, at the same time concerned about

it’s ill effects.

Through advancement in communication and

transport system planners try to evolve a society

such that it sustains and remains in equilibrium

between the past and future.

Incorporates a global society forming “ethnic

enclaves”, within the complete mosaic of a city

A planner should be able to attract private

investment without totally abandoning all labour

and environmental standards of the city

COMPROMISE AS STRENGTH

World cities - New York, Tokyo and London : impact of the spatial planning system w.r.t

economic concepts.

What are it’s POSITIVE impacts?

A better economy – it introduces rapid development of the

capital market

Introducing new technologies- the new technologies and

progress in telecommunication, introduction of satellites,

mobiles etc

The new scientific research patterns

Rise in living standards

Better trade, more employment & increase in productivity due

to modern technology

In cultural context, globalization has brought in different

ideologies, and thought process amongst people

In political context, onset of western democratic system has an

impact on politics in eastern world

National policies control the extent of globalization in that

country and vice versa.

What are it’s NEGATIVE impacts?

Loss of national integrity , too much exchange of trade,

money etc. independent domestic policies are lost.

Unemployment , mental pressure on companies that causes

many people to lose their jobs

Cultural homogenization , people start to get westernize in

different culture lagging in their own heritage

Increasing gap between the rich and poor.

Developed countries are much benefited by this process rather

than underdeveloped & developing countries.

Forfeiture among nations , Too much flow of capital amongst

countries introduces unfair and immoral distribution of income.

Globalization also provides a chance to the evil society i.e.

Terrorists and criminals to attack, also there are increasing

number of cases of cyber crimes

Cheaper synthetic bags

overcoming jute

industries in West Bengal

United Nations is believed

to be influenced by Global

Superpower, USA

Mumbai terror attack

What are it’s IMPACTS on the CITY?

The impact of global forces can be argued to have had a fundamental impact on

the society.

W.r.t. planning, Inc. flow of immigrants may be more concerned with

substantial economic and social advancements.

At city level actual question is access to jobs and services.

Economic and social change impacts on civil society and political expression in

the city.

Globalisation impacts the socio-cultural beliefs of the city people; they start to

adopt western culture

It also impacts the city environmentally; degrading it.

Pressures on planning comes both from the need to integrate city economics

with global forces and need to integrate fragmented interest within the city

Case Study

The Impacts Of Globalization On Indian Cities and City Policies:

The post-1991 period has seen notable changes in India’s macroeconomic policies, with the result that the Indian economy today is far more open and far more integrated with the global system than anytime since the 1960s

The pick up in GDP growth has helped improve India’s global position. Consequently India’s position in the global economy has improved from the 8th position in 1991 to 4th place in 2001

Changes have taken place during the same period in the nature and pattern of urban growth.

New townships with high quality infrastructure have sprung up on the periphery of large cities.

Globalization and INDIAN it outsourcing Industry :

The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and communication technologies.

low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around the clock

The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the 1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were from exports

INDIA

Case Study

Globalization of ADITYA BIRLA GROUP

Launched globalization journey four decades ago

Established first overseas company in Thailand in 1969

Anchored by 133,000 employees from 42 nationalities

Over 1.5 million shareholders

A metals powerhouse . One of the biggest producers

of primary aluminum in Asia

Largest producer of carbon black

Fourth largest producer of insulators

Fifth largest producer of acrylic fiber.

Globalization and INDIAN IT outsourcing Industry :

The emergence of the software and services outsourcing industry in India is one of the most visible outcomes of globalization, stimulated by the spread of modern information and communication technologies.

low-end software services providers, such as India, have played a central role in the development of this economy by enabling work to be performed faster, cheaper and around the clock

The software and services industry in India has grown rapidly from small beginnings in the 1980s, to generate total earnings of $ 13.5 billion in 2004-05, of which $ 10 billion were from exports

INDIAInternational establishments:

1. Thailand

2. Philippines

3. Indonesia

4. Egypt

5. China

6. Canada

7. Australia

8. Laos

9. North and south America

Case Study

CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION IN INDIA

Indian culture which in effect means Hindu culture, Hindu religion, Hindu society, Hindu civilization

In the Colonial Era in India from 1700-1875: All native Hindus were despicable creatures who don't have to be treated like human beings till they take their fateful decision to embrace Christianity

Along with Christian religion came the rest of British or Western culture, thought and customs and the gradual end of traditional ways of life

The British rulers attempted to colonize our minds by eliminating all our traditional schools and education systems through a progressive system of Western education

After the end of colonization rule in India this western culture still flourished but now under the heading of globalization

INDIA

Swami Vivekananda foresaw the dangers of Globalization as early as in 1893 when he spoke at the Parliament of World Religions in Chicago and asked “Would India die?”

Land And Housing Market Impacts :

Globalization leads to emergence of global property market, dominated by global real estate firm.

Presence of global firms and global business class in the cities leads to demand for high quality office space and residential space and scare land and housing in the globalizing cities are diverted to catering to these new demands.

There is also another effect of globalization on land and housing markets. For making local economies competitive, the cities are in the process of improving city image and quality of life through infrastructure and city beautification projects. Finance for these activities gets raised locally through sale of lands

All of a sudden, the role of private sector in city affairs has increased. This has brought in corruption and promotion of vested interests through the process of contracting out the work to private sector

In the property markets, the vested interests are forcing the local governments to transfer public lands to the commercially lucrative projects. In instances where such lands are squatted upon by slums, local governments are expected to displace them and then resettle them under the guise of public-private partnership. The outcome of many of these processes has been eviction of the poor from prime lands and locations in many of the globalizing cities.

INDIA

Egypt’s , 2011, Revolution was however, prepared

online, through the virtual political youth

movements on Facebook and other social media

sites.

The movement adopted the non-violent resistance

methodology, which they promoted through

Facebook. As a result of this movement, President

Mubarak stepped down after 30 years in power.

EGYPT

INDIA

Dec 2013: Media played an important role by

providing coverage of this unfortunate incident.

As the movement to bring the gang rape victim to

justice went viral, the nation saw widespread protest

that spilled on streets across the country . This

inspired a whole generation to stand together for

women’s rights and make the state answerable for its

citizens.

THANK YOU