Goal 4: Unity and Diversity of Life
4.01 Classification
Taxonomy: science of classifying living things
ARISTOTLE gave us our first system of classifying
2 Kingdoms – Plants and Animals
Later…3 Kingdoms – Plants, Animals and Protists
ClassificationAnd until recently…there were 5
kingdoms: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi and Monera
Today…we group living things into 6 kingdoms…all of the above…except MONERA (the bacteria) have been divided into 2 kingdoms: Eubacteria & Archaebacteria
Why do the kingdoms keep changing?
New technology & new information about living things cause us to have to adjust our groupings
Taxons of Classification
KingdomPhylumClassOrder Family Genus Species
KINGS PLAY CHESS ON FAT GREEN STOOLS
Binomial Nomenclature
Examples:Homo sapien
(humans)Canis familiaris
(domesticated dogs)Felis domesticus
(domesticated cats)Quercus alba (white
oak)
Two name system of classification.Genus + Species
Basis of Classification: Evolutionary phylogeny
(following descendents/ancestors) DNA/biochemical analysis
(the more similar DNA is b/w organisms; the more closely related they are)
Embryology(more similar embryonic stages; more closely related: for example: all vertebrates have a tail & gill slits as embryos)
Morphology(similarities in structural features)
Phylogenetic Trees
Used to show relationships between organisms.
Who evolved first.Which organisms are
either very closely related or distantly related.
Phylogenetic Trees con’tWhich phylum is the most
closely related to the Chordata?
Which phylum evolved first?
Between Arthropoda,Annelida and Mollusca? Who evolved first?
Echinodermata
Porifera
Mollusca
Biochemical Analysis
Biochemical or DNA similarities help to demonstrate relatedness between organisms.
(cytochrome C is a protein found in the mitochondria)
Embryology
Similarities during embryological development can demonstrate how two organisms are related.
Morphology
Similarities in the structure of these frog skulls ( 6 different species) show how closely they are related.
Cell TypesProkaryotes- No nucleus- No membrane
bound organelles- Ribosomes- Cell membrane- Cell wall- Small & primitive- Circular DNA (one
chromosome)
Cell Types con’t
Eukaryotic- Nucleus (nuclear
membrane)- DNA & chromosomes- Membrane bound
organelles- Ribosomes- Cell membrane- Large & complex
Kingdom EUBACTERIA Prokaryotic No nucleus…but
does have DNA Unicellular Heterotrophic
(feed on other organisms; cause disease
E. coli; pneumonia & strept bacterias
Kingdom: ARCHAEBACTERIA
Prokaryotic No nucleus…but
does have DNA Unicellular Heterotrophic Some autotrophic
(chemosyntheis) Live in HARSH
environments: hot springs, thermal vents, no oxygen
Kingdom: PROTISTAEukaryoticUnicellularHeterotrophic(Absorb nutrients)No complex organsystems
ParameciumEuglenaCan be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Kingdom FungiEukaryoticMulticellularHeterotrophic(absorb nutrients)Nonmotile/sessile
No complex organ systems
Cell walls
mushroomsMoldsMildewsyeast
Kingdom Plantae- Eukaryotic- Multicellular- Autotrophic (photosynthesis)- Sessile/nonmotile- Chloroplasts and cell walls- Complex organ systems
Kingdom Animalia
EukaryoticMulticellularHeterotophs (ingestion)MotileComplex organ systems
ALGAE: Where do they belong? Eukaryotic
Unicellular & multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Non-motile No true roots, stems,
leaves Some classify in
PLANT kingdom; some classify in PROTIST kingdom
VOLVOX
SPIROGYRA
Using a Dichotomous Key
Bird W: GeospizaBird X: PlatyspizaBird Y: CerthideaBird Z: Camarhynchus
Can you identify these birds using the dichotomous key?
4.02 Analyze essential life functions of specific representatives
Transport: How organisms move food and wastes throughout their bodies.
Excretion: How organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids.
Regulation: How organisms control body processes – i.e. hormones and nervous system
Respiration: How organisms exchange gases (O2 and CO2) with the environment
Con’tNutrition: How organisms break down
and absorb foods.Synthesis: How organisms build
necessary molecules.Reproduction: Continuation of the
species thru sexual or asexual reproduction.
Growth and Development: getting bigger & maturing
Unicellular ProtistsExamples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Transport, Excretion and Respiration: osmosis, diffusion, active transport
Nutrition: food vacuolesReproduction: mostly asexual, binary
fissionRegulation of response: eye spotsGrowth & Development: cell division
Annelid Worms
Annelid Worms
Transport: five “hearts, dorsal and ventral blood vessel, closed system
Excretion: nephridia, “kidney-like” structures found on every segment
Regulation: dorsal “brain, ventral nerve cord
Respiration: breath through their skin
Worms con’t
Nutrition: crop (storage), gizzard (grinds), intestine (chemical digestion)
Reproduction: worms are hermaphroditic, exchange sperm and lay eggs
Development: from eggs
Insects
Insects
Transport: open circulatory systemExcretion: Malpighian tubulesRegulation: hormones, nervous system,
pheromonesRespiration: spiracles & tubes called
tracheaeNutrition: insects have a wide variety of
mouth parts to eat a variety of foods
Insects con’t
Reproduction: sexual (external); parthenogenesis
Development: metamorphosisIncomplete: egg nymph adultComplete: egg larva pupa adult
Amphibians
Amphibians
Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys/urinary bladderRegulation: hormones (control
metamorphosis), nervous systemRespiration: gills, lungs, skinNutrition: larva (herbivores), adults
(carnivores)
Amphibians con’t
Reproduction: sexual, external fertilizationDevelopment: incomplete metamorphosisEgg larva adult
Mammalia
Mammalia
Transport: closed circulatory systemExcretion: kidneys Regulation: hormones, well developed
nervous system (developed senses)Respiration: lungsNutrition: digestive tracts vary according to
what the animal eats
Mammalia con’tReproduction: sexual with internal
fertilizationDevelopment: Monotremes duck billed platypus and
spiny anteater lay eggsMarsupials → partial placental; complete
development outside mom’s bodyPlacental → Most mammals have a well
developed placenta (uterus); full development inside mom
Internal Development
PLANTSRespiration: gas exchange through diffusionSynthesis: carry out photosynthesis and
make sugars and other macromolecules
Classified based on their transport…reproduction…development
Non vascular plants
Non Vascular PlantsMosses and liverworts
Transport: use osmosis and diffusion; no tubesReproduction: sporesDevelopment: moss cycle between a sexual
phase with egg and sperm and an asexual phase that makes spores
Non-Seed Vascular Plants
Ferns
Transport: vascular tissue: xylem & phloem (tubes)Reproduction: sporesDevelopment: alternation of generations;
(sporophyte, produces asexual spores; gametophyte, produces egg/sperm)
GymnospermsMeans “naked seed”, includes the conifers(cone-bearing trees: pine, spruce, fir,
hemlock)Transport: xylem and phloemRespiration: CO2, H2O and O2 move in and
out of leaf through stomataSynthesis: photosynthesis
Gymnosperms
Reproduction: sperm is now inside a pollen grain
Pollination – sperm moves from male cones to female cones via wind
Fertilization – sperm and egg unite on the female cone and produce seeds
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flowering plantsTransport: xylem and phloemRegulation: plant hormones like auxin,
cause stems to bendRespiration: stomataSynthesis: photosynthesisReproduction: pollination and fertilization
Angiosperms
Pollination occurs through wind and pollinators like bees, hummingbirds and bats
Seeds develop in an ovary that aids seed dispersal.
Seeds have cotyledons (seed leaves)Ovary can become a fruit or some other
structure that aids dispersal
Leaf Cross-Section
4.03 Adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success
Form And
Function
Feeding Adaptations
Mosquitoes mouth is adapted to suck bloodSnakes jaws unhinge to take in whole prey
Feeding Adaptations Intestinal folds (villi)
found in many types of animals
Mammals, worms, insects, amphibians
Increase surface area to increase efficiency of digestion
Reproductive Adaptations
Male birds using elaborate mating displays or rituals to attract females.
Reproductive Adaptations
Male frogs have thumb pads to hold onto female when mating. Ensures egg and sperm will meet.
Reproductive Adaptations
Asexual cell division does not allow for genetic variety
However…it does eliminate the need to find a mate!
Reproductive Adaptations
Earthworms are hermaphrodites…
Each worm produces egg & sperm
Still exchange sperm with another worm (for genetic variety)
However…can still produce offspring if they can’t find a mate
Developmental Adaptations Animals that go through
complete metamorphosis such as insects and frogs have an adaptive advantage in feeding
The larvae form tends to be herbivorous, while the adult is carnivorous
NO COMPETITION!
Other Adaptations
Flowers develop certain colors, scents, shapes to attract certain pollinators
This is an example of coevolution
Co-evolution
Fly orchid looks and smells similar to female wasp. Male “mates” with it and transfers pollen from one flower to the next.
Adaptations to Life on LandPlants
1. Vascular Tissue – xylem and phloem – transport materials and support
2. Cuticle – waxy covering to prevent dehydration
3. Pollen – allows fertilization without water
4. Tropisms – Geotropism: growth toward gravity (roots); Phototropism: growth toward light (leaves)
Adaptations to Life on LandAnimals
1. Gills become lungs2. Moist skin becomes thick with scales or
other coverings – prevent dehydration3. Internal fertilization 4. Amniotic egg5. Legs move under the animal to allow
easier movement
Pathogens
Disease causing organisms
Virus Protein coat (capsid) surrounds core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
Needs a host cell to reproduce (invades)
Specific for a particular host
Able to mutate HIV, Flu, smallpox,
polio, RabiesDon’t grow…develop…need energy…respond
Bacteria
Able to mutate (resistance to antibiotics)
StreptococcusSalmonellaBotulismMRSA (staph)
Protecting OurselvesAgainst Viruses Vaccinations: Weakened form of virus
injected in body to stimulate immune response to make antibodies against virus
So next time you get virus; already have antibodies to destroy virus
However, so many flu & cold viruses…and they mutate so often…can’t get vaccinated against all
Against Bacteria Antibiotics: Discovered in early
1900’s Kill bacteria Decades of exposure has
produced resistant bacteria
Antibiotics don’t work on them anymore
NATURAL SELECTION
4.04 Health and DiseaseRole of genetics and the environment
1. Sickle cell anemia and malaria (see next slide)2. Lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use3. Stomach/colon cancer and diet4. Skin cancer sun exposure5. Sun exposure and vitamin D and folic acid5. Diabetes (environment and genetics)6. PKU and diet
Parasites - Plasmodium
Malaria caused by the protist, Plasmodium.
Vector: MosquitoSymptoms: fever, chills,
headache, nauseaTreatments: 1. Prevention2. Antimalarial drugs3. No vaccine Plasmodium destroying red blood
cells
Plasmodium cannot live in blood stream of person with sickle shaped cells
Diabetes Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both
Diabetes can be controlled or even prevented by diet (watch sugar/carb intake) & exercise (which burns carbs)
PKU (Phenylketonuria) Inability to break
down the amino acid: phenylalanine
Excess phenylalanine can cause brain damage
Babies that test positive for PKU on put on diets that reduce intake of phenylalanine
Immune System Protects you against
foreign invaders First line of defense:
your skinAntigens – foreign protein
(bacteria, virus, fungus, transplanted organ)*first line of attack
Antibodies – proteins your body makes to defend itself against antigens
Immune System
The Adaptive Immune system kicks in if the Innate (antigen-antibody) response does not work
B cells: make antibodiesT cells:bHelp B cells make
antibodies; Kill infected cells
Types of Immunity
Active
Your body makes the antibodiesEx: having the disease, getting a
vaccination
Passive
You get the antibodies from another sourceEx: from mother thru the placenta or
mothers milk, from a shot (rabies shot)
Antibodies remember the disease antigen so it’s ready to destroy next time it enters your body
Vaccine
Given a shot of dead or weakened pathogens
Your body makes antibodies in response to the antigens
You are left with memory cells
Nutrition
What makes up a healthy diet?
What is poor nutrition?obesity
malnutritioniron or calcium deficiencyvitamin deficiency
Toxins - environmental
Lead - Heavy metal, builds up over time Exposure more serious in children Symptoms: reduced IQ, slowed body growth,
hearing problems, behavior or attention problems, failure at school, kidney damage
Sources: paint, plumbing, toys, dinnerware
Toxins - EnvironmentalMercury – Heavy metal, builds up over time Sources: glass thermometers, electrical
switches, fluorescent light bulbs, fish Symptoms: numbness or pain in certain parts
of your skin, uncontrollable shake or tremor, inability to walk well, blindness and double vision, memory problems, seizures and death (with large exposures)
Very dangerous for fetuses dev. brain
4.05: Analyze the broad patterns of animal behavior as adaptations to the environment
INNATE BEHAVIOR Inherited behavior Instincts & reflexes Behavior an animal
is born with EX: suckling; building
nests, migrating, defending territory
Innate Behavior
Taxis – animal moves toward or away from a stimulusEx. Insect moving toward or away from light
Positive light taxis
Innate BehaviorREFLEX Automatic response to a
stimulus Pulling your hand away
from heat Jumping at a loud noise
INSTINCT Something you are born
knowing to do Building a nest suckling
Innate Behavior MIGRATION Moving to new
location periodically (find food, mating partners)
Based on seasons, rain
Innate BehaviorESTIVATION –
dormancy during periods of extreme heat or droughtPurpose???conserve resources during extreme conditions
Common in frogs
Innate Behavior
HIBERNATION – dormant (sleep-like state) in winter
Purpose????? Survive winters when there is little available food.
Innate Behavior
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Animal intimidates another
Bird calling, growling, showing teeth
To defend food supply, territory, or young
Innate Behavior TERRITORIALITY Defending an area from
another organism Physical space used by
an organism for feeding, breeding, or raising young
Reduces conflicts, controls population growth, provides efficient use of resources
Innate Behavior PHEROMONES:
chemicals that communicate information in other animals
Ants, bees use them to communicate
Urine contains pheromones
Often used to mark territory
Humans mark their territory too!
Innate Behavior COURTSHIP Rituals carried out to
attract mates Flashy dances,
gestures, posturing, light signals
Specific to each species
Helps organisms find mates of their species
Circadian Rhythm Daily rhythm Sleeping eating
Learned Behavior Acquired behavior Behavior changes
through practice Trial & error Allows for adaptation
to change; therefore important in survival
Learned Behavior TRIAL & ERROR Practice makes
perfect Learn to exhibit a
behavior based on a reward
Learned Behavior HABITUATIONan animal becomes
accustomed to a stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure
Ex: you don’t notice a clock chiming in your house, the refrigerator or heat/air coming on; but you do when you’re at someone else’s house!
Learned Behavior IMPRINTING Learning based on
early experience Bonding shortly after
birth Once occurred,
cannot be changed Keeps young
animals close to mother who protects and feeds them
Learned Behavior CONDITIONING Learning by
association Dogs or cats come to
their food bowl when they hear the can opener
Students change class when they hear bell
Social Behavior
Communication in social insects using pheromones.
Social Behavior DOMINANCE
HIERARCHY “pecking order” In social groups,
there is a state of “seniority”
Alpha males/females