Glossary

Abaxial (surface): directed away from axis; e.g., lower surface of normal leaves Acceptability: acceptance of item for feeding or oviposition Aceeptor site: site on sensory neuron where chemical that induces a receptor

potential interacts with the membrane Adaptation: reduced activity of sensory neuron over time to a sustained stimulus Adaxial (surface): directed towards axis; e.g. the upper surface of normal

leaves Airspeed: speed of a moving object, e.g., a flying insect, through the air Allele: any of the different forms of a gene occupying the same locus Alleloehemieal: a chemical produced by an organism that produces an effect

in a different species. In phytophagous insects, this often means an effect on behavior, growth or development. Plant secondary metabolites are often called allelochemicals

Allelopathy: noxious effect of plant secondary metabolite on neighboring plants of different species

Allozymes: the various forms of an enzyme which have the same activity but which differ slightly in amino acid sequence, produced by different alleles at a single locus.

Anemotaxis: orientation to wind Angiospermae: one of the two great divisions of seed plants (Spermatophyta);

distinguished from Gymnospermae by the presence of true flowers with ovaries Antifeedant: chemical that inhibits feeding = deterrent Appetitive behavior: active "goal-seeking" behavior; not a preferred term Arousal: a change in activity in part of the central nervous system leading to

an increased responsiveness to various stimuli. Usually based on observations of behavior

Arrestant: chemical (usually) that inhibits further locomotion Attractant: chemical causing orientation and movement towards source

288

Glossary / 289

Associative learning: learned association between two sensory inputs, one of which is physiologically or behaviorally significant, while the other normally has no specific contextual significance

Aversion learning: a learned association between a sensory cue which is other- wise meaningless, and a noxious effect

Ballooning: aerial rising and dispersal with the help of silk threads, common in newly hatched caterpillars and spiders

Biomass: quantitative estimate of the total mass of organisms of specified unit in a specified area and time.

Biotype: an infraspecific category distinguishable by biochemistry or behavior, and sometimes equivalent to "race"

C3 plant: plant with a photosynthetic pathway of the normal Calvin type, via ribulose bisphosphate and glycollate, with a proportion of the CO2 being lost

C4 plant: plant with an accessory photosynthetic pathway of the Hatch/Slack type, in which CO2 is returned to the Calvin cycle. This occurs in plants adapted to hot, dry conditions; associated anatomy involves thickened cells in the sheath surrounding the vascular tissue. These cells are supposedly difficult for insects to penetrate

Cellulose: carbohydrate consisting of long chain molecules comprising anhy- drous glucose residues as basic units; a principal constituent of cell walls

Chemoreception: detection of chemicals by smell or taste Chemotaxis: orientation to a chemical Chemotaxonomy: taxonomic grouping based on chemical characters Compensatory feeding: an increase in feeding to make up for low levels of a

particular nutrient Conditioning: learning an association Congeneric: species in the same genus Conspecific: same species Cryptic: similar to background and consequently making the object difficult to

discern Cultivar: a variety of a plant species produced and maintained by cultivation Cuticle: layer of cutin in plants, a fatty substance which is almost impermeable

to water; present on outer walls of epidermal cells, and usually with a separate wax layer on the outside

Deme: a local interbreeding group Desensitization: = habituation Desmotubule: see plamodesmata Deterrent: chemical which inhibits feeding or oviposition when present where

feeding or oviposition would otherwise occur.

290 / Glossary

Detoxification enzyme: enzyme, often in the gut tissue, that makes toxic substances less noxious

Diapause: a delay in insect development that is not immediately referable to environmental conditions and that enables the insect to survive predictable periods of adverse conditions such as winter or a dry season

Diet breadth: number of host species fed upon Disadaptation: return of sensitivity after adaptation of a sensory receptor

Electrophoresis: a laboratory technique used for separating proteins and often employed for separating allozymes, thus demonstrating genetic variability which is not measurable by other means. Its widespread use first demonstrated a previously unknown degree of variation in wild populations

Endophyte: fungal organism living within a green plant often with little or no measurable symptomatic effects on the host

Epiphyte: plants, including fungi, mosses and algae, growing on the external surface of vascular plants

Euryphagous: polyphagous Excitation: increased activity apparently denoting a heightened level of arousal

Fatigue (in chemoreceptor): short term inability to respond to stimuli due to non-renewal of part of a chemical pathway

Feeding inhibitor: antifeedant or deterrent Fitness: the relative competitive ability of a given genotype conferred by adaptive

characters, usually quantified as the number of surviving progeny relative to other genotypes. It is a measure of the contribution of a given genotye to the subsequent generation relative to that of other genotypes

Folivore: animal feeding on leaves (foliage) Forb: herbaceous broad-leaved plant (nongrass) Forbivorous: feeding on forbs

Generalist: polyphagous species Genetic drift: random changes in gene frequencies in isolated populations not

due to selection pressure Genotype: the genetic constitution of an individual (cf. phenotype) Glncoside: compound with glucose moiety Glycoside: compound with sugar moiety; many different sugars are involved

including glucose, rhamnose, xylose Graminivorous: herbivores that feed only on grasses Granivorous: animals feeding on small grains; cereal and legumes are both

included. Gravid: term applied to a female insect containing fully developed eggs ready

to be laid

Glossary / 291

Groundspeed: speed of movement of a flying object over the ground Guttation: secretion of drops of water by plants through hydathodes

Habituation: waning of a response to a stimulus Headspace: the volume of air around a plant which can be removed and analyzed

to determine the volatiles produced Hemimetabolous: insect development involving a partial metamorphosis as in

grasshoppers and Hemiptera Heritability (bZ): the part of phenotypic variability that is genetically based;

usually expressed as the ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance Heterotherm: animal whose body temperature depends partly on the environ-

mental temperature, but can sometimes be regulated physiologically Heterozygous: having two different alleles at a given locus of a chromosome

pair Holometabolous: insect development involving a complete metamorphosis with

a pupal stage interpolated between larva and adult, as in Lepidoptera, Coleopt- era, Diptera and Hymenoptera

Homeotberm: animal which regulates its body temperature within narrow limits independent of environmental temperature

Honeydew: waste material produced by aphids and other phloem-feeding insects, and usually containing high levels of sugars

Hormone: organic substance produced in small quantity in one part of an organism, and transported to other parts where it exerts an effect on physiology or behavior

Host range: relative number of host-plant species utilized by a herbivore

Ideoblast: a plant cell which markedly differs in form, size or contents from other cells in the same tissue

Imprinting: a persisting effect of a particular experience at some specific stage that alters behavior. Usually at an early stage of development

Induction: usually meaning an increased acceptance of a plant species that the insect has recently eaten, relative to other plants which have not been eaten

Insolation: solar radiation Instar: stage of an arthropod between two molts Isofemale strain: a strain derived from a single fertilized founder female

Kairomone: chemical released by an organism and adaptively useful to other organisms that perceive it.

Kinesis: change in activity level

Latex: a fluid, generally milky, contained in laticifers, and consisting of a variety of organic and inorganic substances which together congeal on exposure to air

292 / Glossary

Laticifer: cell or series of cells with characteristic latex fluid content; usually tubular in shape, may be branched or unbranched

Lignin: an organic complex of high carbon-content substances, especially pheno- lics, present in cell walls

Metamorphosis: a marked structural transformation during development, often representing a change from larval stage to adult. In insects, used to refer to the change from the final larval stage to the adult

Mixed function oxidase: enzyme which has among its effects an ability to alter (detoxify) xenobiotics. More commonly called P450 enzymes because they absorb light of 450 nm wavelength

Monophagous: feeding on a single species or genus of plants Monophyletic group: a group of taxa descended from a single ancestral taxon Motivation: term used to imply the physiological state of an animal that predis-

poses it to carry out certain behaviors, e.g., feeding

Nectary: multicellular, glandular structure in plants capable of secreting sugary solution. Floral nectaries occur in flowers; extrafloral nectaries occur in other plant organs

Neophilia: predilection for novelty Neophobia: distaste of novelty

Oifaction: smell; detection of volatile chemicals Oligoleetic: limited host range; used for pollinators, especially solitary bees Oligophagous: eating a restricted number of plant species usually from a family

or subfamily of plants Ontogeny: development Oviposition: egg-laying Oviposition stimulant: chemical or other stimulus eliciting oviposition

Palatability: acceptability as food Parasitoid: an organism with a mode of life intermediate between parasitism

and predation. Usually a fly (Diptera) or wasp (Hymenoptera) in which the larva feeds within the body of the live host, eventually killing it

Parthenogenetic: production of offspring in the absence of fertilization Pectic compounds: polymers of galacturonic acid and its derivatives; main

constituent of lamella between plant cells Phagostimulant: chemical eliciting feeding Phenology: temporal aspects of the life history Phenotype: the observable structural and functional properties of an organism

(cf. genotype) Pheromone: chemical produced by an animal which influences the behavior or

physiology of conspecifics

Glossary / 293

Phloem: the principal food-conducting tissue of the vascular plant, nutrients produced from photosynthesis are here transported, usually under positive pressure away from leaves; particularly rich in sugars

Phylloplane: the leaf surface Phylogenetic tree: a branching diagram in the form of a tree representing

inferred lines of descent Phytophagous: feeding on plants Plasmodesmata: thin cytoplasmic strands passing through pores in the plant

cell wall and usually connecting the protoplasm of adjacent cells Poikilotherm: animal with variable temperature dependent on environmental

temperature and radiation Polygenic traits: those influenced by allele differences at several or many loci Polyphagous: eating a wide spectrum of plants across several or many families Polytrophy: feeding on many items Population genetics: evaluates allele frequency change without regard to pheno-

types. It predicts allele frequencies under different environmental circum- stances

Preference: selection of item from a choice of items

Quantitative genetics: evaluates phenotypic change without regard to identity of alleles. It predicts and measures response to selection of polygenic traits

Raphide: needle-shaped crystal of calcium oxalate; usually one of a number of crystals arranged parallel to one another in a plant cell

Receptor: sensory neuron Repellant: causes movement away from source Resistance: ability to withstand attack Rhizosphere: soil immediately surrounding plant roots and influenced by them

Sclerenchyma: a mechanical or supporting tissue in plants, made up of cells with lignified walls

Sclerophyll: see sclerenchyma Search image: a model for visual comparison, and presumed to account for

increased efficiency in finding items Secondary metaboUte: chemical produced by a plant that is not essential for

primary metabolic processes Self-selection: a term sometimes used to denote the selection of different foods

that will result in a balance of nutrients ingested Sensitization: increased responsiveness without learning Sequester: active accumulation of material, usually a plant secondary chemical,

by a herbivore, and often used as a means of protection from higher trophic level organisms

294 / Glossary

Sign stimulus: a stimulus, or one of a group of stimuli, by which an animal distinguishes important objects. Often used for chemicals that indicate a spe- cific host

Silica body: opaline cell inclusion in plant epidermal cells; shapes of silica bodies may be characteristic for a family or lower taxon; common in grasses

Specialization: evolutionary adaptation to a particular mode of life or habitat Specificity: degree of restriction of host-plant range Starch: an insoluble carbohydrate acting as one of the commonest storage

products of plants, composed of anhydrous glucose residues Stenopbagous: utilizing a limited variety of foods Stochastic: due to chance alone Stoma (plural stomata): pore in the epidermis of plants encircled by two guard

cells which regulate its size Symbiosis: the living together of two organisms; sometimes restricted to those

that are mutually beneficial Sympatric: populations, species or other taxa, occurring together in the same

geographic area Sympatric speeiation: the differentiation and attainment of reproductive isola-

tion of populations that are not geographically separated, and which overlap in their distributions

Synapse: point of communication between two neurons, usually requiring the release of a particular neurotransmitter, that conveys the signal from one neuron to the next

Synergism: action of two or more chemicals such that the total effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects

Synomone: chemical released by one organism that benefits the producing organism and a receiving organism of a different species

Taxis: an orientated response towards or away from the source of stimulus Testa: seed coat Toxicity: the virulence of a toxic substance Toxin: a biogenic poison, usually proteinaceous Trichome: epidermal appendage in plants; includes hairs, scales and papillae;

may be glandular or nonglandular Tritrophic: three trophic levels; as in plant-herbivore-predator

Umbel: inflorescence in which branches ending in flowers all arise at the same point on the stem, as in carrot, celery, parsley

Vacuole: a membrane-bound cavity in the cytoplasm; large in plants and often containing secondary metabolites

Variety: a rank in the hierarchy of plant classification below subspecies Vascular: in plants, referring to the phloem and xylem

Glossary / 295

Vascular bundle: an organized strand of phloem and xylem Vein: a vascular bundle or group of parallel bundles in a leaf, sepal, stem

Windspeed: speed of air movement relative to the ground Woody plant: plant with high levels of lignin providing structural support for

growth to shrubs and trees

Xenobiotic: compound that is foreign to the organism, usually assumed to be noxious

Xylophagous: wood feeding Xylem: plant vascular tissue in which water and minerals are transported from

root to shoot; usually under negative pressure

Taxonomic Index*

Abies balsamea 21 Acacia 42-43, 184 Acalymma vittata 173-174 Acourtia nana 157 Acremonium 36 Acrididae 115 Acrolepiopsis assectella 98, 168, 268 Acyrthosiphon pisum 83

solani 121 spartii 133

Aeluropus littoralis 167-168 Aeolothrips intermedius 116 Agraulis vaniUae 98 Agromyzidae 10 A gropyron pungens 167-168

repens 21, 24 Agrostis 189 Aleurocanthus woglumi 116 Aleyrodidae 115 alfalfa 5, 40, 178 Alliaceae 54 Allium 51 almond 98 Alnus 22 AIsophila pometaria 232, 233, 265,274 Alternaria solani 181 Amaranthaceae 32 Ambrosia 46, 50-51 Amyelois transitella 98 Anacridium melanorhodon 133 Anaphalis magaritacea 120 Anastrepha suspensa 116 Angelica lucida 244

archangelica 6

Anthomyiidae 115 Anthonomus grandis 116, 133 Anthoxanthum 189 Aphidinae 269 aphids 10, 12, 19, 36, 68, 77, 81, 83, 99,

101, 103, 115, 121-123, 150, 179, 182- 184, 191, 196, 238-239, 268-269, 271, 279-280

Aphisfabae 6, 103, 113, 130, 150 nerii 47 gossypii 116 pomi 133

Apiaceae 6, 38, 39, 42, 51, 126, 127, 232, 234, 244

Apion 10-11 Aplysia 207 apple 98, 110-111, 147,226, 127, 232,234,

249 apple maggot fly, see Rhagoletis pomomella Araliaceae 51 Argentine stem weevil 36 Aristida 77, 79 Aristolochia 151, 153, 155, 173 armyworm, see Spodoptera Arphia sulphuria 169 Artemisia 233-234, 235 Arthrocnemum 168 Asclepiadiaceae 28, 48 Asclepias 48, 50, 52, 121, 143, 148 asparagus miner 116 Aspergillus 181 Aster 168 Asteraceae 20, 28, 31, 44-47, 50, 51, 54,

157, 182, 234, 264

*References to illustrations or tables are italicized unless there are two or more successive pages

297

298 / Taxonomic Index

Astragalus decumbens 154 Athalia proxima 133

rosae 137,142 Atriplex 6, 25, 77, 79 Atropa belladonna 31 Australian plague locust 187, 193 Azadirachta indica 47 azuki beans 241-242

Balansia 36 basil 194 Battus philenor 151-155, 173, 198, 212 bean 239, 241-242 Bebbia 79 Bellis 125 Bermuda grass, see Cynodon dactylon Betula 44 Betulaceae 20 birch 44 black cherry 245 black pine leaf scale 245 black swallowtail butterfly 104 blackberry 192 Boerhaavia intermedia 157 boll weevil 116, 179 Bombyx mori 125, 133, 253 Bootettix argentatus 5, 70, 77, 79, 133, 144,

147, 262, 281-282 Boraginaceae 25 Botrytis cinerea 181 Bouteloua barbata 157 bracken fern, see Pteridium aquilinum Brassica 53, 81,125, 127, 134, 221-222 Brassica napus 54 Brassicaceae 6, 15, 20, 50, 53-54, 65, 81,

123, 125, 135 Brevicoryne brassicae 133 broccoli 174 broom 133, 247 brown planthopper 5,238-241 Bruchinae 10 buckeye butterfly, see Junonia coenia

cabbage 104, 106, 111, 113-114, 123, 124, 150, 185

cabbage root fly, see Delia brassicae cabbage butterfly, see Pieris cabbage looper, see Trichoplusia ni Cactaceae 32 Cactoblastis cactorum 2 Caesalpinia 42 Callosamia promethia 219--220

Callosobruchus maculatus 241-242 Campanulaceae 51 camphorweed 49 Capparales 53 Capparis 153 caraway 46 Cardamine cordifolia 54-55 Carica papaya 32 Caricaceae 32 carrot 98, 99, 104, 106, 125, 148 carrot aphid, see CavarieUa aegopodii carrot root fly, see Delia antiqua Caryophyllaceae 22 cassava, see Manihot esculenta Cassia mimosoides 152-153 Cassida nebulosa 142 Castilleja 246 Catalpa 133 Cavariella aegopodii 81, 103 Celastraceae 22 celery 42, 176, 177 celery fly 176, 177 Cenchrus 36 Centrospermae 32 Cerambycidae 10 Ceratitus capitata 116, 178 Ceratomia catalpae 133 Cercidium 79 Ceutorhynchus constrictus 135 checkerspot butterfly, see Euphydryas Chenopodiaceae 6, 23, 25, 32 Chenopodium 191 chestnut 42 cherry 249 Chilo partellus 118, 123, 187 Chorthippus curtipennis 77, 79, 144

parallelus 120, 188-189 Chortoicetes terminifera 187, 193 Chrysolina brunsvicensis 65, 133

quadrigemina 5 Chrysomela vigintipunctata 132-133 Chrysomelidae 10, 115, 188 Cibolacris parviceps 77, 79, 144 cicada 10 Cicadoidea 10 Cidaria albulata 172 Cinchona officinalis 28, 31 cinnabar moth, see Tyria jacobaeae citrus.28, 46, 99, 232, 244-245 citrus black fly 116 citrus swallowtail butterfly, see Papilio de-

moleus

Cladosporium 181 Clerodendrum 47, 137, 272 click beetle 10 clover, see Trifolium Coccidae 272 codling 181 coffee 249 Colchicum autumnale 31 Coliadinae 272 Colias philodice 153-154 Collinsia 231,246 Colorado potato beetle, see Leptinotarsa

decemlineata common quaker moth 179 Compositae, see Asteraceae Conogethes punctiferalis 81 Conophytum 27 corn earworm, see nelicoverpa zea corn, see Zea mays corn rootworm, see Diabrotica Costelytra zealandica 99 cotton 46, 120, 147, 167, 195,244 cotton aphid, see Aphis gossypii cow pea 122 Crambus 36 Crataegus 249 Creatonotus 138 creosote bush, see Larrea Crotalaria 133 Cruciferae, see Brassicaceae Cryptomyzus korschelti 99, 101 Ctenucha virginica 98 cucumber 50, 174, 239 cucumber beetle, see Diabrotica undecim-

punctata Cucurbitaceae 22, 48, 50, 137, 190 Curculionidae 115 Cylas fornicarius 99 Cymopterus terebinthinus 233-235,244 Cynodon dactylon 19, 77, 79 Cynosurus 189 Cyperus 169, 186 Cytisus laburnum 31

Dacinae 10 Dacus 198

dorsalis 78, 110 oleae 5 tryoni 98, 178

Dalbulus maidis 182 damson-hop aphid 116 Danaus plexippus 48, 121, 143, 148

Taxonomic Index / 299

Datura 146 Delia 198

antiqua 80-82, 98, 101, 106, 113, 115- 116, 118-119, 125, 128, 178

brassicae 81-82, 98-99, 101, 113-114, 118, 179

platura 181 radicum 98-99, 101, 113-114, 118

desert locust, see Schistocerca gregaria desert lavender 79 Diabrotica 97-99, 137, 190 JDiacrisia virginica 219 diamondback moth, see Plutella xylostella Diprion hercyniae 5 dogwood 233 Drosophila 221,236, 264, 271

melanogaster 242,251 tripunctata 236, 237

Dysdercus fulvoniger 143

Echenopa binota 250 Echinochloa 186 Egyptian cotton leaf worm, see Spodoptera lit-

toralis Elateroidea 10 Encelia 79 Endothia parasitica 81 Epilachna varivestis 133 Erica cinerea 21 Ericaceae 19, 20, 37 Eriodictyon 177 ermine moth, see Yponomeuta Estigmene congrua 219 Eucalyptus 42 Euchloe belemia 176 Euc horthippus pulvinatus 167-168 Eulachnus agilis 180 Euonymus 147, 150 Eupatorium 98 Euphorbia 26, 111 Euphorbiaceae 28, 32 Euphydryas 131, 177

chalcedona 133 editha 177, 198 ,231,246-247

Eurema brigitta 152 European spindle tree 150

Fabaceae 20, 30, 31, 32, 34, 38, 40 Fagaceae 20 Fagonia 77, 79 fall cankerworm, see Alsophila pometaria Festuca 36, 120, 185, 188-189

300 Taxonomic Index

Fiorinia externa 266-267 flea beetle 98, 104, 173, 174 flower thrips 110, 112 Foeniculum 233,235 Foeniculum vulgare 234, 244 foxglove aphid 121 Frankliniella occidentalis 110, 112 fruit fly, see Dacus and Drosophila

Genista 28 Genisteae 30 geranium 46, 121 giant swallowtail butterfly 245 Glaucopsyche lygdamus 172, 176, 264 Glischrochilus 98 Glomerata cingulata 181 goldenrod beetle 99, 101 Gomphocerinae 144, 262, 281 Gossypium 28 Gracillariidae l0 grass grub 99 grass, see Poaceae grasshopper, see individual species greenbug, see Schizaphis graminum greenhouse whitefly 116 ground cherry 5, 98 gulf fritillary 98 Gypsonoma oppressana 190

hawthorn 232, 234 Heliconius 5, 114, 177-178 Helicoverpa armigera 68, 72

zea 120, 131,244 Heliothinae 277 Heliothis 147, 167, 277

virescens 97-98, 133, 147, 197,244 subflexa 98

Hemileuca lucina 183 hemlock 266 Hesperia comma 185 Hessian fly 238-239 Heterocampa guttivitta 156

obliqua 190 Heterotheca subaxillaris 50 Holcus 21, 189 Hoplasoma 272 horse lubber grasshopper, see Taeniopoda

eques horse nettle 135 Hyalopterus pruni 116 Hypericaceae 65 Hypericum perforatum 5

Hyphantria cunea 142 Hyptis 79

lnula viscosa 168

Jadera haematoloma 297 Jalmenus evagoras 182-183 Japanese beetle 116 Juncus 168 Junonia coenia 132

kale 195 Klamath weed 5 kumquat 110

Labiatae, see Lamiaceae Lactuca 125 Lamiaceae 28, 46 Laothoe populi 133 large white butterfly 1 l0 Larinus curtus 116 Larrea tridentata 5, 6, 39, 77.79, 143-144,

186, 262, 281-282 Lathyrus leucanthus 154 leaf blotch miner 10 leaf miner fly 10 leek 81, 98 leek moth 98, 268 legumes 19, 22, 28 Leptinotarsa 135-136, 146-147, 188

decemlineata 5, 7, 65, 79-81, 99, 101, 104, 106, 130, 133, 135, 142, 146, 236, 247-250, 252

haldemani 146 juncta 146 rubiginosa 5 texana 146

lettuce 18, 184 Ligurotettix coquilletti 6, 70, 77, 79, 142,

144, 186, 262 Liliaceae 3 l lima bean 274-275 Limonium vulgaris 168 Lindbergina aurovittata 192 Lindera benzoin 220 Lipara lucens 118 Liriodendron tulipifera 220, 245 Liriomyza 116, 190, 198 Listronotus bonariensis 36 Locusta migratoria 5, 68-71, 78, 83, 123,

125-128, 130, 139-141,143, 145, 196, 208-209, 211-213, 215

Taxonomic Index / 301

Loganiaceae 31 Lolium 24, 33, 36 Lomatium 233, 234-235,244 Lotoidae 40 Lotus corniculatus 32, 34 lupines 33, 34, 172, 190, 264 Lupinus 154, 173 Lycaenidae 264, 277 Lycium 6 Lycopersicon 135-136, 143, 146, 247-248 Lymantria dispar 133

maize, see Zea mays Malacosoma neustria 181

pluviale 230 Malus 147 Malvaceae 157 Mamestra brassicae 210, 250-251 Manduca sexta 23, 33, 83, 98, 103, 122,

219-221 Manihot esculenta 32, 148 maple 232, 233 Mayetiola destructor 238 meadow brown butterfly 185 mealy plum aphid 116 Medicago sativa 5 Mediterranean fruit fly, see Dacus tryoni Melanoplus differentialis 183,236

sanguinipes 116, 213 mesquite 167, 184, 195 Microptylopteryx hebardi 190 migratory locust, see Locusta migratoria migratory grasshopper 116 milkweed bug, see Oncopeltus fasciatus milkweed , see Asclepias millet 193, 194 mint 49, 272 Mischocyttarus flavitarsus 270 monarch butterfly, see Danaus plexippus Mucor 181 mulberry 195 mushroom 236-237, 271 mustard beetle 116 Myrtaceae 19, 20 Myzus persicae 103

nasturtium 6, 249 naval orange worm 98 neem tree 48 Nemoria arizonaria 176 Nephotettix virescens 182 Nicotiana tabacum 31

nightshade 135 Nilaparvata lugens 5,238,240-241 nitidulid beetle 98 Noctuidae 115,277 Nomadacris septemfasciata 186 Nucolaspis californica 245 Nyctaginaceae 157

oak 24, 42, 176, 192, 232, 233, 261-262, 279 oats 239 Oedaleus senegalensis 193-194 oleander aphid 48 olive fruit fly 5 Omocestus viridulus 167 Onagraceae 25 Oncopeltus fasciatus 48,130 onion fly 80, 98, 101, 104, 106, 118-119,

178 Ophiomyia simplex 116 orange 178 oriental fruit fly 110 Orthosia stabilis 179 Oscularia 27 Otifidae 115 Oxalis 24

Papaver somniferum 31 Papaveraceae 31 Papilio 233,236, 244

cresphontes 245 demoleus 99, 107, 109 glaucus 245 glaucus canadensis 245 glaucus glaucus 245 machaon 6 oregonius 233-234 polyxenes 104, 106, 123, 125 zelicaon 232-235,244

Pararge aegeria 185 parsley 42 parsnip 42-43, 46 Paspalum 36, 168 Passiflora 5, 98, 114, 178, 182 Passifloraceae 5 passion flower vine, see Passiflora Pastinaca sativa 28, 45 peach 111 Pedicularis 231,246 Pelargonium 121 Pemphigus 191 Penicillium 181 Perga 181

302 / Taxonomic Index

Perrhybris pyrrha 153 Phaedon cochleariae 116 Phaseolus vulgaris 21 Philaenus spumaria 120-121 Phorodon humuli 116 Phragmites communis 118, 167-168 Phratora vitellinae 270 Phthorimaea operculeUa 123 Phyllobius oblongus 142 Phyllobrotica 272 Phyllocnistus 10 Phyllotreta 98, 133, 173-174

crucifera 104, 106 heraclei 176

Physalis 5 physical properties 118-121 Physostegia 272 Phytodecta fornicata 142 pidgeon peas 241-242 Pierinae 132, 263-264, 272 Pieris 127, 134

brassicae 65, 67, 73-75, 81, 110, 112-113, 130-134, 142, 221,250, 252-253

rapae 6, 114, 117, 171-176, 198, 212, 247-248

pine tree 79 Pinus 22 pipevine swallowtail butterfly, see Battus phi-

lenor Pittosporaceae 51 Plagiodera versicolora 133, 180 Plantaginaceae 231 Plantago 148, 177, 231,246 Plebejus icarioides 172-173, 190, 264 Plutella xylosteUa 18, 123-124, 127, 132,

134, 142, 176 Poaceae 19, 20, 22, 24, 28, 32, 34, 37, 38,

42, 149, 157 Polistes 183 Polygonum 47 Popillia japonica 116 Populus angustifolia 191

tremuloides 43, 245 Portulacaceae 32 potato 37, 104, 123, 135-136, 157, 249 potato tuber moth, see Phthorimaea opercu-

lella prickly ash 245 promethia moth, see Callosamia promethia Prunus 32, 147, 249

cerasus 249 serotina 220, 245

padus 32 Pseudaletia unipuncta 209-210 Psila rosae 81-82, 98-99, 106, 125 Pteridium aquilinum 33, 34, 271 Publilia modesta 182 Pyrus malus 249

quebracho 42 Queensland fruit fly 98 quaking aspen 43-44 Quercus 21-22, 24, and see oak

radish 111, 113-114 ragwort 25, 34, 35 rape 54 red sunflower seed weevil 98, 104, 105 red locust, see Nomadacris septemfasciata Rhagoletis 198,266

indifferens 249 pomonella 98, 108-109, 116, 178, 198-

232, 234, 249 Rhopalosiphum spp. 36 Rhus 111 Rhynchosida physocalyx 157 Ribes 125 rice 5, 238-241 Rocky Mountain bitter cress 54-55 Rosa rugosa 234 Rosa 125, 234 Rosaceae 19, 32, 249 rose 46, 111 Rubiaceae 31 Rumex 191 Rutaceae 32, 38, 46, 232, 244, 245

Salix 44, 147, 270 saltbush 25 Sassafras albidum 220 Saturniidae 219, 278-279 scale insects 266-267,272 Scarabaeidae 115 Schinia 277 Schistocerca gregaria 6, 47, 86, 97, 99, 101,

107-108, 132-133, 139, 141, 145, 169, 196, 208-209

americana 72, 127, 131,133, 194-195, 216-218

Schizaphis graminum 36, 238-239 Schizolachnus pineti 180 Scirpus maritimus 168 Scrophulariaceae 231 Scutellaria 272

Taxonomic Index / 303

Sedum 147 seed corn maggot 181 seed chalcid 185 Senecio jacobaea 25, 31, 35

vulgaris 128 Sericothrips variabilis 116 silkworm, see Bombyx mori silver birch 179 Simmondsia 77, 79 small ermine moth, see Yponomeuta Smicronyx fulvus 98, 104-105 soapberry bug 279 Solanaceae 5, 6, 28, 31, 98, 99, 135,247,

249 Solanum angustifolium 249

berthaultii 121 dulcamara 135, 136, 143, 146 elaeagnifolium 7, 135-136, 236, 248-250 jamesii 146 rostratum 7,247-249 tuberosum 31, 135-136, 146, 247-249

Solidago 271 Sonchus 27 Sorghum 21, 32, 118, 123, 126, 238,239 sour cherry 266 soybean 120, 137, 249, 261-262 soybean thrips 116 spearmint 46 Sphingidae 278-279 Spiraea 183 spittle bug 120 Spodoptera 9, 143

exempta 88, 145 frugiperda 36 littoralis 6, 70-71,116, 143, 145, 177,

220, 222 litura 143

spotted alfalfa aphid, see Therioaphis mac- ulata

spruce sawfly 5 spruce 5 St. John's wort 5, 65 Stachys 99, 272 Stachysivora 272 Strychnos nux-vomica 31 sugar cane 249 sugarbeet root fly 116 sumac 42 sunflower 98, 104, 105 swallowtail butterfly, see Papilio sweet potato 99 sweet potato weevil 99

Syrbula montezuma 144

Taeniopoda eques 155-157, 167, 184, 223- 224

Tanymecus dilaticollis 142 tent caterpillar 181, 184, 230 Tephritidae 115,272 Tetanops myopaeformis 116 Tetranychus urticae 239, 274-275 Therioaphis maculata 5 Thripidae 115 Thrips pillichi 116 Thymus 27 tobacco 33, 35,244 tobacco budworm, see Heliothis virescens tobacco hornworm, see Manduca sexta tomato 37, 104, 135,136, 143,236-237,

244, 274-275 tomato fruitworm, see Heliothis virescens Trialeurodes vaporariorum 116 Trichoplusia ni 97-98, 148, 185,220-221 Trifolium 32, 34, 40, 154

repens 32 Trirhabda canadensis 99, 101 Tropaeolaceae 6, 50 Tropaeolum 221-222, 249 Tsuga canadensis 266 Tsugaspidiotus tsugae 266-267 tungro virus 182 turnip sawfly 137 Tyria jacobaeae 33, 132

Umbelliferae, see Apiaceae Uresiphita reversalis 133 Uroleucon 271,279-280 Utetheisa ornatrix 133

vegetable leafminer 116 Verbenaceae 137 Vicia 24, 154 Vigna sinensis 122 violet 178

Warburgia 47 webworm 36 western corn rootworm, see Diabrotica wheat 120, 169, 238,239 wild parsnip 45 wild lettuce 148 wild potato 121 willow 44, 180, 270 willow beetle 270

304 / Taxonomic Index

Xenocheila 70

yellow peach moth 181 Yponomeuta 145, 147

Zanthoxylum americanum 245 Zea mays 15, 174, 182, 209, 244 Zieria laevigata 32 Zonocerus 137-138, 148, 186--187 Zygophyllaceae 6, 262, 284

Subject Index*

abietic acid 47, 143 abiotic factors, host selection 183-185 absinthin 143 acceptor site 207 acceptor protein 63 acetaldehyde 98 acetic acid 24 acetylenes 26, 50, 53 across-fiber patterning 75 action potential 62-63, 65, 75, 136 adaptation, sensory 63, 74-75, 206, 225 alanine 130 alcohols 14-15, 17, 53, 122-123 aldehydes 14-15, 17 alkaloids 29-31, 33, 133, 137, 138, 143,

146-147, 182 alkanes 16-17, 122, 125-126 allelochemics, see secondary metabolites allyldisulfide 54 allylisothiocyanate 81-82, 98 amanitin 271 amines 29, 143 amino acids 18-22, 194

on leaf surface 122 phagostimulant 129-130

aminobutyric acid 130 amygdalin 32, 143 amyrin 17, 48 anemotaxis 100, 103 anethole 39 angelicin 38-39 angular furanocoumarins 39 anise 39 antenna 77, 81

host selection 122

monitoring airspeed 101 sensilla 66, 81, 83, 251

anthocyanins 35, 40-41, 147, 148 anthraquinone 133 anti-apostatic 170 aposematic 183-184 apparent plant 150-151, 173 arachidic acid 52 area restricted search 211 arginine 19 aristolochic acid 212 arousal 100, 106, 192, 207, 211-212 asarone 81-82, 98 ascorbic acid 25 asparagine 19 associative learning 127-129, 207-208, 211-

218 atropine 30-31 attractant 220

defined 96 attraction, genetic variation 236-237

odor-induced 97-107 aurones 41 autoecy 268-269 aversion learning 214-219, 225 axon 61-62, 89 azadirachtin 48, 72, 143 azetidinecarboxylic acid 29

bacteria 179, 181 bark 26, 40, 48 benzoic acids 37 benzylisothiocyanate 82 bergaptan 45 betacyanins 32

*References to illustrations and tables are italicized unless there are two or more successive pages

305

306 / Subject Index

betulin 143 biotype 238-241 biphenyl 106 bisabolene 47 bloom, wax 16 bornyl acetate 105-106 boundary layer 15, 122 brassicasterol 23 butanal 15 butanone 15 butein 41

caffeic acid 37-38, 133 caffeine 209-210 calcium oxalate 27 camphine 79 camphor 15 canavanine 29, 73, 143 carbohydrates 17, 22-24, 194-195,242 carbon:nitrogen ratio 42, 44 carbon dioxide 106 cardenolides 48, 50, 52, 121, 143 cardiac glycosides, see cardenolides carotenoid 46 carvone 15, 46, 81, 103, 143, 213 caryophyllene 15, 46-47 catalpol 46, 133 cellobiose 130 central nervous system 62-63, 73-74, 97,

102, 111, 126, 206, 224, 253, 283 central excitatory state 207, 211 chalcones 41 chemoreceptor, adaptation 63, 74-75, 225

contact 63-73, distribution 63-70, 81-83 function 63 genetic variation in response 250-251 numbers 66, 68-70, 81-84 olfactory 76-83 structure 63-64, 76 variability of response 70-74, 194, 220-

222, 224-225 chlorogenic acid 37, 39, L33 cholesterol 218 chordotonal organ 85-86 chromoprotein 87 chrysophanol 133 cinnamic acids 37-38, 133 citral 15, 46, 213,219-220 citric acid 23 citronellal 15 citrulline 22

clerodanes 47, 145 clerodendrin 47, 137, 143 cloves 39 coeloconic sensillum 76-78, 83 colchicine 31 color, of host 110-115

interacting with shape 108-109 color learning 213 color vision 88-90 compartmentalization of secondary metabolites

26-27, 33-34 competition 259, 265-267 compound eye 86-87, 89 conditioned stimulus 207 convallatoxin 251 corema 138 coumaric acid 38 coumarins 26, 35, 38-39, 42, 143 crop varieties 123-124, 238-240 crypsis 176, 259, 269, 271 cucurbitacins 49-50, 137 cuticle (plant) 16, 38 cutin 16 cyanidin 40-41, 143 cyanogenic glycosides 28, 31-34, 133, 143 cyanolipids 32 cytisine 30-31, 133 cytoplasmic hydrolysing enzymes 51, 53

damage effects in plants 33, 35, 42, 44, 54, 179-180

deme 243,246 demissine 146 dendrite 61-62, 64, 76, 84-86 desertification 263 deterrent 37, 121, 125-126, 138-147, 208,

210-211,220, 223,251-252 defined 96 defining host range 149, 273,280-282 effect of concentration 139-140, 142, 144-

145 evolution 273, 281 habituation to 209-210 harmless 210 oviposition 143, 178-179

deterrent cell 65, 72-73, 75, 145, 147, 282 detoxification 223, 273-275 dhurrin 31-32, 143 diallyldisulfide 54 diallylsulfide 54 diapause 190-191, 193,277-278 diet mixing 194-195, 218

Subject Index / 307

diet breadth 4-12 evolution of 258-284

digestive physiology 273-274 dihydroxydanaidal 98 diketones 17 dimethyldisulfide 54, 82 dimethylstyrene 106 diosgenin 49 dipropyl disulfide 82, 98, 104, 106, 118 disjunct oligophagy 6 distribution area of plants 261-262 disulfides 51 diterpenes 26, 28, 47, 143,145 drimanes 47, 145 drought, effects on plants 19, 49 dulcitol 22

egg load and food selection 194, 197-199, 226

egg mimic 178 electroantennogram (EAG) 77-79, 81-82, 251 endophyte 181-182 endophytic fungi 33, 42 erucic acid 50, 52 essential oils 46 esters 14-17 ethanol 98 ethyl butyrate 98 eugenol 39, 82 euryphagy 4 experience, effects of 206-226, 250 extrafloral nectary 182 exudate of leaf 121

falcarinol 53, 127 falcarinone 53 farnesene 121 famesol 48 fatty acids 16-17, 52-53, 125 fennel 39 fertilizer effects 19, 21, 43, 54 ferulic acid 37-38 fiavones 41 flavonoids 37, 40-42, 133, 135, 143 flavonoid glycosides 17, 28, 40, 133 flavonols 37, 41 floral odor 39, 46 flower color 32, 37, 40 food deprivation 175, 176, 192-193 food aversion learning 194, 197, 214-219 foraging 155, 156, 167, 174 foraging efficiency 211,214, 219

formic acid 24 frequency-dependent food selection 167, 169-

170 fructosan 22-23 fructose 22, 64-65, 130, 251-252 fungi, odors affecting oviposition 181 furanocoumarins 28, 38, 42, 45, 128 furanose sugar 64-65

galeal sensilla 65-68, 71, 145, 147, 251 gallic acid 38, 41 genetic drift 243 genetic variation, insect, between populations

243-250 insect, within population 231-243, 265 plant 34-35, 37, 43, 49-51

geraniol 46 glandular trichomes 27-28 glucobrassicin 127 glucocapparin 53 glucose 22, 64-65, 72, 130, 132, 134, 251 glucosinolates 6, 15, 51-54, 65, 104, 127,

133-134, 143,249-250 glucotropaeolin 53, 251 glutamate 19 glutamine 22 glutathione 19 glycolipids 23 gossypol 27, 46, 133, 143, 147 graminivory 70, 77-79, 144, 167-168, 185-

186, 188-189, 193-194, 209, 262, 269, 275, 281

grass, deterrents in 149 green odor, see green leaf volatiles green leaf volatiles 15, 77-80, 82, 104, 179 gregarious behavior 148, 181, 183, 186-187

habitat and host selection 166-178 habituation 206,208-210, 225 hardness of food, perception of 85-86 headspace odor 15 hentriacontane 17 hentriacontanol 17 heptanol 15 heritability 231-232, 236 heteroecy 268-269 hexacosanal 17 hexacosane 17 hexacosanol 17, 125 hexacosyl hexadecanoic acid 17 hexadecanoic acid 17 hexanal 15, 77, 82, 104

308 / Subject Index

hexanol 15, 77, 80, 82, 104 hexanyl acetate 15 hexenal 15, 80, 104, 250, 252 hexenol 15, 80, 82, 104, 250, 252 hexenyl acetate 80, 104, 250, 252 hexoses 22 hexyl acetate 82 hexyl propionate 98 histamine 29 honeydew 177, 182, 238, 240 bordenine 29, 72, 143 host, alternation between 191-192

availability of 244-248 expansion of use 249-250 evolution of range 241 race 232, 249-250 range 4-13, 149, 273,258-284 shift 226, 249

hydrocarbons 16-17, 50, 53 hydrogen cyanide 31-32, 148, 186-187 hydroxybenzaldehyde 17, 125 hydroxybenzoic acid 37-38, 143 hyoscyamine 146 hypericin 65, 133

imperatorin 45 imprinting 208 indole alkaloid 31 induction of preference 208, 219-223, 225 inositol 130 insect size 260-261 interactions, conspecific 178-179

interspecific 179-181 mtercropping 104 inulin 22 lonone 106 iridoids 46, 132 isoboldine 143 isofemale lines 233-236 isoflavonoids 40, 41 lsopimpinellin 45 isoprene unit 46 isothiocyanates 15, 51-53, 104

juglone 41

ketone 14-17, 53, 122

labelled line 75 labrum 129 lactone 14, 46 landing, odor induced 106

latex 26, 28, 47, 121, 148 laticifers 27, 121, 148 leaf boundary layer 15, 122 leaf color 110-115, 118, 182, 185 leaf odor 121-122 leaf orientation 118-119 leaf reflectance 110--115, 185 leaf shape, in oviposition 118-119, 152-154 leaf surface,

behavior on 120, 123-126 chemicals, perception 123, 126 chemistry and specificity 149 feeding 123, 137 host selection 122-128

leaf thickness 189 leaf toughness 120 leaf wax 120, 122-125 learning 167, 172-173, 194, 206-226

in oviposition 110, 116-117, 153-154 leucoanthocyanins 41 life history and host range 276-278 life-history constraints 187-192 lignans 39 lignin 37 limonene 46, 105 limonin 49 limonoid triterpene 48 linalool 46, 80 linarnarin 31-32, 133 linear furanocoumafins 39 linoleic acid 25, 52 linolenic acid 25, 52 lipids 16-18, 23-25 lotaustralin 31-32 luteolin glucoside 126, 133

magnesium 25 malic acid 23 maltose 130 mandible 85-85, 188-190, 248,278-279 mandibular gape 120, 188-189 mannitol 22 mating rendezvous 177, 179, 267-269 mechanoreception 84-86, 101 menthol 46 mescaline 29 mesophyll feeding 10, 12, 192 methionine 51, 130 methyl salicylate 80 methylisoeugenol 82 methylallyldisulphide 54 methylsalicylate 80

Subject Index / 309

microorganisms 178-179, 181-182 monocrotaline 133 monoculture 174 monophagy, see also host range 5, 77-79,

139, 144, 264, 267, 281-282 attraction by odor 97-99 chemicals defining host range 132-134,

142, 149 defined 4 ecological 7, 166 taxonomic occurrence 7-9

monoterpenes 14-15, 26-28, 46, 132-133, 143

morphine 31 morphology 259, 278-280 motivation 192 mouthpart sensilla 66-70 mucopolysaccharide 63 mustard oils 51-53 mutualism 182-183 myrosinase 51, 53

naphthyl glucoside 251 naringin 41 nectar 177, 185, 190, 268 nectar feeding 110-111, 113, 153-154 neophilia 217, 223 nepetalactone 46 neuron 61-69, 72-81, 83-86, 123, 135-136,

207, 282 nicotine 26, 30, 31, 143 nicotine hydrogen tartrate (NHT) 143-144,

197, 208-209 nitrate 22 nitrogen (nutrient) see protein, amino acid nitrogen-containing compounds 28-37 nitrogen-fixing bacteria 19 nona-2, 6-dienal 15 nonacosane 17 nonacosanol 17 nonacosanone 17 nonenal 106 nonprotein amino acids 26, 28-29, 143 noradrenaline 29 nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) 39, 133,

143-144, 147 novelty and host selection 223-224 nucleotide 129-130 nutrient imbalance 193-194 nutrients 18-25, 128-132 nutrition 192-194 nutritional compensation 71, 193-194

ocellus 87, 89 octacosanol 125 octanol 15 odor, and see volatiles

attraction by 97-107 dispersion 100 distance perception 106 gradient 97, 106--107 interaction with vision 103, 110, 112, 114,

117-118 learning 214-215 masking of 104, 106, 176

oil glands 28 oleandrin 49 oleic acid 50 olfaction 76-84 olfaction, variation in sensory response 250 olfactory receptors 76-84, 107, 122 oligophagy, see also host range 5-6, 77, 79,

144, 281 attraction by odor 97-99 chemicals defining host range 132-135,

139, 141-142 defined 4 sensitivity to deterrents 142-145 taxonomic occurrence 7-9

ommatidium 86--90 ontogeny and food choice 187-191,276-278 opportunistic feeding 167-168, 186, 189 optomotor reaction 101-103 organic acids 23-25, 50-51 orientation to odor source 100-103, 106-107 oviposition, chemical stimulation 132, 147

deterrence 143, 178-179 genetic variation 233-237,244-245, 247-

248 in the field 150-155 heritability 232 larval fitness 95, 153, 155, 172-173, 276 leaf color 114-115, 117 leaf shape 107, 152-154 leaf surface chemistry 125-127, 149 learning 152-155, 173,212-213 marking pheromone 178-179, 198-199 microorganisms affecting 178-179, 181 on nonhosts 178-179, 197-198 plant distribution 170-177 plant phenology 264-265 restricting host range 6-7 selection experiments 241-242 temperature effects 185 wavelength of light 110-111, 113

310 / Subject Index

ovipositor sensilla 66, 68 oxalic acid 24-25

palpation 122-125, 127-128,212 parasites 172, 271 parenchyma 10, 12, 20, 192 parthenogenesis 268-269 patch size 171, 174 paternal inheritance 236 pectin 16 pentanone 15 pentose sugars 128 phagosimulant 37, 128-137, 142, 147, 251-

252 defined 96 effect of concentration 131-132, 140, 144 secondary compounds 131-135 surface wax 125

phagostimulant/deterrent balance 139, 140, 145, 149, 253

pharmacophagy 137-138 phenols 14, 37, 44, 143 phenol oxidase 121 phenolics 17, 28, 37-45, 121, 133 phenolic acids 25, 37-38 phenolic glycoside 44 phenology of insects 172 phenology of plants 173, 176, 232 phenylalanine 130 phenylpropanoids 37-39, 133, 143 pheromone, aggregation 179

aphrodisiac 138 oviposition marking 178, 266 precursor 137, 138 receptor 81

phloem 20 amino acids in 19 feeding from 10, 12, 196 sugar in 22

phloridzin 40-41, 133, 145, 147 phospholipid 23, 129, 130 photoactivation 38 phylloplane 17 phylogeny 259, 272-273, 277-278 physical features of plant 118-121 physiology of insects and host selection 191-

199 phytecdysteroids 48 phytosterols 23,216, 218 pinene 46, 79-80, 105 pinnitol 19, 22

pipecolic acid 29 plant abundance 167-170, 173,258,261-263

damage, see also damage effects 179-180 density 170-171, 173, 175-176 disease 182 distribution 170-172, 174, 176 phenology 264-265 quality 95-96, 153, 156

plate organ 76, 83 polarized light 185 pollen 177, 190, 264 polyacetylenes 50, 51, 127 polyculture 174 polymorphism 232 polyphagy, see also host range 6, 77, 79, 131,

137, 139, 142, 144, 167-169, 186, 219, 221,223,244, 261-262, 265,268, 281

advantages of 258 attraction by odor 97-99, 103 chemicals defining host range 139, 141-

142, 149 defined 4, 6 genetic variation 236 sensitivity to deterrents 142, 145 taxonomic occurrence 7-8 trenching behavior 148

polyphenol oxidase 41, 121 population variations 243-250 populin 132-133 pore plate 76 post-ingestive effects of chemicals 197, 208,

216-217,219 postingestive physiology 259, 273-276 potassium 25 predation 268-271 predator 172, 182, 185 predictability of food and learning 225 pro-apostatic selection 169-170 proline 19, 29, 75, 130-131 propanal 15 propyl hexanoate 98 propyldisulfide 54, 81-82 propylthiosulfinate 98 protein, in plant 18-21, 177, 187

insect requirement 188, 190, 193-195,242 aversion to low levels 216-217 not tasted 129

protocatechuic acid 37-38 prunasin 32 psoralen 38-39 pyranose sugar 64-65

Subjec t lndex / 311

pyridine alkaloids 30-31 pyrrolizidine alkaloids 30-31, 33, 35, 137-

138

quercetin 40--41 quercitol 22 quercitrin 133 quinic acid 37 quinine 28, 30-31,217 quinoline alkaloids 30-31 quinolizidine alkaloids 28, 30-31, 34 quinones 40-42, 133

random movement in host-finding 173-174 raphides 24, 27 receptor potential 61-63, 65, 87 reflectance patterns, see also leaf 111, 113-

114 repellent 106, 176

defined 96 reproductive behavior 259, 267-268 resin 47, 79, 121, 148 resin canals 26, 28, 121., 148 resource availability 258,261-264 reversion line 274-275 fibose 130 ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase 18 risk spreading behavior 172 roosting behavior 184, 186 rostrum length 279-280 rotenone 41 rutin 40-41, 131, 133

salicin 43-44, 133, 143, 220, 250-251 salicylaldehyde 270 saponins 48 search image 282 secondary metabolites 25-56

enzymic release 26-28, 31, 51, 53 in latex 121 microdistribution 26-27, 33-34 as phagostimulants 131-135

seeds 20, 23, 26, 28-29, 38, 42, 45 selection experiments 239-243 senecionine 3 t sense cells, see neuron sensitivity of chemoreceptor 194 sensitivity to deterrents 280-282 sensitization 127, 207,210-212, 223, 225 sensory adaptation 63, 75,206 sensory coding 73-76

sensory perception of chemicals 62-71 sensory processing 259, 280-283 sequestering chemicals for defense 48, 137,

270 serine 130 serotonin 29 sesamin 39 sesquiterpene lactones 28, 46-47, 50 sesquiterpenes 14, 26, 28, 47, 133, 143 sexual behavior in food selection 186 sexual differences in food selection 190, 193-

194 sexual difference in response to odor I01 sign stimulus, defining host 132-135, 149 sinalbin 251,253 sinapic acid 38 sinigrin 53, 73-75, 110, 112-113, 116-117,

131, 133-135, 143, 212, 251 sitosterol 23,218 smell, sense of, see olfaction sodium 25 soladucine 143, 146 solanine 30-31, 146 sorbitol 22 sorbose 130 sparteine 133 spice 39 spinasterol 23 stachyose 22 starch 22-23 stearolic acid 53 stem mimic 176 stemmata 89-91 stenophagy 4 sterculic acid 52 steroids 23, 40, 48 steroidal alkaloids 30-31 steroidal glycosides 48 sterol 46, 48, 194, 216, 218 stigmasterol 23 strychnine 31, 73, 75,250-251,253 sucrose 22, 24

perception 67, 71-75, 126, 128, 130-131, 140, 251-252

sugar 22-23, 134, 192, 194 effects of concentration 129, 131-132, 140,

252 on leaf surface 122

sugar alcohols 22 sulfides 15, 54 sulfones 54

312 / Subject Index

sulfoxides 54 sulfur dioxide 19 sulfur-containing compounds 51-54 surface waxes 16-18, 122-128 survival 153, 155, 172-173, 187 symbiote 181 sympatric speciation 237 synapse 61,206-207 synergism 132, 134-135

tannins 27-28, 37, 40-44, 133, 143 tannic acid 133, 143 tarsal drumming 110, 113, 153 tarsal sensilla 65, 68, 72, 86, 123, 126 tartaric acid 24 taste, see chemoreceptor terpenes 15, 26 terpenoids 15, 45-50, 104 territorial behavior 143, 186 tetrabutylisothiocyanate 82 thermoregulation 183-186 thiophenes 54 thirst 192 tomatine 37, 140, 146 touch 84-86 toxic effects 216 transduction 61 tremuloiden 4 3 ~ 4 trenching behavior 148 trichome 15, 27-28

affecting behavior 120-121 density 280 glandular 120

triglycerides 23 triterpenes 26, 28, 143 triterpenoids 47-50, 123 triterpenoid, limonoid 48 tropane alkaloid 30-31 tropolone alkaloid 31 tryptamine 29 tubular body 84-85 tyramine 29

tyrosine 130

ultraviolet light 110, 112 ultraviolet sensitivity 88 umbelliferone 38-39 unconditioned stimulus 207 ursolic acid 17, 48

vacuole 16, 26, 28, 32, 40 vanillic acid 37 variation, in levels of carbohydrates 23-25

in levels of glucosinolates 54 in levels of phenolics 42-45 in levels of nitrogenous secondary metabo-

lites 32-37 in levels of proteins 19, 21 in levels of terpenoids 48-51

vision 86-90 in optomotor reaction 101 interaction with odor 103, 110, 112, 114,

117-118 vismione 143 visual acuity 89-91, I03, 107 visual attraction 107-117 visual pigment 87-88, 90 vitamin A 87 volatiles 14--16

warburganol 47 water intake by insects 194-196 water trap 103, 110, 112 wavelength discrimination 88-90 wavelength-specific behavior 111, 113 wavelength of light 110-113 wax, see also leaf surface 15-18, 26, 28, 38 wilting affecting leaf acceptability 148 within plant selection 184-185

xanthinin 47 xylem 12, 12, 20, 22, 26, 196 xylose 130

zierin 32

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