Goal 3

The Civil War

1861-1865

The Union vs. The Confederate States of

AmericaThe Union (USA)• The North• Blue• President: Abraham

Lincoln• Capital: Washington, DC• Commander(s): George McClellan; Ulysses S. Grant* GOAL: preserve the Union

The Confederate States of America (The Confederacy)• The South• Grey• President:

Jefferson Davis•Capital:

Richmond, Va.•Commander:

Robert E. Lee•GOAL: preserve states’

rights

AdvantagesSouthern Advantages

• Profits from “King Cotton” provided money for the war effort.

• Great military leaders & a strong military tradition

• Soldiers fighting for a “cause” who were highly motivated

Northern Advantages• Larger population so

more fighting power• More factories to

produce war goods• More food production• Extensive railroad system

to transport goods and troops

• Lincoln was a skilled leader.

Anaconda PlanThe Union (General Winfield Scott)

devised a three part plan to conquer the South:

1. Blockade Southern ports so the South could not export or import;

2. Control the Mississippi River to cut the Confederacy in half;

3. Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Va.

Major Battles

• Ft. Sumter – considered the spark of the Civil War

• First Bull Run – considered the first “official” battle of the Civil War

• Shiloh- proved the war would be a long one• Antietam – bloodiest single-day battle of the war• Gettysburg – considered the turning point of the

war• Vicksburg- effectively cut the Confederacy in two• Appomattox – site of the surrender of Lee to

Grant

Fort Sumter

• It was considered a Southern victory

• Lincoln called for volunteers to fight in the war

• The Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston, SC on April 12-13, 1861

• These were the first shots fired of the Civil War

Battle of Bull Run• The Battle of Bull

Run was fought on July 21, 1861 in Virginia

• Confederacy led by Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (he stood firm against the Union like a “stone wall”)

• The South won!• This was a major

morale boost

Shiloh• The Battle of Shiloh was fought on

April 7, 1862 in Tennessee (considered a “western” battle)

• It is significant because it showed the importance of sending out scouts, digging trenches, and building forts

• The battle was a draw, but is considered a Confederate loss.

Antietam

• The Battle of Antietam was fought on September 17, 1862 in Antietam, Maryland.

• It was the bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. History. (more than 23,000 men)

• Northern victory

• Lincoln fired General George McClellan because he was too cautious.

Gettysburg• The Battle of Gettysburg was fought July

1-3, 1863 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

• This is considered the turning point of the war. After this defeat, the South never attempted a northern invasion again.

• The Gettysburg Address was delivered by President Lincoln to honor all those who fought and died on this battlefield.

Text of the Gettysburg Address

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Vicksburg

• The Battle of Vicksburg was fought on July 4, 1863. It was actually a siege of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

• Union victory

• The Union successfully carved the Confederacy in two as a result of this victory. (Anaconda Plan)

Map of Siege of Vicksburg

Appomattox Courthouse

• On April 9, 1865, Southern General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia.

Slavery as a War Aim

• Slavery did not become a war aim until 1863. • The Union feared that Britain would join on the

side of the South if they did not include abolition as a war aim.

• The Emancipation Proclamation was issued as a military decree freeing all slaves in rebelling territories. No slave was emancipated, however, until the end of the war with the passage of the 13th Amendment.

54th Massachusetts Regiment

• An all-African American regiment that was formed in Massachusetts

• This regiment is famous for its attack on Fort Wagner during the war. The commander Robert Gould Shaw led his men into battle in Charleston harbor.

• Many were killed, however, the 54th earned respect for its discipline and courage in battle.

• This battle was the subject of the movie Glory.

William T. Sherman

• March to the Sea

• Union commander that believed in total war

• Marched through the South burning everything in his path in an effort to break the will of the South

Map of Sherman’s March to the Sea

Effects of the Civil War

•Established the supremacy of federal authority over the states.

•Eventually, slavery was abolished, through legislation (13th Amendment).

•No state would ever try to secede from the Union again.

Civil War: Important Points• Causes of the Civil War (the

expansion of slavery was a KEY issue)

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin significance

• Underground RR & Harriet Tubman

• Dred Scott case significance• Significance of Kansas-

Nebraska Act• Southern reaction to

Lincoln’s election• Southern

advantages/Northern advantages

• Robert’s E. Lee’s choice to lead the South

• Anaconda Plan• Why McClellan was fired• Significance of ALL the

battles• Goal of Lincoln in the Civil

War• Purpose of the Gettysburg

Address• Purpose of the Emancipation

Proclamation• General William T. Sherman• Effects of the Civil War

Life During the Civil War: North

• To help meet the costs of war, the Union government added an income tax of 3% on all income per $800 per year.

• The tax was increased over time.• The Union also raised tariffs.• The largest source of funds for the war came from

government bonds.• Legal Tender Act of 1862 (government could print

greenbacks-paper money)’• Homestead Act, 1862- encouraged settlement of

western lands by granting land at a very low cost to those who would farm it.

Life During the Civil War: North

• To raise an army, the North passed a conscription law (draft).

• Rioting broke out in protest. The New York Draft Riot of 1863 lasted for 4 days.

• To avoid the draft, a man could pay $300 and hire a replacement. This led to the phrase, “a rich man’s war, but a poor man’s fight”.

Life During the Civil War: North

• Copperheads, or Peace Democrats, formed opposing Lincoln’s handling of the war and demanding an end to fighting.

• President Lincoln suspended the constitutional right of habeas corpus (can’t be held in jail without a formal charge). Lincoln gave the military the right to arrest people suspected of disloyalty to the Union.

Lincoln and the Copperheads

Life During the Civil War: South

• South lacked the resources to meet the demands of war

• Blockade Runners tried to break the blockade of the southern coast in an effort to survive.

• President Jefferson Davis authorized the printing of paper money with nothing backing it except the government’s promise to pay.

• Inflation and a shortage of food led to rioting in the South.

Life During the Civil War: South

• Mary Boykin Chestnut of South Carolina kept a diary that has become a famous record of one experience of the war in the South.

• The Confederate government enacted conscription laws to help raise troops.

Women in the War

• Many took over family businesses, farms, or plantations.

• Clara Barton worked as a nurse in the war. This led to the formation of the Red Cross.

Clara Barton

Election of 1864

Impact of the War

• 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments• The assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes

Booth• Mathew Brady- war photographer• Land Grant College Act- gave money from the sale of

public lands to states for the establishment of universities that taught agriculture

• Tariff passed to protect industrialization• Southern landscape was shattered.• Migration west• Freedmen’s Bureau

Mathew Brady’s Photographs