Glossary Legends

INTRODUCTION TO

JEPPESEN

NAVIGATION CHARTS

These charts are for training purposes

only and are not to be used for flight.

The chart training guide is published as a service for pilots train-

ing with Jeppesen charts. It is intended for reference only and

includes some of the most commonly used symbology. Not all

symbology is included with this guide. This guide is revised reg-

ularly; however, some variance may exist between this guide

and current chart services. These may be the result of one or

more of the following: chart issuance dates, timely application of

changes received from governing agencies and / or the method

of representing such information. Some of the charts used in

this guide are based on a fictitious location. The chart training

guide has been designed as supplementary training material and

is not intended for navigation.

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25 NOV 11 INTRODUCTION 1

GLOSSARY

This glossary provides definitions that are unique and abbreviations commonly used in Jeppesen pub-lications. No attempt has been made to list all the terms of basic aeronautical nomenclature.

Because of the international nature of flying, terms used by the FAA (USA) are included when they differfrom International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) definitions. A vertical bar, that is omitted on all newpages, tables of contents, tabular listings and graphics, indicates changes.

DEFINITIONSACCELERATE STOP DISTANCE AVAILABLE(ASDA) The length of the take-off run availableplus the length of the stopway, if provided.

ACROBATIC FLIGHT Manoeuvres intentionallyperformed by an aircraft involving an abrupt changein its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormalvariation in speed.

ADEQUATE VIS REF (Adequate Visual Refer-ence) Runway markings or runway lighting thatprovides the pilot with adequate visual reference tocontinuously identify the take-off surface and main-tain directional control throughout the take-off run.

ADS AGREEMENT An ADS reporting plan whichestablishes the conditions of ADS data reporting (i.e.,data required by the air traffic services unit and fre-quency of ADS reports which have to be agreed toprior to the provision of the ADS services).

NOTE: The terms of the agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft by meansof a contract, or a series of contracts.

ADS-C AGREEMENT A reporting plan whichestablishes the conditions of ADS-C data reporting(i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit andfrequency of ADS-C reports which have to be agreedto prior to using ADS-C in the provision of air trafficservices).

NOTE: The terms of the agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft by meansof a contract, or a series of contracts.

ADS CONTRACT A means by which the termsof an ADS agreement will be exchanged between theground system and the aircraft, specifying under whatconditions ADS reports would be initiated, and whatdata would be contained in the reports.

NOTE: The term ADS contract is a generic termmeaning variously, ADS event contract, ADS demandcontract, ADS periodic contract or an emergencymode. Ground forwarding of ADS reports may beimplemented between ground systems.

ADVISORY AIRSPACE An airspace of defineddimensions, or designated route, within which air traf-fic advisory service is available.

ADVISORY ROUTE (ADR) A designated routealong which air traffic advisory service is available.

NOTE: Air traffic control service provides a muchmore complete service than air traffic advisory ser-vice; advisory areas and routes are therefore not

established within controlled airspace, but air trafficadvisory service may be provided below and abovecontrol areas.

ADVISORY SERVICE Advice and information pro-vided by a facility to assist pilots in the safe conductof flight and aircraft movement.

AERODROME A defined area on land or water(including any buildings, installations and equipment)intended to be used either wholly or in part for thearrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft.

NOTE: The term aerodrome where used in the pro-visions relating to flight plans and ATS messages isintended to cover also sites other than aerodromeswhich may be used by certain types of aircraft; e.g.,helicopters or balloons.

AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARY Concise summary of specified meteorological ele-ments at an aerodrome, based on statistical data.

AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE Tableproviding statistical data on the observed occurrenceof one or more meteorological elements at an aero-drome.

AERODROME CONTROL SERVICE Air trafficcontrol service for aerodrome traffic.

AERODROME CONTROL TOWER A unit estab-lished to provide air traffic control service to aero-drome traffic.

AERODROME ELEVATION The elevation of thehighest point of the landing area.

AERODROME FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE(AFIS) A directed traffic information and opera-tional information service provided within an aero-drome flight information zone, to all radio equippedaircraft, to assist in the safe and efficient conduct offlight.

AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE Anoffice, located at an aerodrome, designated to pro-vide meteorological service for international air navi-gation.

AERODROME REFERENCE CODE A simplemethod for interrelating the numerous specificationsconcerning the characteristics of aerodromes so asto provide a series of aerodromes facilities that aresuitable for the aeroplanes that are intended to oper-ate at the aerodrome. The aerodrome reference code code number and letter, which are selected foraerodrome planning purposes, have the meaningsassigned to them as indicated in the table below:

Code Element 1 Code Element 2

CodeNumber

AeroplaneReference Field

LengthCodeLetter Wing Span Outer Main Gear Wheel Span a)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)1 Less than 800m A Up to but not including 15m Up to but not including 4.5m

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JEPPESEN, 1984, 2011. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

2 INTRODUCTION 25 NOV 11

GLOSSARY

Code Element 1 Code Element 2

CodeNumber

AeroplaneReference Field

LengthCodeLetter Wing Span Outer Main Gear Wheel Span a)

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)2 800m up to but not

including 1200mB 15m up to but not including 24m 4.5m up to but not including 6m

3 1200m up to but notincluding 1800m

C 24m up to but not including 36m 6m up to but not including 9m

4 1800m and over D 36m up to but not including 52m 9m up to but not including 14mE 52m up to but not including 65m 9m up to but not including 14mF 65m up to but not including 80m 14m up to but not including 16m

a) Distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.

NOTE: Guidance on planning for aeroplanes withwing spans greater than 80m is given in the ICAODoc. 9157 Aerodrome Design Manual, Parts 1 and2.

AERODROME TRAFFIC All traffic on the manoeu-vring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in thevicinity of an aerodrome.

NOTE: An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodromewhen it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome trafficcircuit.

AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT The specifiedpath to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity ofan aerodrome.

AERODROME TRAFFIC FREQUENCY (ATF) Afrequency designated at an uncontrolled airport. AnATF is used to ensure all radio equipped aircraft oper-ating within the area, normally within a 5NM radius ofthe airport, are listening on a common frequency. TheATF is normally the ground station frequency. Wherea ground station does not exist, a common frequencyis designated. Radio call sign is that of the ground sta-tion, or where no ground station exists, a broadcast ismade with the call sign Traffic Advisory. Jeppesencharts list the frequency and the area of use whenother than the standard 5NM.

AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONE (ATZ) Anairspace of detailed dimensions established aroundan aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE (AFS) Atelecommunication service between specified fixedpoints provided primarily for the safety of air navi-gation and for the regular, efficient and economicaloperation of air services.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED STATION A station in theaeronautical fixed service.

AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATIONNETWORK (AFTN) A world-wide system ofaeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of theaeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of mes-sages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixedstations having the same or compatible communica-tions characteristics.

AERONAUTICAL GROUND LIGHT Any light spe-cially provided as an aid to air navigation, other thana light displayed on an aircraft.

AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION PUBLICATION(AIP) A publication issued by or with the authorityof a State and containing aeronautical information ofa lasting character essential to air navigation.

AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL STA-TION A station designated to make observationsand meteorological reports for use in international airnavigation.

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SERVICE A mobileservice between aeronautical stations and aircraftstations, or between aircraft stations, in which sur-vival craft stations may participate; emergencyposition-indicating radio beacon stations may alsoparticipate in this service on designated distress andemergency frequencies.

AERONAUTICAL RADIO, INCORPORATED(ARINC) An international radio network pro-viding air-to-ground communications available on asubscription (fee) basis.

AERONAUTICAL STATION A land station in theaeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, anaeronautical station may be located, for example, onboard ship or on a platform at sea.

AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION SER-VICE A telecommunication service provided forany aeronautical purpose.

AERONAUTICAL TELECOMMUNICATION STA-TION A station in the aeronautical telecommuni-cation service.

AIRBORNE COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM(ACAS) An aircraft system based on secondarysurveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals whichoperates independently of ground-based equipmentto provide advice to the pilot on potential conflictingaircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders.

AIRCRAFT Any machine that can derive supportin the atmosphere from the reactions of the air otherthan the reactions of the air against the earths sur-face.

AIRCRAFT ADDRESS A unique combination of24 bits available for assignment to an aircraft for thepurpose of air-ground communications, navigationand surveillance.

AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (USATERPS) A grouping of aircraft based on a speedof Vref, if specified, or if Vref is not specified, 1.3VS0 at the maximum certificated landing weight. Vref,VS0, and the maximum certificated landing weight

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GLOSSARY

are those values as established for the aircraft by thecertification authority of the country of registry. Anaircraft shall fit in only one category. If it is necessaryto maneuver at speeds in excess of the upper limitof a speed range for a category, the minimums forthe next higher category must be used. For example,an aircraft which falls in Category A, but is circlingto land at a speed in excess of 91 knots, should usethe approach Category B minimums when circling toland. The categories are as follows:

Category A Speed less than 91KT.

Category B Speed 91KT or more but less than121KT.

Category C Speed 121KT or more but lessthan 141KT.

Category D Speed 141KT or more but lessthan 166KT.

Category E Speed 166KT or more.

AIRCRAFT APPROACH CATEGORY (ICAO) TheICAO table, depicted in the ATC section-200 series,indicates the specified range of handling speeds (IASin Knots) for each category of aircraft to perform themaneuvers specified. These speed ranges have beenassumed for use in calculating airspace and obstacleclearance for each procedure.

AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION A group of letters,figures or combination thereof which is either identicalto, or the coded equivalent of, the aircraft call sign tobe used in air-ground communications, and which isused to identify the aircraft in ground-ground air trafficservices communications.

AIRCRAFT LARGE AIRCRAFT (LACFT) Termused when referring to ICAO aircraft category DLstandard dimensions:

wing span more than 65m/213ft (max80m/262ft); and/or

vertical distance between the flight parts of thewheels and the glide path antenna more than7m/23ft (max 8m/26ft).

For precision approach procedures, the dimensionsof the aircraft are also a factor for the calculation ofthe OCH.

For category DL aircraft, additional OCA/H is pro-vided, when necessary.

AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION The evaluation of oneor more meteorological elements made from an air-craft in flight.

AIRCRAFT PROXIMITY A situation in which, inthe opinion of a pilot or air traffic services personnel,the distance between aircraft as well as their relativepositions and speed have been such that the safetyof the aircraft involved may have been compromised.An aircraft proximity is classified as follows:

Risk of Collision The risk classification of anaircraft proximity in which serious risk of collisionhas existed.

Safety not Assured The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which the safety of the air-craft may have been compromised.

No Risk of Collision The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which no risk of collisionhas existed.

Risk not Determined The risk classification ofan aircraft proximity in which insufficient informa-tion was available to determine the risk involved,or inconclusive or conflicting evidence precludedsuch determination.

AIRCRAFT STATION A mobile station in the aero-nautical mobile service, other than a survival craft sta-tion, located on board an aircraft.

AIR DEFENSE IDENTIFICATION ZONE (ADIZ) The area of airspace over land or water, extendingupward from the surface, within which the ready iden-tification, the location, and the control of aircraft arerequired in the interest of national security.

AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATION Two-way com-munication between aircraft and stations or locationson the surface of the earth.

AIR-GROUND CONTROL RADIO STATION An aeronautical telecommunication station havingprimary responsibility for handling communicationspertaining to the operation and control of aircraft ina given area.

AIRMET INFORMATION Information issued bya meteorological watch office concerning the occur-rence or expected occurrence of specified en routeweather phenomena which may affect the safetyof low-level aircraft operations and which was notalready included in the forecast issued for low-levelflights in the flight information region concerned orsub-area thereof.

AIRPORT An area on land or water that is usedor intended to be used for the landing and take-off ofaircraft and includes its buildings and facilities, if any.

AIRPORT ELEVATION/FIELD ELEVATION Thehighest point of an airports usable runways measuredin feet from mean sea level. In a few countries, the air-port elevation is determined at the airport referencepoint.

AIRPORT REFERENCE POINT (ARP) A point onthe airport designated as the official airport location.

AIRPORT SURVEILLANCE RADAR (ASR) Approach control radar used to detect and display anaircrafts position in the terminal area. ASR providesrange and azimuth information but does not provideelevation data. Coverage of the ASR can extend upto 60 miles.

AIRPROX The code word used in an air trafficincident report to designate aircraft proximity.

AIR-REPORT A report from an aircraft in flightprepared in conformity with requirements for positionand operational and/or meteorological reporting.

NOTE: Details of the AIREP form are given inPANSATM (Doc 4444) and ATC section.

AIR-TAXIING Movement of a helicopter/VTOLabove the surface of an aerodrome, normally inground effect and at a ground speed normally lessthan 20KT (37kmh).

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GLOSSARY

NOTE: The actual height may vary, and some heli-copters may require air-taxiing above 25ft (8m) AGLto reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clear-ance for cargo slingloads.

AIR-TO-GROUND COMMUNICATION One-waycommunication from aircraft to stations or locationson the surface of the earth.

AIR TRAFFIC All aircraft in flight or operating onthe manoeuvring area of an aerodrome.

AIR TRAFFIC ADVISORY SERVICE A serviceprovided within advisory airspace to ensure separa-tion, in so far as practical, between aircraft which areoperating on IFR flight plans.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ASSIGNED AIRSPACE(ATCAA) Airspace of defined vertical/lateral limits,assigned by ATC, for the purpose of providing airtraffic segregation between the specified activitiesbeing conducted within the assigned airspace andother IFR air traffic.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL CLEARANCE Autho-rization for an aircraft to proceed under conditionsspecified by an air traffic control unit.

NOTE 1: For convenience, the term air traffic controlclearance is frequently abbreviated to clearancewhen used in appropriate contexts.

NOTE 2: The abbreviated term clearance may beprefixed by the words taxi, take-off, departure, enroute, approach or landing to indicate the particu-lar portion of flight to which the air traffic control clear-ance relates.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL INSTRUCTION Direc-tives issued by air traffic control for the purpose ofrequiring a pilot to take a specific action.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE A serviceprovided for the purpose of:

a. preventing collisions:

1. between aircraft; and

2. on the manoeuvring area between aircraftand obstructions; and

b. expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of airtraffic.

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL UNIT A generic termmeaning variously, area control centre, approachcontrol office or aerodrome control tower.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE (ATS) A generic termmeaning variously, flight information service, alertingservice, air traffic advisory service, air traffic controlservice (area control service, approach control ser-vice or aerodrome control service).

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES AIRSPACES Airspacesof defined dimensions, alphabetically designated,within which specific types of flights may operate andfor which air traffic services and rules of operationare specified.

NOTE: ATS airspaces are classified as Class A toG.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES REPORTING OFFICE A unit established for the purpose of receiving reportsconcerning air traffic services and flight plans submit-ted before departure.

NOTE: An air traffic services reporting office may beestablished as a separate unit or combined with anexisting unit, such as another air traffic services unit,or a unit of the aeronautical information service.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE A speci-fied route designated for channeling the flow of trafficas necessary for provision of air traffic services.

NOTE: The term ATS Route is used to mean var-iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon-trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES (ATS) ROUTE (USA) A generic term that includes VOR Federal airways,colored Federal airways, jet routes, Military Train-ing Routes, named routes, and RNAV routes.

AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES UNIT A generic termmeaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight infor-mation centre or air traffic services reporting office.

AIRWAY (ICAO) A control area or portion thereofestablished in the form of a corridor equipped withradio navigation aids.

AIRWAY (USA) A Class E airspace area estab-lished in the form of a corridor, the centerline of whichis defined by radio navigational aids.

ALERFA The code word used to designate an alertphase.

ALERT AREA (USA) [see SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE (SUA)].

ALERTING SERVICE A service provided to notifyappropriate organizations regarding aircraft in needof search and rescue aid, and assist such organiza-tions as required.

ALERT PHASE A situation wherein apprehensionexists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.

ALLOCATION, ALLOCATE Distribution of fre-quencies, SSR Codes, etc. to a State, unit or service,Distribution of 24-bit aircraft addresses to a State orcommon mark registering authority.

ALONG TRACK DISTANCE The distance mea-sured from a point-in-space by systems using areanavigation reference capabilities that are not subjectto slant range errors.

ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS (Alphanumer-ics) A collective term for letters and figures (digits).ALTERNATE AERODROME (ICAO) An aero-drome to which an aircraft may proceed when itbecomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceedto or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing.Alternate aerodromes include the following:

Take-Off Alternate An alternate aerodrome atwhich an aircraft can land should this become nec-essary shortly after take-off and it is not possibleto use the aerodrome of departure.

En Route AlternateAn aerodrome at which anaircraft would be able to land after experiencing anabnormal or emergency condition while en route.

Destination AlternateAn alternate aerodrometo which an aircraft may proceed should it becomeimpossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodromeof intended landing.

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3 AUG 12 INTRODUCTION 5

GLOSSARY q$i

NOTE: The aerodrome from which a flight departsmay also be an en route or a destination alternateaerodrome for that flight.ETOPS En Route Alternate A suitable andappropriate alternate aerodrome at which anaeroplane would be able to land after experienc-ing an engine shutdown or other abnormal oremergency condition while en route in an ETOPSoperation.

ALTERNATE AIRPORT (USA) An airport at whichan aircraft may land if a landing at the intended airportbecomes inadvisable.ALTIMETER SETTING The barometric pressurereading used to adjust a pressure altimeter for vari-ations in existing atmospheric pressure or to thestandard altimeter setting (29.92 inches of mercury,1013.2 hectopascals or 1013.2 millibars).

QFE The atmospheric pressure setting which,when set in the aircrafts altimeter, will cause thealtimeter to read zero when at the reference datumof the airfield.QNE The constant atmospheric pressurerelated to a reference datum of 29.92 inches ofmercury or 1013.25 hectopascals or 1013.25millibars, used for expressing flight levels.QNH The atmospheric pressure setting which,when set in the aircrafts altimeter, will cause thealtimeter to read altitudes referenced to mean sealevel.

ALTITUDE (ICAO) The vertical distance of a level,a point, or an object considered as a point, measuredfrom Mean Sea Level (MSL).ALTITUDE (USA) The height of a level, point orobject measured in feet Above Ground Level (AGL)or from Mean Sea Level (MSL).a. AGL Altitude Altitude expressed in feet mea-

sured above ground level (QFE).b. MSL Altitude Altitude expressed in feet mea-

sured from mean sea level (QNH).c. Indicated Altitude The Altitude as shown by

an altimeter. On a pressure barometric altimeterit is altitude as shown uncorrected for instru-ment error and uncompensated for variationfrom standard atmospheric conditions.

APPROACH BAN An approach procedure, forwhich continuation is prohibited beyond a specificpoint, and or specified height, if the reported visibil-ity or RVR is below the minimum specified for thatapproach.APPROACH CONTROL OFFICE A unit estab-lished to provide air traffic control service to controlledflights arriving at, or departing from, one or moreaerodromes.APPROACH CONTROL SERVICE Air traffic con-trol service for arriving or departing controlled flights.APPROACH CONTROL UNIT A unit establishedto provide air traffic control service to controlledflights arriving at, or departing from, one or moreaerodromes.

APPROACH FUNNEL A specified airspacearound a nominal approach path within which an air-craft approaching to land is considered to be makinga normal approach.APPROACH PROCEDUREWITH VERTICAL GUID-ANCE (APV) [see INSTRUMENT APPROACHPROCEDURE (IAP)].APPROACH SEQUENCE The order in which twoor more aircraft are cleared to approach to land at theaerodrome.APPROPRIATE ATS AUTHORITY The relevantauthority designated by the State responsible for pro-viding air traffic services in the airspace concerned.APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY a. Regarding flight over the high seas: The rel-

evant authority of the State of Registry.b. Regarding flight other than over the high

seas: The relevant authority of the State havingsovereignty over the territory being overflown.

APRON A defined area, on a land aerodrome,intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes ofloading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo,fueling, parking or maintenance.AREA CONTROL CENTRE A unit established toprovide air traffic control service to controlled flightsin control areas under its jurisdiction.AREA CONTROL SERVICE Air traffic control ser-vice for controlled flights in control areas.AREAMINIMUM ALTITUDE (AMA) The minimumaltitude to be used under instrument meteorologicalconditions (IMC), that provides a minimum obstacleclearance within a specified area, normally formed byparallels and meridians.AREA NAVIGATION/RNAV A method of naviga-tion which permits aircraft operation on any desiredflight path within the coverage of the station-refer-enced navigation aids or within the limits of the capa-bility of self-contained aids, or a combination of these.AREA NAVIGATION ROUTE An ATS route estab-lished for the use of aircraft capable of employing areanavigation.ARRIVAL ROUTES Routes on an instrumentapproach procedure by which aircraft may proceedfrom the enroute phase of flight to the initial approachfix.ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGN Distribution of frequen-cies to stations. Distribution of SSR Codes or 24-bitaddresses to aircraft.ATIS ASOS INTERFACE A switch that allowsASOS weather observations to be appended tothe ATIS broadcast, making weather informationavailable on the same (ATIS) frequency H24. Whenthe tower is open, ATIS information and the hourlyweather will be broadcast. When the tower is closed,one-minute weather information updates are broad-cast, and the controller can add overnight ATISinformation to the ASOS automated voice weathermessage.ATS ROUTE A specified route designed for chan-neling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provisionof air traffic services.

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6 INTRODUCTION 3 AUG 12GLOSSARY q$i

NOTE 1: The term ATS route is used to mean var-iously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncon-trolled route, arrival or departure route, etc.NOTE 2: An ATS route is defined by route specifi-cations which include an ATS route designator, thetrack to or from significant points (way-points), dis-tance between significant points, reporting require-ments and, as determined by the appropriate ATSauthority, the lowest safe altitude.ATS SURVEILLANCE SERVICE A term used toindicate a service provided directly by means of anATS surveillance system.ATS SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM A generic termmeaning variously, ADS-B, PSR, SSR or any compa-rable ground-based system that enables the identifi-cation of aircraft.NOTE: A comparable ground-based system is onethat has been demonstrated, by comparative assess-ment or other methodology, to have a level of safetyand performance equal to or better than monopulseSSR.AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE(ADS) A surveillance technique, in which air-craft automatically provide, via a data link, dataderived from on-board navigation and position fixingsystems, including aircraft identification, four-dimen-sional position and additional data as appropriate.AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE BROADCAST (ADS-B) A means by which air-craft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects canautomatically transmit and/or receive data such asidentification, position and additional data, as appro-priate, in a broadcast mode via a data link.AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE CONTRACT (ADS-C) A means by which theterms of an ADS-C agreement will be exchangedbetween the ground system and the aircraft, via adata link, specifying under what conditions ADS-Creports would be initiated, and what data would becontained in the reports.NOTE: The abbreviated term ADS contract is com-monly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADSdemand contract or an emergency mode.AUTOMATIC TERMINAL INFORMATION SERVICE(ATIS) The automatic provision of current, routineinformation to arriving and departing aircraft through-out 24 hours or a specified portion thereof: Data link-automatic terminal information service

(D-ATIS). The provision of ATIS via data link. Voice-automatic terminal information service

(Voice-ATIS). The provision of ATIS by means ofcontinuous and repetitive voice broadcasts.

AUTOMATED SURFACE OBSERVATION SYSTEM(ASOS) The Automated Surface ObservationSystem, in the United States, is a surface weatherobserving system implemented by the NationalWeather Service, the Federal Aviation Administra-tion and the Department of Defense. It is designedto support aviation operations and weather fore-cast activities. The ASOS provides continuousminute-by-minute observations and performs thebasic observing functions necessary to generate anaviation routine weather report (METAR) and other

aviation weather information. ASOS information maybe transmitted over a discrete VHF radio frequencyor the voice portion of a local navaid.AUTOMATED WEATHER OBSERVING SYSTEM(AWOS) An automated weather reporting systemwhich transmits local real-time weather data directlyto the pilot.

AWOS-A Only reports altimeter setting.AWOS-A/V Reports altimeter setting plus visibility.AWOS-1 Usually reports altimeter setting, wind

data, temperature, dewpoint anddensity altitude.

AWOS-2 Reports same as AWOS-1 plusvisibility.

AWOS-3 Reports the same as AWOS-2 pluscloud/ceiling data.

AUTOMATED WEATHER SENSOR SYSTEM(AWSS) A surface weather observing systemsimilar to AWOS and ASOS, providing all the weatherinformation furnished by ASOS systems. The AWSSsensor suite automatically collects, measures, pro-cesses, and broadcasts surface weather data includ-ing altimeter setting, temperature and dew point,cloud height and coverage, visibility, present weather(rain, drizzle, snow), rain accumulation, freezing rain,thunderstorms, fog, mist, haze, freezing fog, as wellas wind speed, direction, and gusts.BALKED LANDING A landing manoeuvre that isunexpectedly discontinued below DA(H)/MDA(H) orbeyond MAP.BASE TURN A turn executed by the aircraft duringthe initial approach between the end of the outboundtrack and the beginning of the intermediate or finalapproach track. The tracks are not reciprocal.NOTE: Base turns may be designated as being madeeither in level flight or while descending, according tothe circumstances of each individual procedure.BLIND TRANSMISSION A transmission from onestation to another station in circumstances wheretwo-way communication cannot be established butwhere it is believed that the called station is able toreceive the transmission.BRAKING ACTION (GOOD, FAIR, POOR, NIL) A report of conditions on the airport movement areaproviding a pilot with a degree/quality of braking thatmight be expected. Braking action is reported interms of good, fair, poor, or nil.BRIEFING Oral commentary on existing and/orexpected conditions.BROADCAST A transmission of information relat-ing to air navigation that is not addressed to a specificstation or stations.CARDINAL ALTITUDES OR FLIGHT LEVELS Odd or Even thousand-foot altitudes or flight lev-els; e.g., 5000, 6000, 7000, FL60, FL250, FL260,FL270.CATCH POINT A fix/waypoint that serves as atransition point from the high altitude waypoint nav-igation structure to the low altitude structure or anarrival procedure (STAR).

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GLOSSARY

CEILING (ICAO) The height above the ground orwater of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below6000m (20,000ft) covering more than half the sky.

CEILING (USA) The height above the earths sur-face of the lowest layer of clouds or obscuring phe-nomena that is reported as broken, overcast, orobscuration, and not classified as thin, or partial.

CHANGE-OVER POINT The point at which an air-craft navigating on an ATS route segment definedby reference to very high frequency omnidirectionalradio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navi-gational reference from the facility behind the aircraftto the next facility ahead of the aircraft.

NOTE: Change-over points are established to providethe optimum balance in respect of signal strength andquality between facilities at all levels to be used andto ensure a common source of azimuth guidance forall aircraft operating along the same portion of a routesegment.

CHART CHANGE NOTICES Jeppesen ChartChange Notices include significant informationchanges affecting Enroute, Area, and Terminalcharts. Entries are published until the temporarycondition no longer exists, or until the permanentchange appears on revised charts. Enroute chartnumbers/panel numbers/letters and area chart identi-fiers are included for each entry in the enroute portionof the Chart Change Notices. To avoid duplication ofinformation in combined Enroute and Terminal ChartChange Notices, navaid conditions, except for ILScomponents, are listed only in the Enroute portion ofthe Chart Change Notices. All times are local unlessotherwise indicated. Vertical bars indicate new orrevised information. Chart Change Notices are onlyan abbreviated service. Always ask for pertinentNOTAMs prior to flight.

CIRCLING APPROACH / CIRCLE-TO-LANDMANEUVER An extension of an instrumentapproach procedure which provides for visual cir-cling of the aerodrome prior to landing.

CLEARANCE LIMIT The point to which an aircraftis granted an air traffic control clearance.

CLEARWAY An area beyond the take-off runwayunder the control of airport authorities within whichterrain or fixed obstacles may not extend above spec-ified limits. These areas may be required for certainturbine-powered operations and the size and upwardslope of the clearway will differ depending on whenthe aircraft was certified.

CLOUD OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE Acloud with the height of cloud base below 5000ft(1500m) or below the highest minimum sector alti-tude, whichever is greater, or a cumulonimbus cloudor a towering cumulus cloud at any height.

CODE (SSR CODE) The number assigned to aparticular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by atransponder in Mode A or Mode C.

COMMON TRAFFIC ADVISORY FREQUENCY(CTAF) (USA) A frequency designed for the pur-pose of carrying out airport advisory practices whileoperating to or from an uncontrolled airport. TheCTAF may be a UNICOM, Multicom, FSS, or towerfrequency.

COMMUNITY AERODROME RADIO STATION(CARS) An aerodrome radio that providesweather, field conditions, accepts flight plans andposition reports.

COMPULSORY REPORTING POINTS Reportingpoints which must be reported to ATC. They aredesignated on aeronautical charts by solid trianglesor filed in a flight plan as fixes selected to definedirect routes. These points are geographical loca-tions which are defined by navigation aids/fixes.Pilots should discontinue position reporting overcompulsory reporting points when informed by ATCthat their aircraft is in radar contact.

COMPUTER A device which performs sequencesof arithmetical and logical steps upon data withouthuman intervention.

NOTE: When the word computer is used in thisdocument it may denote a computer complex, whichincludes one or more computers and peripheralequipment.

CONDITIONAL ROUTES (CDR) (Europe) Category 1,2,3.

Category 1: Permanently plannable CDR duringdesignated times.

Category 2: Plannable only during timesdesignated in the ConditionalRoute Availability Message (CRAM)published at 1500 for the 24 hourperiod starting at 0600 the next day.

Category 3: Not plannable. Usable only whendirected by ATC.

CONTROL AREA (ICAO) A controlled airspaceextending upwards from a specified limit above theearth.

CONTROLLED AERODROME An aerodrome atwhich air traffic control service is provided to aero-drome traffic.

NOTE: The term controlled aerodrome indicatesthat air traffic control service is provided to aero-drome traffic but does not necessarily imply that acontrol zone exists.

CONTROLLED AIRSPACE An airspace ofdefined dimensions within which air traffic controlservice is provided to IFR flights and to VFR flightsin accordance with the airspace classification.

NOTE: Controlled airspace is a generic term whichcovers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D, andE.

CONTROLLED FIRING AREA (USA) [see SPE-CIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

CONTROLLED FLIGHT Any flight which is subjectto an air traffic control clearance.

CONTROLLER-PILOT DATA LINK COMMUNICA-TIONS (CPDLC) A means of communicationbetween controller and pilot, using data link for ATCcommunications.

CONTROL ZONE (CTR) (ICAO) A controlledairspace extending upwards from the surface of theearth to a specified upper limit.

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GLOSSARY

COURSE a. The intended direction of flight in the horizontal

plane measured in degrees from north.

b. The ILS localizer signal pattern usually specifiedas front course or back course.

c. The intended track along a straight, curved, orsegmented MLS path.

CRITICAL HEIGHT Lowest height in relation to anaerodrome specified level below which an approachprocedure cannot be continued in a safe mannersolely by the aid of instruments.

CRUISE CLIMB An aeroplane cruising techniqueresulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplanemass decreases.

CRUISING LEVEL A level maintained during a sig-nificant portion of a flight.

CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN (CPL) The flight plan,including changes, if any, brought about by subse-quent clearances.

DANGER AREA (ICAO) [see SPECIAL USEAIRSPACE (SUA)].

DATA CONVENTION An agreed set of rules gov-erning the manner or sequence in which a set of datamay be combined into a meaningful communication.

DATA LINK COMMUNICATIONS A form of com-munication intended for the exchange of messagesvia a data link.

DATA LINK INITIATION CAPABILITY (DLIC) A data link application that provides the ability toexchange addresses, names and version numbersnecessary to initiate data link applications.

DEAD RECKONING (DR) NAVIGATION The esti-mating or determining of position by advancing anearlier known position by the application of direction,time and speed data.

DECISION ALTITUDE (DA) or DECISION HEIGHT(DH) (ICAO) A specified altitude or height inthe precision approach or approach with verticalguidance at which a missed approach must be initi-ated if the required visual reference to continue theapproach has not been established.

NOTE:

a. Decision altitude (DA) is referenced to mean sealevel (MSL) and decision height (DH) is refer-enced to the threshold elevation.

b. The required visual reference means that sec-tion of the visual aids or of the approach areawhich should have been in view for sufficienttime for the pilot to have made an assessment ofthe aircraft position and rate of change of posi-tion, in relation to the desired flight path. In Cat-egory III operations with a decision height therequired visual reference is that specified for theparticular procedure and operation.

c. For convenience where both expressions areused they may be written in the form decisionaltitude/height and abbreviated DA/H.

DECISION ALTITUDE/HEIGHT (DA/H) (FAA) Isa specified altitude/height in an instrument approachprocedure at which the pilot must decide whetherto initiate an immediate missed approach if the pilot

does not see the required visual reference, or tocontinue the approach. Decision altitude/height isexpressed in feet above mean sea level/ground level.

NOTE: Jeppesen approach charts use the abbrevia-tion DA(H). The decision altitude DA is referenced tomean sea level (MSL) and the parenthetical decisionheight (DH) is referenced to the TDZE or thresholdelevation. A DA(H) of 1440ft (200ft is a Decision Alti-tude of 1440ft and a Decision Height of 200ft.

DEPARTURE CLEARANCE VIA DATA LINK(DCL) Provides assistance for requesting anddelivering information and clearance, with the objec-tive of reducing aircrew and controller workload. TheDCL service shall be initiated by the aircrew at asuitable time between Ti and Tt where:

Ti the earliest time at which a DCL service canbe initiated;

Tt the latest time after which an aircrew, havingnot completed the DCL service, is still ableto receive by voice procedures and in duetime, the vocal departure clearance.

The third time parameter of the DCL acknowledgeprocedure is T1 where:

T1 timer implemented in the ATS ground systembetween the sending by ATS ground systemof the DCL clearance message and thereception by it of the read-back of DCLclearance message.

DEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES Simul-taneous approaches to parallel or near-parallelinstrument runways where radar separation minimabetween aircraft on adjacent extended runway centrelines are prescribed.

DETRESFA The code word used to designate adistress phase.

DIRECT ROUTE - D 1228763652000 A requested route pub-lished on a Jeppesen Enroute or Area chart to assistpilots who have previous knowledge of acceptanceof these routes by ATC. Use of a Direct route mayrequire prior ATC approval and may not provide ATCor Advisory services, or be acceptable in flight plans.

DISCRETE CODE A four-digit SSR Code with thelast two digits not being 00.

DISPLACED THRESHOLD A threshold that islocated at a point on the runway other than thedesignated beginning of the runway.

DISTRESS A condition of being threatened byserious and/or imminent danger and of requiringimmediate assistance.

DISTRESS PHASE A situation wherein there isa reasonable certainty that an aircraft and its occu-pants are threatened by grave and imminent dangeror require immediate assistance.

DME DISTANCE The line of sight distance (slantrange) from the source of a DME signal to the receiv-ing antenna.

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GLOSSARY

EFFECTIVE DATE/TIME FAA and Canada: Aeronautical information inthe U.S. and its territories is generally effec-tive on the designated effective date at 09:01Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The effec-tive time applies to airspace, airways and flightprocedures. It allows for implementation between01:00 and 06:00 local standard time in the U.S.Local authorities may change the date or time ofimplementation due to local operational consider-ations. Check NOTAMs and contact local ATC forinformation.

International: The International Civil AviationOrganization (ICAO) guidance specifies thataeronautical information should be effective onthe designated effective date at 00:00 Coordi-nated Universal Time (UTC). However nationaland local authorities often change the effectivetime to allow for implementation during the localnight or at other times due to local operationalconsiderations. When an effective time otherthan 00:00 UTC is used, ICAO requires that it bepublished in the official Aeronautical InformationPublication (AIP) of the country. Check NOTAMsand contact local ATC for information.

ELEVATION The vertical distance of a point or alevel, on or affixed to the surface of the earth, mea-sured from mean sea level.

EMERGENCY PHASE A generic term meaning,as the case may be, uncertainty phase, alert phaseor distress phase.

ENGINEERED MATERIALS ARRESTING SYSTEM(EMAS) High-energy-absorbing material locatedin the runway overrun that is designed to crush underthe weight of an aircraft as the material exerts decel-eration forces on the aircraft landing gear.

ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE (FLIGHTWATCH) A service specifically designed to pro-vide, upon pilot request, timely weather informationpertinent to the type of flight, intended route of flight,and altitude. The FSSs providing this service are indi-cated on Jeppesen Enroute and Area charts.

ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME The estimatedtime required to proceed from one significant pointto another.

ESTIMATED OFF-BLOCK TIME The estimatedtime at which the aircraft will commence movementassociated with departure.

ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL For IFR flights,the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft willarrive over that designated point, defined by refer-ence to navigation aids, from which it is intendedthat an instrument approach procedure will be com-menced, or if no navigation aid is associated with theaerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arriveover the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at whichit is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aero-drome.

EXPECTED APPROACH TIME The time at whichATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay,will leave the holding point to complete its approachfor a landing.

NOTE: The actual time of leaving the holding pointwill depend upon the approach clearance.

EXTENDED OPERATION (ETOPS) Any flight byan aeroplane with two turbine power-units where theflight time at the one power-unit inoperative cruisespeed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a pointon the route to an adequate alternate aerodrome, isgreater than the threshold time approved by the Stateof the Operator.

FAA AIR CARRIER OPERATIONS SPECIFICA-TIONS Document issued to users operating underFederal Aviation Administration Regulations (FAR)Parts 121, 125, 127, 129, and 135. Operations Spec-ifications are established and formalized by FARs.The primary purpose of FAA Air Carrier OperationsSpecifications is to provide a legally enforceablemeans of prescribing an authorization, limitationand/or procedures for a specific operator. OperationsSpecifications are subject to expeditious changes.These changes are usually too time critical to adoptthrough the regulatory process.

FEEDER FIX The fix depicted on instrumentapproach procedure charts which establishes thestarting point of the feeder route.

FEEDER ROUTE Routes depicted on instrumentapproach procedure charts to designate routes foraircraft to proceed from the enroute structure to theinitial approach fix (IAF).

FILED FLIGHT PLAN (FPL) The flight plan asfiled with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designatedrepresentative, without any subsequent changes.

FINAL APPROACH COURSE A bearing/radial/track of an instrument approach leading to a runwayor an extended runway centerline all without regardto distance.

FINAL APPROACH (ICAO) That part of an instru-ment approach procedure which commences at thespecified final approach fix or point, or where such afix or point is not specified,

a. at the end of the last procedure turn, base turnor inbound turn of a racetrack procedure, if spec-ified; or

b. at the point of interception of the last track spec-ified in the approach procedure; and ends at apoint in the vicinity of an aerodrome from which:

1. a landing can be made; or

2. a missed approach procedure is initiated.

FINAL APPROACH AND TAKE-OFF AREA(FATO) A defined area over which the final phaseof the approach manoeuvre to hover or landing iscompleted and from which the take-off manoeuvreis commenced. Where the FATO is to be used byperformance Class 1 helicopters, the defined areaincludes the rejected take-off area available.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) The fix fromwhich the final approach (IFR) to an airport is exe-cuted and which identifies the beginning of the finalapproach segment. It is designated in the profileview of Jeppesen Terminal charts by the MalteseCross symbol for non-precision approaches andby the glide slope/path intercept point on precisionapproaches. The glide slope/path symbol starts at

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GLOSSARY

the FAF. When ATC directs a lower-than-publishedGlide Slope/Path Intercept Altitude, it is the resultantactual point of the glide slope/path intercept.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) (AUSTRALIA) Aspecified point on a non-precision approach whichidentifies the commencement of the final segment.The FAF is designated in the profile view of JeppesenTerminal charts by the Maltese Cross symbol.

FINAL APPROACH FIX (FAF) OR POINT (FAP)(ICAO) That fix or point of an instrument approachprocedure where the final approach segment com-mences.

FINAL APPROACH IFR (USA) The flight pathof an aircraft which is inbound to an airport on a finalinstrument approach course, beginning at the finalapproach fix or point and extending to the airportor the point where a circling approach/circle-to-landmaneuver or a missed approach is executed.

FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (USA) Thepoint, applicable only to a non-precision approachwith no depicted FAF (such as an on-airport VOR),where the aircraft is established inbound on the finalapproach course from the procedure turn and wherethe final approach descent may be commenced. TheFAP serves as the FAF and identifies the beginningof the final approach segment.

FINAL APPROACH POINT (FAP) (AUSTRALIA) A specified point on the glide path of a precisioninstrument approach which identifies the commence-ment of the final segment.

NOTE: The FAP is co-incident with the FAF of a local-izer-based non-precision approach.

FINAL APPROACH SEGMENT (FAS) That seg-ment of an instrument approach procedure in whichalignment and descent for landing are accomplished.

FLIGHT CREW MEMBER A licensed crew mem-ber charged with duties essential to the operation ofan aircraft during flight time.

FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION Written or printeddocuments, including charts or forms, containingmeteorological information for a flight.

FLIGHT INFORMATION CENTRE A unit estab-lished to provide flight information service and alert-ing service.

FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION (FIR, UIR) Anairspace of defined dimensions within which FlightInformation Service and Alerting Service are pro-vided.

FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE (FIS) A serviceprovided for the purpose of giving advice and informa-tion useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

FLIGHT LEVEL (FL) A surface of constant atmo-spheric pressure which is related to a specific pres-sure datum, 1013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is sep-arated from other such surfaces by specific pressureintervals.

NOTE 1: A pressure type altimeter calibrated inaccordance with the Standard Atmosphere:

a. when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicatealtitude;

b. when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicateheight above the QFE reference datum;

c. when set to a pressure of 1013.2 hectopascals(hPa), may be used to indicate flight levels.

NOTE 2: The terms height and altitude, used inNOTE 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geo-metric heights and altitudes.

FLIGHT PATH MONITORING The use of ATSsurveillance systems for the purpose of providingaircraft with information and advice relative to signif-icant deviations from nominal flight path, includingdeviations from the terms of their air traffic controlclearances.

NOTE: Some applications may require a specifictechnology, e.g. radar, to support the function of flightpath monitoring.

FLIGHT PLAN Specified information provided toair traffic services units, relative to an intended flightor portion of a flight of an aircraft.

NOTE: Specifications for flight plans are containedin ICAO Rules of the Air, Annex 2. A Model FlightForm is contained in ICAO Rules of the Air and AirTraffic Services, PANS-RAC (Doc 4444), Appendix 2and ATC section.

FLIGHT VISIBILITY The visibility forward from thecockpit of an aircraft in flight.

FLIGHT WATCH (USA) A shortened term for usein air-ground contacts to identify the flight service sta-tion providing Enroute Flight Advisory Service; e.g.,Oakland Flight Watch.

FLOW CONTROL Measures designed to adjustthe flow of traffic into a given airspace, along a givenroute, or bound for a given aerodrome, so as toensure the most effective utilization of the airspace.

FORECAST A statement of expected meteorolog-ical conditions for a specified time or period, and fora specified area or portion of airspace.

GAMET AREA FORECAST An area forecast inabbreviated plain language for low-level flights fora flight information region or sub-area thereof, pre-pared by the meteorological office designated by themeteorological authority concerned and exchangedwith meteorological offices in adjacent flight informa-tion regions, as agreed between the meteorologicalauthorities concerned.

GBAS-LANDING SYSTEM (GLS) A system forApproach and Landing operations utilizing GNSS,augmented by a Ground-Based Augmentation Sys-tem (GBAS), as the primary navigational reference.

GLIDE PATH (GP) (ICAO) A descent profile deter-mined for vertical guidance during a final approach.

GLIDE SLOPE (GS) (USA) Provides vertical guid-ance for aircraft during approach and landing. Theglide slope/glidepath is based on the following:

a. Electronic components emitting signalswhich provide vertical guidance by referenceto airborne instruments during instrumentapproaches such as ILS/MLS; or

b. Visual ground aids, such as VASI, which providevertical guidance for a VFR approach or for thevisual portion of an instrument approach andlanding.

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GLOSSARY

c. PAR, used by ATC to inform an aircraft making aPAR approach of its vertical position (elevation)relative to the descent profile.

GLIDE SLOPE/GLIDE PATH INTERCEPT ALTI-TUDE The minimum altitude to intercept the glideslope/path on a precision approach. The intersec-tion of the published intercept altitude with the glideslope/path, designated on Jeppesen Terminal chartsby the start of the glide slope/path symbol, is theprecision FAF; however, when ATC directs a loweraltitude, the resultant lower intercept position is thenthe FAF.

GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEMS(GNSS) An umbrella term adopted by theInternational Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) toencompass any independent satellite navigationsystem used by a pilot to perform onboard positiondeterminations from the satellite data.

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) Aspace-based radio positioning, navigation, andtime-transfer system. The system provides highlyaccurate position and velocity information, andprecise time, on a continuous global basis, to anunlimited number of properly equipped users. Thesystem is unaffected by weather, and provides aworldwide common grid reference system. The GPSconcept is predicated upon accurate and continuousknowledge of the spatial position of each satellitein the system with respect to time and distancefrom a transmitting satellite to the user. The GPSreceiver automatically selects appropriate signalsfrom the satellites in view and translates these intoa three-dimensional position, velocity, and time. Sys-tem accuracy for civil users is normally 100 metershorizontally.

GRID MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (GridMORA) An altitude derived by Jeppesen or pro-vided by State Authorities. The Grid MORA altitudeprovides terrain and man-made structure clearancewithin the section outlined by latitude and longitudelines. MORA does not provide for navaid signal cov-erage or communication coverage.

a. Grid MORA values derived by Jeppesen clearall terrain and man-made structures by 1000ftin areas where the highest elevations are 5000ftMSL or lower. MORA values clear all terrain andman-made structures by 2000ft in areas wherethe highest elevations are 5001ft MSL or higher.When a Grid MORA is shown as Unsurveyedit is due to incomplete or insufficient informa-tion. Grid MORA values followed by a +/- denotedoubtful accuracy, but are believed to providesufficient reference point clearance.

b. Grid MORA (State) altitude supplied by the StateAuthority provides 2000ft clearance in moun-tainous areas and 1000ft in non-mountainousareas.

GRID POINT DATA IN DIGITAL FORM Computerprocessed meteorological data for a set of regularlyspaced points on a chart, for transmission from ameteorological computer to another computer in acode form suitable for automated use.

NOTE: In most cases such data are transmitted onmedium or high speed telecommunications channels.

GRIP-FLEX MICRO-SURFACING A thermoplas-tic compound that uses highly refined, environmen-tally safe coal tar derivative for anti-oxidation and fuel-resistance qualities to create a stable wearing surfacefor pavements.

GROUND COMMUNICATIONS OUTLET (GCO)(USA) An unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ ground communications facility. Pilots at uncon-trolled airports may contact ATC and FSS via VHFto a telephone connection to obtain an instrumentclearance or close a VFR or IFR flight plan. They mayalso get an updated weather briefing prior to take-off.Pilots will use four key clicks on the VHF radio tocontact the appropriate ATC facility, or six key clicksto contact FSS. The GCO system is intended to beused only on the ground.

GROUND EFFECT A condition of improved per-formance (lift) due to the interference of the surfacewith the airflow pattern of the rotor system when ahelicopter or other VTOL aircraft is operating near theground.

NOTE: Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effectto a height of about one rotor diameter for most heli-copters.

GROUND VISIBILITY The visibility at an aero-drome, as reported by an accredited observer.

HEADING The direction in which the longitudi-nal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressedin degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass orgrid).

HEIGHT The vertical distance of a level, a pointor an object considered as a point, measured from aspecified datum.

HEIGHT ABOVE AIRPORT (HAA) The height ofthe Minimum Descent Altitude (MDA) above the pub-lished airport elevation. This is published in conjunc-tion with circling minimums.

HEIGHT ABOVE TOUCHDOWN (HAT) The heightof the Decision Height or Minimum Descent Altitudeabove the highest runway elevation in the touchdownzone of the runway. HAT is published on instrumentapproach charts in conjunction with all straight-in min-imums.

HIGH FREQUENCY COMMUNICATIONS Highradio frequencies (HF) between 3 and 30MHz usedfor air-to-ground voice communication in overseasoperations.

HIGH SPEED TAXIWAY / TURNOFF (HST) A longradius taxiway designed and provided with lighting ormarking to define the path of an aircraft, traveling athigh speed (up to 60KT), from the runway center toa point on the center of a taxiway. Also referred toas long radius exit or turnoff taxiway. The high speedtaxiway is designed to expedite aircraft turning offthe runway after landing, thus reducing runway occu-pancy time.

HOLDING FIX, HOLDING POINT A specifiedlocation, identified by visual or other means, in thevicinity of which the position of an aircraft in flightis maintained in accordance with air traffic controlclearances.

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GLOSSARY

HOLD / HOLDING PROCEDURE A prede-termined maneuver which keeps aircraft within aspecified airspace while awaiting further clearancefrom air traffic control. Also used during ground oper-ations to keep aircraft within a specified area or at aspecified point while awaiting further clearance fromair traffic control.

HOT SPOT A location on an aerodrome move-ment area with a history or potential risk of collisionor runway incursion, and where heightened attentionby pilots/drivers is necessary.

HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES Principleswhich apply to aeronautical design, certification,training, operations and maintenance and whichseek safe interface between the human and othersystem components by proper consideration tohuman performance.

HUMAN PERFORMANCE Human capabilitiesand limitations which have an impact on the safetyand efficiency of aeronautical operations.

IFR FLIGHT A flight conducted in accordance withthe instrument flight rules.

ILS CATEGORIES (ICAO) a. ILS Category I An ILS approach procedure

which provides for an approach to a decisionheight not lower than 60m (200ft) and a visibilitynot less than 800m (2400ft) or a runway visualrange not less than 550m (1800ft).

b. ILS Category II (Special authorization required) An ILS approach procedure which providesfor an approach to a decision height lower than60m (200ft) but not lower than 30m (100ft) and arunway visual range not less than 300m (1000ft)for aircraft categories A, B, C (D with auto land-ing), and not less than 350m (1200ft) for aircraftcategory D without auto landing.

c. ILS Category III (Special authorization required)

1. IIIA An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with either a decisionheight lower than 30m (100ft) or with nodecision height and with a runway visualrange of not less than 175m (574ft).

2. IIIB An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with either a deci-sion height lower than 15m (50ft) or withno decision height and with a runway visualrange of less than 175m (574ft) but not lessthan 50m (150ft).

3. IIIC An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach with no decisionheight and no runway visual range limita-tions.

d. Some areas require special authorization for ILSCategory I approaches. In these areas, an addi-tional category of approach called ILS is avail-able without special authorization. These ILSapproaches have minimums higher than a deci-sion height of 200ft and a runway visual rangevalue of 2600ft. Jeppesen approach charts, atthese locations, will have a notation in the chartheading or in the minimum box titles.

ILS CATEGORIES (USA) a. ILS Category I An ILS approach procedure

which provides for approach to a height abovetouchdown of not less than 200ft and with run-way visual range of not less than 1800ft.

b. ILS Category II An ILS approach procedurewhich provides for approach to a height abovetouchdown of not less than 100ft and with run-way visual range of not less than 1200ft.

c. ILS Category III

1. IIIA An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and with runway visualrange of not less than 700ft.

2. IIIB An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and with runway visualrange of not less than 150ft.

3. IIIC An ILS approach procedure whichprovides for approach without a decisionheight minimum and without runway visualrange minimum.

INCERFA The code word used to designate anuncertainty phase.

INDEPENDENT PARALLEL APPROACHES Simultaneous approaches to parallel or near-parallelinstrument runways where radar separation minimabetween aircraft on adjacent extended runway centrelines are not prescribed.

INDEPENDENT PARALLEL DEPARTURES Simultaneous departures from parallel or near-par-allel instrument runways.

INITIAL APPROACH FIX (IAF) A fix that marks thebeginning of the initial segment and the end of thearrival segment, if applicable. In RNAV applicationsthis fix is normally defined by a fly-by waypoint.

INITIAL APPROACH SEGMENT That segment ofan instrument approach procedure between the initialapproach fix and the intermediate approach fix or,where applicable, the final approach fix or point.

INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE (IAP) A series of predetermined manoeuvres by referenceto flight instruments with specified protection fromobstacles from the initial approach fix, or where appli-cable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route toa point from which a landing can be completed andthereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a positionat which holding or en-route obstacle clearance crite-ria apply. Instrument approach procedures are clas-sified as follows:

Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. Aninstrument approach procedure which utilizeslateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guid-ance.

Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV).An instrument approach based on a navigationsystem that is not required to meet the precisionapproach standards of ICAO Annex 10 but pro-vides course and glide path deviation information(sometimes referred to as semi-precision). Baro-VNAV, LDA with glide path, LNAV/VNAV and LPVare examples of APV approaches.

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GLOSSARY

Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instru-ment approach procedure using precision lateraland vertical guidance with minima as determinedby the category of operation.

NOTE: Lateral and vertical guidance refers to theguidance provided either by:

a. a ground-based navigation aid; or

b. computer-generated navigation data.

INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE PROCEDURE (DP)(USA) A preplanned instrument flight rule (IFR)air traffic control departure procedure printed for pilotuse in graphic and/or textual form. DPs provide tran-sition from the terminal to the appropriate enroutestructure.

INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS(IMC) Meteorological conditions expressed interms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling,less than the minima specified for visual meteorolog-ical conditions.

NOTE 1: The specified minima for visual meteorolog-ical conditions are contained in ICAO Rules of the Air,Annex 2, Chapter 4.

NOTE 2: In a control zone, a VFR flight may proceedunder instrument meteorological conditions if and asauthorized by air traffic control.

INTERMEDIATE APPROACH SEGMENT Thatsegment of an instrument approach procedurebetween either the intermediate approach fix and thefinal approach fix or point, or between the end of areversal, racetrack or dead reckoning track procedureand the final approach fix or point, as appropriate.

INTERMEDIATE FIX (IF) A fix that marks the endof an initial segment and the beginning of the inter-mediate segment. In RNAV applications this fix is nor-mally defined by a fly-by waypoint.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (ICAO) Any airportdesignated by the Contracting State in whose territoryit is situated as an airport of entry and departure forinternational air traffic, where the formalities incidentto customs, immigration, public health, animal andplant quarantine and similar procedures are carriedout.

INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (USA) Relating tointernational flight, it means:

a. An airport of entry which has been designatedby the Secretary of Treasury or Commissioner ofCustoms as an international airport for customsservice.

b. A landing rights airport at which specific per-mission to land must be obtained from customsauthorities in advance of contemplated use.

c. Airports designated under the Convention onInternational Civil Aviation as an airport for useby international air transport and/or internationalgeneral aviation.

INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH(IAVW) International arrangements for monitoringand providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash inthe atmosphere.

NOTE: The IAVW is based on the co-operation of avi-ation and non-aviation operational units using infor-mation derived from observing sources and networks

that are provided by States. The watch is coordinatedby ICAO with the co-operation of other concernedinternational organizations.

INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZA-TION (ICAO) A specialized agency of the UnitedNations whose objective is to develop the principlesand techniques of international air navigation and tofoster planning and development of international civilair transport.

LAND AND HOLD SHORT OPERATIONS(LAHSO) Operations which include simultaneoustake-offs and landings and/or simultaneous landingswhen a landing aircraft is able and is instructed bythe controller to hold short of the intersecting runway/ taxiway or designated hold short point. Pilots areexpected to promptly inform the controller if the holdshort clearance cannot be accepted.

LANDING AREA That part of a movement areaintended for the landing or take-off of aircraft.

LANDING DISTANCE AVAILABLE (LDA) (ICAO) The length of runway which is declared available andsuitable for the ground run of an airplane landing.

LATERAL NAVIGATION (LNAV) Provides thesame level of service as the present GPS stand-aloneapproaches. LNAV minimums support the followingnavigation systems: WAAS, when the navigationsolution will not support vertical navigation; and,GPS navigation systems which are presently autho-rized to conduct GPS/GNSS approaches.

LATERAL NAVIGATION / VERTICAL NAVIGATION(LNAV/VNAV) Identifies APV minimums devel-oped to accommodate an RNAV IAP with verticalguidance, usually provided by approach certifiedBaro-VNAV, but with lateral and vertical integritylimits larger than a precision approach or LPV. LNAVstands for Lateral Navigation; VNAV stands for Ver-tical Navigation. These minimums can be flown byaircraft with a statement in the Aircraft Flight Manual(AFM) that the installed equipment supports GPSapproaches and has an approach-approved baro-metric VNAV, or if the aircraft has been demonstratedto support LNAV/VNAV approaches. This includesClass 2, 3 and 4 TSO-C146 WAAS equipment.Aircraft using LNAV/VNAV minimums will descendto landing via an internally generated descent pathbased on satellite or other approach approved VNAVsystems. WAAS equipment may revert to this modeof operation when the signal does not support pre-cision or LPV integrity.

LEVEL A generic term relating to the verticalposition of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously,height, altitude or flight level.

LOCAL AIRPORT ADVISORY (LAA) A serviceprovided by flight service stations or the military atairports not serviced by an operating control tower.This service consists of providing information to arriv-ing and departing aircraft concerning wind directionand speed, favored runway, altimeter setting, perti-nent known traffic, pertinent known field conditions,airport taxi routes and traffic patterns, and authorizedinstrument approach procedures. This information isadvisory in nature and does not constitute an ATCclearance.

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LOCALIZER PERFORMANCE WITH VERTICALGUIDANCE (LPV) Identifies the APV minimumsthat incorporate electronic lateral and vertical guid-ance. The lateral guidance is equivalent to localizer,and the protected area is considerably smallerthan the protected area for the present LNAV andLNAV/VNAV lateral protection. Aircraft can fly theseminimums with a statement in the Aircraft Flight Man-ual (AFM) that the installed equipment supports LPVapproaches. This includes Class 3 and 4 TSO-C146WAAS equipment, and future LAAS equipment. Thelabel LPV denotes minima lines associated withAPV-I or APV-II performance on approach charts.

LOCATION INDICATOR A four-letter code groupformulated in accordance with rules prescribed byICAO and assigned to the location of an aeronauti-cal fixed station.

LOW ALTITUDE AIRWAY STRUCTURE / FEDERALAIRWAYS (USA) The network of airways servingaircraft operations up to but not including 18,000ftMSL.

LOW FREQUENCY (LF) The frequency bandbetween 30 and 300kHz.

MAGNETIC VARIATION (VAR) The orientation ofa horizontal magnetic compass with respect to truenorth. Because there is a continuous small change ofdirection of lines of magnetic force over the surface ofthe earth, magnetic variation at most locations is notconstant over long periods of time.

MANDATORY ALTITUDE An altitude depicted onan instrument approach procedure chart requiring theaircraft to maintain altitude at the depicted value.

MANDATORY FREQUENCY (MF) A frequencydesignated at selected airports that are uncontrolledduring certain hours only. Aircraft operating withinthe designated MF Area, normally 5NM radius of theairport, must be equipped with a functioning radiocapable of maintaining two-way communications.Jeppesen charts list the MF frequency and the areawhen other than the standard 5NM.

MANOEUVRING AREA That part of an aero-drome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiingof aircraft, excluding aprons.

MAXIMUM AUTHORIZED ALTITUDE (MAA) Apublished altitude representing the maximum usablealtitude or flight level for an airspace structure or routesegment.

MEDIUM FREQUENCY (MF) The frequenciesbetween 300kHz and 3MHz.

METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY The authorityproviding or arranging for the provision of meteorolog-ical service for international air navigation on behalfof a Contracting State.

METEOROLOGICAL BULLETIN A text compris-ing meteorological information preceded by an appro-priate heading.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION Meteo-rological report, analysis, forecast, and any otherstatement relating to existing or expected meteoro-logical conditions.

METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE An office desig-nated to provide meteorological service for interna-tional air navigation.

METEOROLOGICAL REPORT A statement ofobserved meteorological conditions related to aspecified time and location.

METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE An artificialearth satellite making meteorological observationsand transmitting these observations to earth.

MILITARY OPERATIONS AREA (MOA) (USA) [see SPECIAL USE AIRSPACE (SUA)].

MINIMUM CROSSING ALTITUDE (MCA) Thelowest altitude at certain fixes at which an aircraftmust cross when proceeding in the direction of ahigher minimum enroute IFR altitude (MEA).

MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE (MDA) (FAA) Is the lowest altitude specified in an instrumentapproach procedure, expressed in feet above meansea level, to which descent is authorized on finalapproach or during circle-to-land maneuvering untilthe pilot sees the required visual references for theheliport or runway of intended landing.

MINIMUM DESCENT ALTITUDE (MDA) OR MINI-MUM DESCENT HEIGHT (MDH) (ICAO) A spec-ified altitude or height in a non-precision approach orcircling approach below which descent must not bemade without the required visual reference.

NOTE 1: Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is refer-enced to mean sea level and minimum descent height(MDH) is referenced to the aerodrome elevation or tothe threshold elevation if that is more than 2m (7ft)below the aerodrome elevation. A minimum descentheight for a circling approach is referenced to theaerodrome elevation.

NOTE 2: The required visual reference means thatsection of the visual aids or of the approach areawhich should have been in view for sufficient timefor the pilot to have made an assessment of the air-craft position and rate of change of position, in rela-tion to the desired flight path. In the case of a circlingapproach the required visual reference is the runwayenvironment.

NOTE 3: For convenience when both expressionsare used they may be written in the form minimumdescent altitude/height abbreviated MDA/H.

MINIMUM ENROUTE IFR ALTITUDE (MEA) Thelowest published altitude between radio fixes thatmeets obstacle clearance requirements betweenthose fixes and in many countries assures accept-able navigational signal coverage. The MEA appliesto the entire width of the airway, segment, or routebetween the radio fixes defining the airway, segment,or route.

MINIMUM FUEL The term used to describe a sit-uation in which an aircrafts fuel supply has reacheda state where little or no delay can be accepted.

NOTE: This is not an emergency situation but merelyindicates that an emergency situation is possible,should any undue delay occur.

MINIMUM IFR ALTITUDES (USA) Minimum alti-tudes for IFR operations are published on aeronauti-cal charts for airways, routes, and for standard instru-

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GLOSSARY

ment approach procedures. Within the USA, if noapplicable minimum altitude is prescribed the follow-ing minimum IFR altitudes apply.

a. In designated mountainous areas, 2000ft abovethe highest obstacle within a horizontal distanceof 4NM from the course to be flown; or

b. Other thanmountainous areas, 1000ft above thehighest obstacle within a horizontal distance of4NM from the course to be flown; or

c. As otherwise authorized by the Administrator orassigned by ATC.

MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTI-TUDE (MOCA) The lowest published altitude ineffect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off airwayroutes, or route segments which meets obstacleclearance requirements for the entire route segmentand in the USA assures acceptable navigationalsignal coverage only within 22NM of a VOR.

MINIMUM OFF-ROUTE ALTITUDE (MORA) This is an altitude derived by Jeppesen. The MORAprovides known obstruction clearance 10NM eitherside of the route centerline including a 10NM radiusbeyond the radio fix reporting or mileage break defin-ing the route segment. For terrain and man-madestructure clearance refer to Grid MORA.

MINIMUM RECEPTION ALTITUDE (MRA) Thelowest altitude at which an intersection can be deter-mined.

MINIMUM SAFE/SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA)(FAA) Altitude depicted on an instrument chartand identified as the minimum safe altitude whichprovides 1000ft of obstacle clearance within a 25NMradius from the navigational facility upon which theMSA is predicated. If the radius limit is other than25NM, it is stated. This altitude is for EMERGENCYUSE ONLY and does not necessarily guaranteenavaid reception. When the MSA is divided into sec-tors, with each sector a different altitude, the altitudesin these sectors are referred to as minimum sectoraltitudes.

MINIMUM SECTOR ALTITUDE (MSA) (ICAO) The lowest altitude which may be used which will pro-vide a minimum clearance of 300m (1000ft) above allobjects located in an area contained within a sectorof a circle of 46km (25NM) radius centered on a radioaid to navigation.

MINIMUM STABILIZATION DISTANCE (MSD) The minimum distance to complete a turn manoeuvreand after which a new manoeuvre can be initiated.The minimum stabilization distance is used to com-pute the minimum distance between waypoints.

MINIMUM VECTORING ALTITUDE (MVA) Thelowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will bevectored by a radar controller, except as otherwiseauthorized for radar approaches, departures andmissed approaches. The altitude meets IFR obstacleclearance criteria. It may be lower than the publishedMEA along an airway of J-route segment. It may beutilized for radar vectoring only upon the controllersdetermination that an adequate radar return is beingreceived from the aircraft being controlled.

MISSED APPROACH a. A maneuver conducted by a pilot when an

instrument approach cannot be completedto a landing. The route of flight and altitudeare shown on instrument approach procedurecharts. A pilot executing a missed approachprior to the Missed Approach Point (MAP) mustcontinue along the final approach to the MAP.The pilot may climb immediately to the altitudespecified in the missed approach procedure.

b. A term used by the pilot to inform ATC thathe/she is executing the missed approach.

c. At locations where ATC radar service is providedthe pilot should conform to radar vectors, whenprovided by ATC, in lieu of the published missedapproach procedure.

MISSED APPROACH HOLDING FIX (MAHF) Afix used in RNAV applications that marks the end ofthe missed approach segment and the centre pointfor the missed approach holding.

MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (ICAO) Thatpoint in an instrument approach procedure at orbefore which the prescribed missed approach pro-cedure must be initiated in order to ensure that theminimum obstacle clearance is not infringed.

MISSED APPROACH POINT (MAP) (USA) Apoint prescribed in each instrument approach pro-cedure at which a missed approach procedure shallbe executed if the required visual reference does notexist.

MISSED APPROACH PROCEDURE The proce-dure to be followed if the approach cannot be contin-ued.

MODE (SSR) The conventional identifier relatedto specific functions of the interrogation signals trans-mitted by an SSR interrogator. There are four modesspecified in ICAO Annex 10 (not published herein): A,C, S and intermode.

MOUNTAINOUS AREA (ICAO) An area of chang-ing terrain profile where the changes of terrain eleva-tion exceed 900m (3000ft) within a distance of 10NM.

MOVEMENT AREA That part of an aerodrome tobe used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft,consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

NEAR-PARALLEL RUNWAYS Non-intersectingrunways whose extended centre lines have an angleof convergence/divergence of 15 degrees or less.

NON PRECISION APPROACH (NPA) PROCE-DURE [see INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCE-DURE (IAP)]

NO PROCEDURE TURN (NoPT) No procedureturn is required nor authorized.

NORMAL OPERATING ZONE (NOZ) Airspaceof defined dimensions extending to either side ofan ILS localizer course and/or MLS final approachtrack. Only the inner half of the normal operatingzone is taken into account in independent parallelapproaches.

NOTAM (ICAO) A notice distributed by means oftelecommunication containing information concern-ing the establishment, condition or change in any

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aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, thetimely knowledge of which is essential to personnelconcerned with flight operations.

NO-TRANSGRESSION ZONE (NTZ) In the con-text of independent parallel approaches, a corridorof airspace of defined dimensions located centrallybetween the two extended runway centre lines, wherea penetration by an aircraft requires a controller inter-vention to manoeuvre any threatened aircraft on theadjacent approach.

OBSERVATION (METEOROLOGICAL) The eval-uation of one or more meteorological elements.

OBSTACLE ASSESSMENT SURFACE (OAS) Adefined surface intended for the purpose of determin-ing those obstacles to be considered in the calcula-tion of obstacle clearance altitude/height for a specificAPV or precision approach procedure.

OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (OCA) OROBSTACLE CLEARANCE HEIGHT (OCH) Thelowest altitude or the lowest height above the ele-vation of the relevant runway threshold or the aero-drome elevation as applicable, used in establishingcompliance with appropriate obstacle clearance cri-teria.

NOTE 1: Obstacle clearance altitude is referencedto mean sea level and obstacle clearance height isreferenced to the threshold elevation or in the caseof non-precision approaches to the aerodrome ele-vation or the threshold elevation if that is more than7ft (2m) below the aerodrome elevation. An obstacleclearance height for a circling approach is referencedto the aerodrome elevation.

NOTE 2: For convenience when both expressions areused they may be written in the form obstacle clear-ance altitude/height and abbreviated OCA/H.

OBSTACLE FREE ZONE (OFZ) (ICAO) Theairspace above the inner approach surface, innertransitional surfaces, and balked landing surface andthat portion of the strip bounded by these surfaces,which is not penetrated by any fixed obstacle otherthan a low-mass and frangibly mounted one requiredfor air navigation purposes.

OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE LIMIT (OCL) Theheight above aerodrome elevation below which theminimum prescribed vertical clearance cannot bemaintained either on approach or in the event of amissed approach.

OPERATIONAL CONTROL The exercise ofauthority over the initiation, continuation, diversionor termination of a flight in the interest of the safetyof the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of theflight.

OPERATOR A person, organization or enterpriseengaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft oper-ation.

PILOT CONTROLLED LIGHTING (PCL) (USA) (For other states see Air Traffic Control Rules andProcedures.)

Radio control of lighting is available at selected air-ports to provide airborne control of lights by keyingthe aircrafts microphone. The control system con-sists of a 3-step control responsive to 7, 5, and/or3 microphone clicks. The 3-step and 2-step lighting

facilities can be altered in intensity. All lighting is illu-minated for a period of 15min (except for 1-step and2-step REILs which may be turned off by keying themike 5 or 3 times, respectively).

Suggested use is to always initially key the mike 7times; this assures that all controlled lights are turnedon to the maximum available intensity. If desired,adjustment can then be made, where the capability isprovided, to a lower intensity (or the REIL turned off)by keying the mike 5 and/or three times. Approvedlighting systems may be activated by keying the mikeas indicated below:

KEY MIKE FUNCTION7 times within 5

secondsHighest intensity available

5 times within 5seconds

Medium or lower intensity(Lower REIL or REIL Off)

3 times within 5seconds

Lowest intensity available(Lower REIL or REIL Off)

Due to the close proximity of airports using the samefrequency, radio controlled lighting receivers may beset at a low sensitivity requiring the aircraft to be rel-atively close to activate the system. Consequently,even when lights are on, always key mike as directedwhen overflying an airport of intended landing or justprior to entering the final segment of an approach.This will assure the aircraft is close enough to acti-vate the system and a full 15min lighting duration isavailable.

PILOT-IN-COMMAND (PIC) The pilot responsiblefor the operation and safety of the aircraft during flighttime.

PITCH POINT A fix/waypoint that serves as a tran-sition point from a departure procedure or the low alti-tude ground-based navigation structure into the highaltitude waypoint system.

POINT-IN-SPACE APPROACH (PinS) Thepoint-in-space approach is based on a basic GNSSnon-precision approach procedure designed forhelicopters only. It is aligned with a reference pointlocated to permit subsequent flight manoeuvring orapproach and landing using visual manoeuvring inadequate visual conditions to see and avoid obsta-cles.

POINT-IN-SPACE REFERENCE POINT (PRP) Reference point for the point-in-space approach asidentified by the latitude and longitude of the MAPt.

PRECISION APPROACH (PA) PROCEDURE [see INSTRUMENT APPROACH PROCEDURE(IAP)].

PRECISION APPROACH RADAR (PAR) Primaryradar equipment used to determine the position ofan aircraft during final approach, in terms of lateraland vertical deviations relative to a nominal approachpath, and in range relative to touchdown.

NOTE: Precision approach radars are designatedto enable pilots of aircraft to be given guidance byradio communication during the final stages of theapproach to land.

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PRECISION OBJECT FREE ZONE (POFZ) (FAA) A volume of airspace above an area beginningat the runway threshold, at the threshold elevation,and entered on the extended runway centerline. Thestandard POFZ is 200ft (60m) long and 800ft (240m)wide. The POFZ must be kept clear when an air-craft on a vertically guided final approach is within twonautical miles (NM) of the runway threshold and thereported ceiling is below 250ft and/or visibility lessthan statute miles (SM) (or runway visual rangebelow 4000ft). The POFZ is considered clear evenif the wing of the aircraft holding on a taxiway wait-ing for runway clearance penetrates the POFZ; how-ever, neither the fuselage nor the tail may infringeon the POFZ. For approaching aircraft, in the eventthat a taxiing/parked aircraft or vehicle is not clearof the POFZ, air traffic control will provide advisoriesto the approaching aircraft regarding the position ofthe offending

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