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Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions...

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Go to Section : Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide ions in solution. Basic solutions have a pH value above 7 Buffers- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.
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Page 1: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

Go to Section:

Acids and Bases

Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution.

Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7.

Base- A base produces hydroxide ions in solution.

Basic solutions have a pH value above 7

Buffers- weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH.

Page 2: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Oven cleaner

Bleach

Ammonia solution

Soap

Sea water

Human bloodPure waterMilkNormalrainfall

Acid rainTomatojuice

Lemon juice

Stomach acid

NeutralIn

crea

sing

ly B

asic

Incr

easi

ngly

Aci

dic

Section 2-2

pH Scale

Page 3: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Life’s Backbone

Most of the compounds that make up living things contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.

As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A huge number of different carbon compounds exist. Each compound has a different structure. For example, carbon chains can be straight or branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the carbon chain.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber

Page 4: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least ten things that contain carbon.

2. Working with a partner, review your list. If you think some things on your list contain only carbon, write “only carbon” next to them.

3. If you know other elements that are in any items on your list, write those elements next to them.

Section 2-3

Interest Grabber continued

Page 5: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Macromolecules

Macromolecule- means giant molecule

Monomers-small unit of a macromolecule that joins with other monomers to form polymers.

Page 6: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Four Groups of Organic Macromolecules or Compounds

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Page 7: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Carbohydrates

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms , usually in a ratio of 1:2:1

Monosaccharides are single (mono=one) sugars. Important monosaccharides include glucose (C6H12O6), and fructose (same formula but different structure than glucose).

Polysaccharides are large molecules composed of individual monosaccharide units. A common plant polysaccharide is starch (shown in Figure 12), which is made up of many glucose

Page 8: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Starch

Glucose

Section 2-3

Figure 2-13 A Starch

Page 9: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Lipids

involved mainly with long-term energy storage. Common categories are fats, oils, and waxes.

Lipids are composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule.

Fatty acids can be saturated (meaning they have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbons as possible)

unsaturated (with one or more double bonds connecting their carbons, hence fewer hydrogens)

Page 10: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Lipids Cont.

A fat is solid at room temperature, while an oil is a liquid under the same conditions. The fatty acids in oils are mostly unsaturated, while those in fats are mostly saturated.

Cooking oils, such as corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, and peanut oil. Contain polyunsaturated lipids.

Page 11: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Proteins

Macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

The building block of any protein is the amino acid, which has an amino end (NH2) and a carboxyl end (COOH).

More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature.

Page 12: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Page 13: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Page 14: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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General structure Alanine Serine

Section 2-3

Figure 2-16 Amino Acids

Amino group Carboxyl group

Page 15: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Aminoacids

Section 2-3

Figure 2-17 A Protein

Page 16: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Nucleic Acids

Are polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotides

Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate.

Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. Two kinds Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Page 17: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Nucleic Acids contl

there are five nitrogenous bases. Purines (Adenine and Guanine) are double-ring structures, while pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil) are single-ringed.

Page 18: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Page 19: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Chemical Reactions

Chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals.

Two parts Reactants and Products.

Reactants Products

2H2O 2H2 + O2

Activation energy- the energy needed to get a reaction started.

Page 20: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Enzymes

Catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. They lower the reactions activation energy.

Enzymes-proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Enzymes are not used up during the reaction and can

be used over and over again. Enzymes can usually be identified by the "ase" ending in the name.

 

Substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts.

Enzymes attach to the substrate at an active site, like a "lock and key" fit.

Page 21: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Page 22: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Enzymes Cont.

Coenzymes help enzymes bond to a substrate. Ex: vitamins

Inhibitors block active sites to regulate enzyme activity.

Page 23: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy

without enzyme

Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway

with enzyme

Reactants

Products

Section 2-4

Effect of Enzymes

Page 24: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Page 25: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction

Products

Products

Activation energy

Activation energy

Reactants

Reactants

Section 2-4

Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions

Page 26: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Page 27: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

Go to Section:

Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Page 28: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Page 29: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Glucose

Substrates

ATP

Substratesbind toenzyme

Substratesare convertedinto products

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme(hexokinase)

ADPProducts

Glucose-6-phosphate

Productsare released

Section 2-4

Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action

Active site

Page 30: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamins- organic molecules that help regulate body processes often working with enzymes.

Two types- Fat-soluble and water soluble.

Minerals- inorganic nutrients the body needs in small amounts.

Page 31: Go to Section: Acids and Bases Acid- any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Acidic solutions have a pH value below 7. Base- A base produces hydroxide.

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