agha

agruq

alachuq

amir

amirzdda

ash

atiikii

bahadur

bakhshi

baraun ghar

basmala

batman

beg

Glossary of Titles and Terms

Princess, often appended as a title of respect for ladies of high rank, espe-cially wives and daughters of the Timurids.

Baggage train, including accompanying wives, other females and camp-followers. It is important to remember that the Timurids maintained theirseminomadic heritage and never trusted urban buildings, preferring to carryall their possessions, including their treasuries and valuables, with them inthe agruq at all times. To the victor in a battle belonged the spoils of theagruq, including objets d'art, jewel-encrusted vessels and illuminatedmanuscripts.

A Central Asian style trellis tent. The normal Persian equivalent is khargiih.

High military title, commander; equivalent to the Turkish beg; as a title,amtr precedes the given name. In later Timurid times amir was shortened tomir and as such is often part of a given name, e.g., Mir-Ali. Amir al-umara:commander-in-chief, principal officer.

See mirzd.

Food in general, stews with some sort of noodle in particular. Ash was cus-tomarily distributed to the population at large at funerals and on the fortiethday after a death.

Lord tutor, regent; the noble appointed as guardian and tutor to a prince.

From the Mongolian bagatur, or ba' atur (hero), a loan-word in Persianfrom Mongol times as bahiidur; as a military title of high merit it followsthe given name.

Originally, in Mongol times, bakhshi designated Buddhist monks andteachers. In the Timurid era the term came to mean Turkish secretaries andscribes, who kept records and prepared documents in the Uighur script.Their Persian counterparts were called nivisanda.

Seeqol.The formula bi-smi 'Iliihi 'I-rahmdni 'l-rahtm (in the name of God thecompassionate, the merciful), used in the Islamic world to initiate any action.

A Turkish weight equivalent to the maund, which varied greatly accordingto time and place, usually around 3 kg.

Literally "lord"; Turkish equivalent to amir, q.v.; follows given name.

379

380

begim

bey

bitigchibark

chahiir-

chapar

charqab

chdrsii

chdrsuffa

chartdq

chihil suuin

diigiilii

dar al-harb

darugha

debacha

dhikr

dinar

divan

A CENTIJRY OF PRINCES

Literally "my lady," feminine equivalent of beg. By association with khanim> khanum, q.v., the word was later naturalized in Indo-Persian as begumand follows the given name.

Uzbek for beg )

Scribe, secretary.

A cap, usually of felt, with low or high crown and turned-up brim.

For all compounds with chahiir-, see chdr-,

A man-sized, portable shield.

A garment of gold brocade, "peculiar to the kings of Transoxiana," as thedictionaries define it. The exact configuration is unknown.

"Crossroads," the central marketplace in a city.

Four-sided chamber with arched recesses in each of the four walls.

Pavilion, or kiosk, formed of four arches supporting a dome.

An architectural type, consisting of portico and columns, often with a re-flecting pool. Literally chihil sutiin means "forty columns," but the connota-tion is "many-pillared."

A short-sleeved, brocaded garment.

"War zone," non-Muslim areas in which holy war could be waged.

Commissioner, prefect.

An elaborate decorative element in book illumination. Originally the termdebdcha, or debiija (an Arabicization of the Middle Persian debag), mean-ing "brocade," appears to have referred to any illumination of the round andoval types that later, especially in India, became known as shamsa (q.v.).The term debacha refers not only to frontispiece illumination, includingdouble frontispieces, but also to the text of prefaces and introductions,which were highly "brocaded" rhetorically and began on the illuminatedpages.

Sufi meditative session. In some orders musical accompaniment and danc-ing were integral to the dhikr; in others only silent dhikr was permitted.

A silver coin. In Transoxiana the Kepeki dinar (so called after Kebek Khan,r. 1318-26) weighed 8 grams and was divided into 6 dirhems.s

(1) A collection of a poet's works. (2) The administrative apparatus of akingdom; also the office of the chief fiscal and administrative officers. Un- .der the Timurids a dual divan system was operative: the Persian Divan,called both the Tajik Divan and the Sart Divan, staffed by Persians, dealtwith fiscal and general administration, while the Turkish Divan, staffed byTurks, was responsible for the military.

lAt some point the Turkic e » i in Uzbek; hence bey> bi(y). Since it is not known whether the shifthad occurred by the fifteenth century, all the so-called "closed e" vowels are transcribed as e.

2Bert Fragner, "Social and Internal Economic Affairs," Cambridge History of Iran, VI, 558.

el

farrtish

firangi

ghajarchi

ghazal

ghiizi

ghichak

ghol

l;adith

ichld

'tdgah

inaq

islimi

jartbjiitii

jiiun ghar

ioctnkatttira

kiivurgii

khamsa

khan

khiinaqiih

khanim

khiinziida

GLOSSARY OF TITLES AND TERMS 381

People, tribe. See also ulus.

The court official who supervised the pitching and furnishing of tents.

One of the classic motifs of Persian design (literally, "Frankish, European").

Reconnoiterer, tracker, pathfinder, guide.

A monorhyme Persian verse form, usually amatory in tone and vocabulary,consisting of five to twelve lines.

"Warrior for the faith," ghiizi was the title awarded to rulers who stagedraids or waged holy war on the dar al-harb (q.v.),

A small viol.

See qol.

The body of the Prophet Muhammad's sayings.

A member of a prince's inner circle; his comrade and confidant.

A place, generally some distance outside of town, for large numbers ofpeople to congregate for holiday prayers, usually with a wall containing amihriib and a pulpit.

Comrade, advisor.

Vine-and-tendril motif in illumination, the term isltmt was often changed toisliimi (Islamic) to accord with khaf{i'i (Cathaian, Chinese),firangi (Frank-ish, European), and band-i rumi (Anatolian knot), other basic motifs ofillumination.

A measure of area, approximately 960 square meters.

Literally "bandit," jiitii was the term applied by Chaghatayid Turks to Mon-golians and un-Islamicized Mughuls, who in tum called the Chaghatays qa-raunas (half-breeds).

See qol.

Guest of honor.

An Indian double-hilted dagger (Hindi katar, Sanskrit kauarah).

A very large military kettledrum.

"Quintet," generally refers to one of the two most famous collections of fivemathnawis by Amir Khusraw of Delhi and Nizami of Ganja.

Shortened form of the Mongolian qagan (or qa' an, emperor, from whichare also derived khaqan, q.v., and qa' an). During the Timurid period thistitle is applied only to ruling descendants of Genghis Khan.

A Sufi "chapterhouse."

Literally "my khan," feminine equivalent to khan; title for daughters ofkhans. As the i sound is foreign to Persian, the word was naturalized inPersian as khiinum.

Title for any offspring-of a khan; often used as a title in lieu of the givenname for daughters of khans, as the many Khanzada Khanuns.

382

khiiqan

kharwar

khatai

khatunkhutba

khwdja

kiuibkhdna

kOlkotwalkUkaitash3

karagan

kutubkhanalangarlawl:z.(a)madrasamanglaymalik •

A CENTURY OF PRINCES

From the Mongolian qagan (emperor). The title khdqdn-i sa'td (felicitousemperor) was often applied to Shahrukh; khaqan-! mansiir (victorious em-peror) was Sultan-Husayn's epithet.

A large measure of weight, approximately 300 kg.; the older "small khar-war" is 83.3 kg.

One of the classic motifs of Persian design (literally, "Cathaian, Chinese").

Lady, princess.

The proclamation read during the congregational Friday prayer in which thename of the reigning monarch is given. The khutba and coinage were theprimary means of proclaiming the independent, autonomous rule of a sov-ereign in a given area.

A title of learning and respect.

Workshop, atelier in which the arts of the book were practiced. Althoughbooks may sometimes have been stored in the kitdbkhdna, they were gen-erally kept in a khizana (treasury, storeroom).

Lake, morass.

Warden of a fort.

Milk brother or sister, equivalent to the Persian hamshira. The bond createdbetween children nursed by the same woman was strong in Turko-Iraniansociety.

From the Mongolian karagan (son-in-law); the title adopted by Timur whenhe married Saray Malik Khanirn, the daughter of the Genghisid Qazan Sul-tan Khan of the Ulus Chaghatay, The title was also adopted by Timur'sdescendants who married Genghisid princesses (khanzadas, q.v.), e.g.,Miranshah Kuragan, who married Sevin Beg Khanzada Khanirn, thedaughter of Aq Sufi Qonqirat; Ulughbeg Ktiragan, who married both AqiSultan Khanika, the daughter of Sultan Mahmud Khan (Ogedei), and HusnNigar Khanika, the daughter of Sham'-i Jahan Khan (Chaghatay); SultanAbu-Sa'id Ktiragan, who married Khanzada Begim, the daughter of theUzbek Abu'l-Khayr Khan (Jochi); and Mirza Muzaffar-Husayn Kuragan,who married Ahmad Khan's daughter, Khanzada Khanim. The titlekiiriigiin (> kiirgiin) was naturalized in Persian as gilrkdn and appears inOttoman as gilrkan.

Variant of kitiibkhdna (q.v.).

A Sufi establishment in which meals were prepared for the indigent.

Rectangular illuminated chapter heading. See sarlawh."Seminary," institution of higher religious learning.

Vanguard of the Turco-Mongolian army. See qol.Large-scale landowner.

3This word is also read as kokiiltash (Doerfer, TMEN. §343). I have followed Sir Gerard Clauson(Etymological Dictionary, p. 732) in reading kiikiiltiish.

mathnawt

mafia'

maw/dna

mihrdb

mir

mirza

mithqdl

mOchiilgii

morchal

mufarrib

muhaddith

muhtasib

mujdwir

mujtahid

mulld

musalsal

naqabchf

naqtira

naqib

naqsh

GLOSSARY OF TITLES AND TERMS 383

A Persian verse form, usually narrative and without limit as to length, con-sisting of rhyming couplets.

Thefirst line of a ghazal.

Arabic for "our lord," a title of respect for learned persons; often shortenedto mulld.Niche in the wall of a mosque to indicate the direction of prayer (qibla,q.v.).

Shortened form of amir, q.v. Also occurs as an integral part of certain givennames, e.g., Mir-Ali.

Shortened form of amirzdda (amir's son), the title given during the Timuridperiod to all descendants of Amir Timur. Amongst the Uzbeks and Turco-mans the title meant simply son of an amir.

A measure of weight, 4.6 grams in the 16th century,"

A legal obligation.

Also molchar, from the Mongolian boljar, the time and place of an agreed-upon encounter, hence "station" (see Doerfer, TMEN, I, 107).

A digestive and refreshing concoction, often laced with intoxicants and nar-cotics.

Specialist in the haduh, q.v.

Enforcer of public morals and inspector of commercial weights and mea-sures.

A person in residence, temporarily or permanently, at a shrine or holy place.

The highest grade of jurisprudence; a jurisprudent (faqih) who reached therank of mujtahid was theoretically able to exercise "independent judgment"to make a legal decision. Although Shiites still recognize mujtahids today,the grade had ceased to have practical meaning in the Sunni world by thetime of the Timurids.

Shortened form of mawlana, q.v.

A type of script in which all letters are connected to each other, in defianceof the nonnative rules of Arabic script.

A specialist in tunneling into fortresses.

A pair of small timpani; the privilege of having naqdra beaten was awardedto high-ranking military officials and princes. The entire equipage of timpaniand timpanists is referred to as naqdrakluina.

Dean of the sayyids of a city or an area.

Design, illumination, painting (by implication, nonfigural). Nonfiguralpainters are called naqqash. Cf. taswtr, tadhhib.

4See Walther Hinz, Islamische Masse und Gewichte (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955), p. 6.

384

nasta'liq

nawrozl

nithdr

nokiir

noyan

ogiUgli

o/ling

ordu

ptidishdh.

peshkash

qabaq

qa/paq

qarau/

. qastdaqib/a

qit'a

qizilbasb

qo/, goo/

A CENTURY OF PRINCES

A fluid calligraphic style that developed ca. A.D. 1400, characterized byplacement of individual graphic units approximately on a 30° bias to thehorizontal base line.

Garments awarded as special favor by a prince at the Persian New Year(nawroz).

Coins and semi-precious jewels scattered over the bride and groom, as wellas guests, at a wedding feast. See also sachiq.

Liegeman, associate, companion. This term was naturalized in Persian asnawkar and came to mean servant. During the Timurid period it indicated aprince's liegemen and close companions who were not of beg rank.

Mongolian for prince. In the Timurid period noyan was a high military title.

Money distributed among soldiers, either as an incentive or, more com-monly, as a reward after a battle or conquest.

Grassy meadow, grazing pasture.

The Turco-Mongolian army camp. Ordu is the origin of the English"horde."

Independent, autonomous ruler of a domain.

"Offering," gift, tribute. The offering of cash and/or luxury goods expectedfrom anyone granted audience with a ruler.

Literally "gourd," the term refers to the gourd mounted on a pole, whichwas originally used as target in mounted archery practice. By extension theterm refers to the game as a whole.>

Mongolian type fur hat.

Scout, patrol.

A monorhyme verse form, generally eulogistic .

Direction toward the Ka'ba in Mecca, the direction of Muslim prayer.

(1) Occasional poem. (2) A calligraphic specimen, sample of calligraphy.Samples of nasta 'liq consist generally of two or three lines of poetry writtendiagonally on the page; other styles are written horizontally.

Literally "red-head," the term was used to designate members of the SafavidOrder, who wore a high-peaked red felt cap under their turbans.

Central body of the Turco-Mongolian army. The qo/ was divided into rightwing (ong qol), center and left wing (sol qol), flanked by the right flank,(Mongolian baraun ghar> Persian bardnghdr) and the left flank (Mongo-

5An excellent illustration of the qabaq game, with the tall pole on which the target was set andmounted archers, is reproduced in E. Yu. Yusupov, ed., Alisher Navoiy asarlariga ishlangan rasmlar:XV-XIX asrlar (Tashkent: Fan, 1982), plate 221. The line of poetry by Mir Ali-Sher incorporated into theillustration is: Kim ki sarkasrak, ~aviidi~ oqiga kopriik hadaf I osbu ~iilalni qabaq a~viili"dinqilgrl ~isiib(The higher one's head is reared, the more one becomes a target for the arrows of [untoward] events:calculate this situation from the state of the qabaq).

GLOSSARY OF TITLES AND lERMS 385

lianjiiiin ghar> Persianjawiinghiir). For the Mongolian, Turco-Mongolianand Safavid tactical arrays, see Doerfer, TMEN, IV, pp. 82-92, who givesthe following diagram as an idealized representation of the Timurid tacticalarray:

Left Flank Right Flank

qorchi

qulavuzqurultayquib

rikdbkhdna

sachiqsadr~dbib-qirdn

sardparda

sarlawh

sayyid

shamsa

Reconnoiterers

Scouts

I Vanguard

IRight Wing

Vanguard

Left Wing Center

IRear Guard I

Arms bearer, from the Mongolian for quiver-bearer.

Scout, advance patrol.

Assembly of nobles, council; jamboree.s

In Sufi belief the qutb (pole) is the chief of the 360 saints of the age; byvirtue of his existence the universe is held together.

Section of a military camp where armor and other accoutrements are kept.

The Turkish equivalent to nithar, q.v.

Administrator and supervisor of religious endowments.

Literally "lord of the conjunction," Timur's title refers to the conjunction ofthe two lucky stars, Venus and Jupiter, under which he supposedly wasborn.

An enclosure made by stretching cloth on poles driven in the ground, thesariiparda creates private spaces within a camp.

The first or main lawb (q.v.) in a book, usually much more elaboratelyornamented than subsequent lawhs. Cf. debdcha.

A descendant of the prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima andher husband Ali ibn Abi- Talib's sons, Hasan and Husayn. Sayyids oc-cupied a position of great respectability and venerability in Turco-Iraniansociety.

Sunburst medallion, burnished gold roundel.

6The word qurultay was taken into Chaghatay from the Mongolian quriltay (see Doerfer, TMEN.§305) and it is often spelled as quriltay, but in the majority of instances in Timurid sources, particularlyearlier sources like Yazdi's Zafarnama, it is spelled plene-and was doubtlessly pronounced-as qurultay.

386 A CENTURY OF PRINCES

shar't A linear measurement equivalent to approximately two miles, the exact dis-tance depending upon the terrain.

shart'a Islamic law.

shdhnishin A raised platform or dais, sometimes provided with sides and a back.

sharif A descendant of the Bani-Hashim clan, to which the prophet Muhammadbelonged.

sultan A title often awarded princes when they were made provincial governors;also occurs as an integral part of some given names, e.g., Muhammad-Sul-tan, Sultan-Husayn.

tadhhib Gilding, limning, illumination. The limner, or illuminator, is called mu-dhahhib, and the term, like the English limner, originally referred to theartisans who did the gold fill and gilding in illumination; later it was looselyused for painter and artist in general.

tahrtr (1) "Contour," a fine black (or other color) outline around words andshapes. (2) Writing, calligraphy; originally meant a clean copy of a docu- .ment.

ta'liq A chancery calligraphic style characterized by a severely slanting line and"shorthand" connections between all letters within a word. In Ottomanusage the word ta 'liq refers to nasta 'liq; the ta'ltq style is called dtwdnt.

tamgha A sales and customs tax instituted by the Mongols and hence consideredun-Islamic by the ulema.

tanga(cha) A silver coin introduced by Timur. The Shahrukhid tanga weighed 4.72grams.

tiirkiin Female title of high rank.

tarkhan A Turco-Mongolian class of special favor to which one could be nominatedby the ruler. Tarkhans were exempted from normal taxation and interferencein their lands, which were inherited and did not revert to the crown upon thedeath of the holder, as a normal fief did; they had immediate access to theruler at any time, and they were exempted from prosecution for up to nineoffenses.

taswtr Depiction, loosely used for painting in general, but normally implies figuralpainting. Figural painters are called musawwir, siiratgar and chihra-gushii(y). Cf. naqsh, tadhhib.

Toqmaq The Chaghatay designation of the Uzbeks.

toquz Turkish for "nine," toquz means the nine, or ninefold, gifts presented to aruler during audience. Also, any set of nine.

toshiik Mattress, cloth or carpet upon which the ruler sat while holding a receptionor court. As a special mark of favor, a guest could be invited to sit with theprince on his toshdk.

tovachi A military officer in charge, among other things, of the muster; troop in-spector.

toy Feast, banquet.

tiiman

tugh

tura

tuyugb

uljamishi

ulus

uruq

Uwaysi

wiili

·yasa,yasaq

yasaqi

yasaul

yurt

GLOSSARY OF TITLES AND TERMS 387

(1) A unit of currency designating 10,000 dinars. (2) An administrativearea.

Yak- or horsetail standard awarded to high-ranking military commanders.

A defensive line formed of iron rods and plates fastened together withchains and hooks.

A Turkic verse form.

A type of kowtow, homage.

"Nation" in a geographical sense, a coalition of various tribes within a givenarea. In Timurid texts usually only the Chaghatayid ulus is referred to. Cf.el.

Clan, family, household.

A Sufi who was initiated into Sufism not by a living shaykh but either bythe spirit of a dead shaykh or by Khizr, the master par excellence of "mas-terless" Sufis. The term is derived from a contemporary of the prophetMuhammad, Uways Qarani, who believed in the prophet without ever hav-ing seen him and performed extraordinary acts of mortification.

Superintendent of a religious trust; also ruler of an area administeredthrough the religious foundations.

Mongolian custom, Genghisid law; (death) penalty.

Soldier.

Sergeant at arms.

Camp site, station, dwelling place.

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Abu'I-FazI. The Akbar Nama. Translated by H.Beveridge. 3 vols. Calcutta: Asiatic Society,1907-1939.

Afshar, Ira]. Bibliographie des catalogues desmanuscrits persans. Tehran, 1958.

Ahmad al-Husayni al-Mashhadi, Mlr Sayyid.Part of his Introduction to Arnie Ghayb BegAlbum (Istanbul, TSM H.2161), reproduced in

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Ahmad ibn' Arabshah, Tamerlane, or Timur theGreat Amir. Translated by J. H. Sanders.London: Luzac & Co., 1936.

Ahmad Ibrahiml Husaynl Qummi, Qadi Mlr,Gulistan-i hunar: Tadhkira-i khwashniwtsanu naqqashan. Edited by Ahmad Suhayli-Khwansari. Intisharat-i Bunyad-i Farhang-iIran, 149. Tehran: Zar, 1352. English trans-lation: Calligraphers and Painters. Translatedby V. Minorski. Freer Gallery of Art Occa-sional Papers, vol. 3, no. 2. Washington,1959.

Akimushkin, Oleg F. "Iz istorii kul'tury Irana,Afganistana i Maverannakhra: kitabkhaneBaysungur-mirzy." Ocherki Istorii Kul'turySrednevekovogo Irana. Moscow, 1984. Pp.80-84.

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