Glutamate neurotransmitter
The metabolic roles of Glu
Glutamate (aspartate)
The most important excitatory neurotransmitters
LearningNeuronal developmentEpilepsyIschemia
Non essential aa-s – do not penetrate the BBBMetabolites + neurotransmitters – separate pool
Glutamatergic neurotransmission
GLT-1
GLAST
NDMA – N-metil-D-aspartateAMPA – -amino-3-hidroxi-5-metil-4-izoxazol propionic acid
Synaptic AMPA & NMDA receptors
Az AMPA & NMDA receptors colocalization
AMPA activation → depolarization → inhibition by Mg2+ on NMDA receptor↓ →NMDA activation
The synaptic AMPA & NMDA receptors
AMPA activation depolarizátionMg2+ inhibition NMDA
NMDA activation
Fast desensitization
NMDA receptor (Glu & Asp receptor)
Strictly controlledActivators:
Glu and Gly co-agonists
Poliamines
Inhibitors: Mg2+
Zn2+
H+
inhibit ion-flux
Voltage-dependent block of the open channel
pH 6 complet inhibition
Ha van GluR2 subunitNincs Ca2+ permeabilitás
NMDA receptorActivation Na+, K permeability Ca2+ influx
↓↓transient activation of Ca2+-dependent enzymesCa2+-CAM dep. prot. kináz II.CalcineurinPKCPhospholipase A2
PLCNO synthaseEndonuclease
Synaptic plasticityHippocampus
LTPLTD
mGluR- pre- and postsynaptic localization
ModulationIonic channels L-N type Ca2+ channels K+-channel –
Receptors(NMDA, AMPA, DA, GABA, NA) or
PresynapticGABA, Glu transzm (Ca2+channel inhibition)
Metabotrop glutamatergic receptors
Increased glutamateergic activity neurotoxic
Ischemia
Neurodegeneration
Epileptiform seizures
Neurotransmitter uptake systems in the presyzinaptic glutamatergic neurons
Neurotransmitter symport systems
Na-dependent reuptake in the axon terminál (secondary active transport)
Two subfamilies
*GABA, glicin, noradrenalin, dopamin, serotonin transporters
12 transzmembrane regions
Na (Cl-) dependent transporter
*Na+-(-K+) dependent glutamate transporter (5 isoforms)GLAST (glutamate-aspartate transporter)
GLT-1 Astrocytes
Glu clearance – from the synapse
Hiányuk: [Glu]e
Lethal convulsions (mice)
Many isoforms in neurons
1 < Na+ influx - depolarization
anion efflux – intracellular acidification
[Glu]szinapszis < 0,6 uM
(10 mM brain, 2-3 uM extracellular)
Anoxia, long-lasting depolarization – reversal of function
Glu release
Toxic
Neurotransmitter symports
AMPA & NMDA receptors in synapses
Initial steps of ischemic brain damage
Excitotoxic effect of Glu in ischemia
Ca2+ homeostasis
Ca2+ pathological effects :
- decrease in m
↓
decreased ATP production
- increased ROS prodn
- permeability tranzition pore opening
In mitochondria
Ca2+ physiological effects
PDH
ICDH
KGDH activation
↓
NADH ↑
↓
increased ATP productioin
-180 mV