Goal 8Goal 8

World War IWorld War I

Starter: Amendments Starter: Amendments ReviewReview

Directions: Copy the definition and provide Directions: Copy the definition and provide the Constitutional Amendment that the Constitutional Amendment that corresponds.corresponds.1.1.Freedom of speech, religion, press (and many Freedom of speech, religion, press (and many others)others)2.2.Right to bare armsRight to bare arms3.3.Granted African Americans freedomGranted African Americans freedom4.4.Prohibition AmendmentProhibition Amendment5.5.Established a graduated income taxEstablished a graduated income tax6.6.African American suffrageAfrican American suffrage7.7.Women’s suffrageWomen’s suffrage8.8.Granted African Americans citizenshipGranted African Americans citizenship9.9.Direct election of senatorsDirect election of senators10.10.Repealed ProhibitionRepealed Prohibition

Main Causes of WWIMain Causes of WWI

MMAAIINN

ILITARISM

LLIANCES

MPERIALISM

ATIONALISM

ImperialismImperialism

The building of The building of empires led to empires led to competition competition between European between European powers.powers.

Example: France Example: France had lost Alsace-had lost Alsace-Lorraine previously Lorraine previously to Germany. France to Germany. France wanted it back.wanted it back.

NationalismNationalism Nationalism: devotion to the Nationalism: devotion to the

interests and culture of one’s nationinterests and culture of one’s nation Several ethnic groups in Europe Several ethnic groups in Europe

wanted to become independent wanted to become independent nations. (They also looked to larger nations. (They also looked to larger nations for protection.)nations for protection.)

Russia viewed themselves as the Russia viewed themselves as the protector of the Slavic people protector of the Slavic people including the Serbs of Serbia.including the Serbs of Serbia. Serbia was under control of Austria-Serbia was under control of Austria-

Hungary making Russia and Austria-Hungary making Russia and Austria-Hungary rivals.Hungary rivals.

NationalismNationalism

France wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine.France wanted to recover Alsace-Lorraine. Nations wanted to express the Nations wanted to express the

nationalism of a single ethnic group.nationalism of a single ethnic group. Minorities were not appreciated.Minorities were not appreciated. Spread of the theory of Social Darwinism Spread of the theory of Social Darwinism

also impacted the rise of nationalism.also impacted the rise of nationalism. Multinational empires (Austria-Hungary, Multinational empires (Austria-Hungary,

Ottoman Empire) were destabilized.Ottoman Empire) were destabilized. This spilled over into economics (industrial This spilled over into economics (industrial

output, trade led to the desire for overseas output, trade led to the desire for overseas empire).empire).

Europe Europe

MilitarismMilitarism Produced an Arms raceProduced an Arms race

If a war would start but whenIf a war would start but when Germany and Britain competed at sea. Germany and Britain competed at sea.

Germany had set up an army reserve system Germany had set up an army reserve system by 1890. Britain had always depended on its by 1890. Britain had always depended on its navy so they were not alarmed by ground navy so they were not alarmed by ground troops. In 1897 Germany began building a sea troops. In 1897 Germany began building a sea power which alarmed Britain.power which alarmed Britain.

Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly joined the Italy, Japan, and the U.S. quickly joined the naval arms race.naval arms race.

Machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, Machine guns, mobile artillery, tanks, submarines, and airplanes would change submarines, and airplanes would change the nature of war.the nature of war.

AlliancesAlliances European leaders prepared for war by European leaders prepared for war by

forming alliances.forming alliances. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy joined

together in the Triple Alliance (Italy never together in the Triple Alliance (Italy never fought with it).fought with it). Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire

would become the Central Powers during WWIwould become the Central Powers during WWI France, Russia, and Great Britain formed France, Russia, and Great Britain formed

the Triple Entente. the Triple Entente. European leaders thought less of the European leaders thought less of the

advantage of peace since they knew advantage of peace since they knew powerful armies were backing them.powerful armies were backing them.

Assassination Sparks Assassination Sparks WarWar

The Balkans were considered the “powder The Balkans were considered the “powder keg of Europe.”keg of Europe.” Austria-Hungary had taken control of Bosnia (a Austria-Hungary had taken control of Bosnia (a

Slavic nation) in 1878 and blamed Serbia for Slavic nation) in 1878 and blamed Serbia for interfering with their rule in Bosnia.interfering with their rule in Bosnia.

June 1914—Assassination of Archduke June 1914—Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia)Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb and a member of a Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb and a member of a

nationalist group (The Black Hand) murdered the nationalist group (The Black Hand) murdered the Archduke because the group believed Bosnia Archduke because the group believed Bosnia belong to Serbia rather than Austria-Hungary.belong to Serbia rather than Austria-Hungary.

July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.Serbia.

Domino-effect as alliances pull one another into Domino-effect as alliances pull one another into the war. the war.

Causes of World War I — History.com Video

World War I BeginsWorld War I Begins August 1914, Germany invaded August 1914, Germany invaded

neutral Belgium. neutral Belgium. Schliefflen Plan: Germany’s plan to hold Schliefflen Plan: Germany’s plan to hold

Russia, go through Belgium to attack Russia, go through Belgium to attack France, and then after France fell unify France, and then after France fell unify forces to defeat Russia (avoiding a two-forces to defeat Russia (avoiding a two-front war)front war)

The Allies could not save Belgium and The Allies could not save Belgium and retreated to the Marne River in retreated to the Marne River in France. Here, The Western Front, France. Here, The Western Front, soldiers dug into the trenches.soldiers dug into the trenches.

Chain ReactionChain Reaction

When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 28, When Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (July 28, 1914), Germany vowed to support Austria-Hungary.1914), Germany vowed to support Austria-Hungary.

Russia mobilized for war to help Serbia against Austria.Russia mobilized for war to help Serbia against Austria. Germany declared war on Russia.Germany declared war on Russia. France declared war on Germany.France declared war on Germany. Germany declared war on neutral Belgium.Germany declared war on neutral Belgium. Great Britain, who had treaties with France and Great Britain, who had treaties with France and

Belgium, declared war on Germany.Belgium, declared war on Germany. Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, SerbiaAllied Powers: Britain, France, Russia, Serbia Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and later

the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

Battle of the MarneBattle of the Marne Where the French and British counterattack and Where the French and British counterattack and

stop German forcesstop German forces After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans After the Battle of the Marne, the Germans

settled onto high ground, dug trenches, and settled onto high ground, dug trenches, and fortified their position. When attacked by Britain fortified their position. When attacked by Britain and France, the Germans fired into them killing and France, the Germans fired into them killing thousands.thousands.

Britain and France dug their own trenches and Britain and France dug their own trenches and used the same deadly weapons to counterattack.used the same deadly weapons to counterattack.

450 miles of trenches stretched from the coast of 450 miles of trenches stretched from the coast of Belgium to the border of Switzerland.Belgium to the border of Switzerland.

The Western Front in France became the critical The Western Front in France became the critical battle front.battle front.

The war became a stalemate in this area.The war became a stalemate in this area.

Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

The MarneThe Marne

““Trench Foot”Trench Foot”

Deadly TechnologyDeadly Technology

Machine guns were improved and could fire 600 Machine guns were improved and could fire 600 bullets per minute.bullets per minute.

Artillery field guns were long-range cannons and Artillery field guns were long-range cannons and caused more causalities than any other type of caused more causalities than any other type of weapon.weapon.

Poison gas such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard Poison gas such as chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas could kill, blind, or burn their victimsgas could kill, blind, or burn their victims

Submarines used torpedoes as well as on-deck guns Submarines used torpedoes as well as on-deck guns to sink shipsto sink ships

Tanks and armored cars were used to go over the Tanks and armored cars were used to go over the rough ground and barbed-wire barricades of no man’s rough ground and barbed-wire barricades of no man’s land.land.

Airplanes were used for reconnaissance, bombing, Airplanes were used for reconnaissance, bombing, and fighting, but did not prove decisive.and fighting, but did not prove decisive.

New TechnologyNew Technology

Wilson and NeutralityWilson and Neutrality

President Wilson asked Americans to be President Wilson asked Americans to be “impartial in thought as well as action”.“impartial in thought as well as action”.

In 1914, 1/3 of Americans were foreign-born. This In 1914, 1/3 of Americans were foreign-born. This made it difficult to stay impartial.made it difficult to stay impartial.

Most Americans sided with Britain and France. Most Americans sided with Britain and France. Three positions eventually developed in America: Three positions eventually developed in America:

Isolationists believed that the war was none of America's Isolationists believed that the war was none of America's business; business;

Interventionists felt that the war did affect American Interventionists felt that the war did affect American interests and the U.S. should intervene on the side of interests and the U.S. should intervene on the side of the Allies; the Allies;

Internationalist believed the U.S. should play an active Internationalist believed the U.S. should play an active role in world affairs and work toward achieving a just role in world affairs and work toward achieving a just peace but not enter the war.peace but not enter the war.

The Picture of Neutrality in The Picture of Neutrality in AmericaAmerica

Britain Blockades GermanyBritain Blockades Germany

British leaders decided to use the navy to British leaders decided to use the navy to blockade Germany to keep essential goods blockade Germany to keep essential goods from reaching the other country.from reaching the other country.

International law allowed contraband goods to International law allowed contraband goods to be confiscated legally by any belligerent be confiscated legally by any belligerent nation.nation.

Noncontraband goods (food, medical supplies, Noncontraband goods (food, medical supplies, nonmilitary supplies) could not be confiscated.nonmilitary supplies) could not be confiscated.

Britain expanded the list of contraband items Britain expanded the list of contraband items until it included items such as gasoline, until it included items such as gasoline, cotton, and even food – even this was a cotton, and even food – even this was a violation of international law.violation of international law.

War Effects the U.S.War Effects the U.S.

British blockade GermanyBritish blockade Germany US goods cannot reach Germany, but the US US goods cannot reach Germany, but the US

does not try to get through the blockade by does not try to get through the blockade by force. force.

Americans disliked the blockade, but were Americans disliked the blockade, but were more outraged by Germany’s response.more outraged by Germany’s response.

Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine WarfareGermany’s Unrestricted Submarine Warfare U-boats (submarines) used to sink any ship U-boats (submarines) used to sink any ship

around Britain.around Britain.

U-Boats Sink the Lusitania in 1915 — U-Boats Sink the Lusitania in 1915 — History.com VideoHistory.com Video

German U-BoatsGerman U-Boats

May 7, 1915- Lusitania – Germany May 7, 1915- Lusitania – Germany promised not to fire on passenger promised not to fire on passenger shipsships

1916- Sussex – fired on another 1916- Sussex – fired on another passenger ship- Sussex Pledge- did passenger ship- Sussex Pledge- did not last very longnot last very long

Zimmerman NoteZimmerman Note

Wilson’s Preparation for WarWilson’s Preparation for War

National Defense Act – expanded the National Defense Act – expanded the size of the armysize of the army

Naval Construction Act – ordered the Naval Construction Act – ordered the building of more warshipsbuilding of more warships

America Enters the WarAmerica Enters the War 1916 Woodrow Wilson’s campaign slogan was “He kept us 1916 Woodrow Wilson’s campaign slogan was “He kept us

out of war!”out of war!” Zimmerman Note: German foreign minister sent this note Zimmerman Note: German foreign minister sent this note

to the German ambassador of Mexico; intercepted by to the German ambassador of Mexico; intercepted by British agents and given to the U.S.British agents and given to the U.S. Proposed an alliance between Germany and MexicoProposed an alliance between Germany and Mexico Promised that if war broke out with the U.S. that Germany Promised that if war broke out with the U.S. that Germany

would support Mexico and assure that they recovered lost would support Mexico and assure that they recovered lost territory such as Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.territory such as Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Revolutions in Russia (March 1917) placed a Revolutions in Russia (March 1917) placed a representative gov’t in control; the US would be representative gov’t in control; the US would be entering a war of democracy against brutal entering a war of democracy against brutal monarchies.monarchies.

Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.” (April 2, 1917)world safe for democracy.” (April 2, 1917) Congress declared war a few days later.Congress declared war a few days later.

Election of 1916Election of 1916

WWI on the Home FrontWWI on the Home Front

Cartoon ReviewCartoon Review1.1. Identify the different nations present in the cartoon.Identify the different nations present in the cartoon.

2.2. This cartoon shows a main causes of WWI. Identify This cartoon shows a main causes of WWI. Identify and explain.and explain.

3.3. The US is not shown in the cartoon. Why?The US is not shown in the cartoon. Why?

The Home FrontThe Home Front

The U.S. was not prepared for war in 1917.The U.S. was not prepared for war in 1917. Selective Service Act (May 1917): DRAFT; Selective Service Act (May 1917): DRAFT;

required young men to registerrequired young men to register By 1918, 24 million men were registered and 3 By 1918, 24 million men were registered and 3

million had been called into servicemillion had been called into service Training for new soldiers lasted 8 months Training for new soldiers lasted 8 months

(partially in the U.S. and partially in (partially in the U.S. and partially in Europe)Europe) African Americans were most often limited to African Americans were most often limited to

noncombat roles.noncombat roles. Women were not in combat, but could Women were not in combat, but could

enlist in the navy and marines; permitted enlist in the navy and marines; permitted to join the army in the Army Corps of to join the army in the Army Corps of Nurses.Nurses.

Congress Gives Power to Congress Gives Power to WilsonWilson

The economy had to be reorganized to The economy had to be reorganized to support the war effort.support the war effort. It was too big of a job for private industry; It was too big of a job for private industry;

government stepped in.government stepped in. Government’s role increased.Government’s role increased. Congress gives Wilson direct control over the Congress gives Wilson direct control over the

economy.economy. Fixed prices and regulation of war-related Fixed prices and regulation of war-related

industries.industries. Established the War Industries BoardEstablished the War Industries Board

War Industries Board: led by War Industries Board: led by Bernard Baruch regulated all Bernard Baruch regulated all industries engaged in the war industries engaged in the war effort.effort. Determined what products industries Determined what products industries

would makewould make Where those products wentWhere those products went How much they would costHow much they would cost

Food AdministrationFood Administration Led by Herbert HooverLed by Herbert Hoover Set higher prices for wheat and other food Set higher prices for wheat and other food

items to encourage farmers to increase items to encourage farmers to increase production.production.

Ask American to conserve food that could Ask American to conserve food that could be used in the war effortbe used in the war effort

Homeowners planted victory gardensHomeowners planted victory gardens Led to “meatless” and “wheatless” daysLed to “meatless” and “wheatless” days Instead of rationing food he asked people Instead of rationing food he asked people

to follow the “gospel of the clean plate.”to follow the “gospel of the clean plate.”

Government’s RoleGovernment’s Role

Launched efforts to conserve fuel Launched efforts to conserve fuel nationwidenationwide

This led to daylight saving timeThis led to daylight saving time Citizens turn their clocks ahead one Citizens turn their clocks ahead one

hour during certain monthhour during certain month Giving more daylight time and have Giving more daylight time and have

to burn less fuelto burn less fuel

Committee on Public Committee on Public InformationInformation

Director - George Creel Director - George Creel To educate the public about the To educate the public about the

causes and nature of the warcauses and nature of the war To convince public that the war effort To convince public that the war effort

was a just cause and support the warwas a just cause and support the war Through propaganda, CPI distributed Through propaganda, CPI distributed

material to stress the cruelty and material to stress the cruelty and wickedness of the Germanswickedness of the Germans

PropagandaPropaganda

Propaganda: biased communication Propaganda: biased communication designed to influence people’s designed to influence people’s thoughts and actions (posters, songs, thoughts and actions (posters, songs, books, leaflets, pamphlets, movies…)books, leaflets, pamphlets, movies…)

http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/ww1posters/4964

American Involvement in American Involvement in WWIWWI

OppositionOpposition

Many men resisted the draft – invaded private Many men resisted the draft – invaded private lives—those that tried to resist was court-lives—those that tried to resist was court-martialed and imprisonedmartialed and imprisoned

Conscientious objectors – people whose moral Conscientious objectors – people whose moral or religious beliefs forbid them to fight in warsor religious beliefs forbid them to fight in wars

Women who worked for peace; Women’s Women who worked for peace; Women’s Peace Party (Jane Addams), Women's Peace Party (Jane Addams), Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, International League for Peace and Freedom, Jeanette Rankin (first woman to serve in the Jeanette Rankin (first woman to serve in the House of Rep.) voted against the declaration House of Rep.) voted against the declaration of warof war

Cracking Down on DissentCracking Down on Dissent Congress passed:Congress passed:

Espionage Act, June 1917- allowed the postal Espionage Act, June 1917- allowed the postal authorities to ban treasonable or seditious authorities to ban treasonable or seditious newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from newspapers, magazines, or printed materials from the mailthe mail

Enacted severe penalties for anyone engaged in Enacted severe penalties for anyone engaged in disloyal or treasonable activitiesdisloyal or treasonable activities

Up to a $10,000 fine and 20 yrs of imprisonmentUp to a $10,000 fine and 20 yrs of imprisonment 1918- Sedition Act – made it unlawful to use 1918- Sedition Act – made it unlawful to use

disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” about the American form of language” about the American form of government, the Constitution, or the military government, the Constitution, or the military forces.forces. Eugene V. Debs-leader of the Socialist Party-was Eugene V. Debs-leader of the Socialist Party-was

imprisoned 10 yrs under this act and fewer yrs imprisoned 10 yrs under this act and fewer yrs earlier had been a candidate for president.earlier had been a candidate for president.

Schenck vs. U.S., 1919Schenck vs. U.S., 1919

Court ruled that there are times Court ruled that there are times when the need for public order is so when the need for public order is so pressing the First Amendment pressing the First Amendment protection of speech do not apply; protection of speech do not apply; clear and present dangerclear and present danger

Schenck v. US: ruling was the U.S. Schenck v. US: ruling was the U.S. government can suppress rights if government can suppress rights if there is a “clear and present danger”there is a “clear and present danger”

Prejudices Against Germans Prejudices Against Germans AmericansAmericans

Movies portrayed Germany as a cruel Movies portrayed Germany as a cruel enemy.enemy. The Kaiser, the Beast of BerlinThe Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin

German was no longer taught in public German was no longer taught in public schools.schools.

German music was no longer played.German music was no longer played. German measles were renamed “liberty German measles were renamed “liberty

measles”.measles”. Hamburgers became “liberty steaks”, and Hamburgers became “liberty steaks”, and

dachshunds became “liberty pups”.dachshunds became “liberty pups”.

New Opportunities for New Opportunities for WomenWomen

Women moved into the workforce for the first Women moved into the workforce for the first time.time.

Worked in munitions factories, on railroads, Worked in munitions factories, on railroads, telegraph operators, trolley conductors, and other telegraph operators, trolley conductors, and other jobs that previously were opened only to men.jobs that previously were opened only to men.

Joined Red Cross or American Women’s Hospital Joined Red Cross or American Women’s Hospital Service and went overseasService and went overseas Doctors, nurses, ambulance driversDoctors, nurses, ambulance drivers

Army Corps of Nurses was created in 1918.Army Corps of Nurses was created in 1918. Finally women won the right to vote in 1920 with Finally women won the right to vote in 1920 with

the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

During WWI and after, several push During WWI and after, several push factors caused thousands of African factors caused thousands of African Americans to decide to move from Americans to decide to move from their homes in the South. New factors their homes in the South. New factors drew them to new homes in the Northdrew them to new homes in the North

The Great Migration was one of the The Great Migration was one of the most important episodes in African most important episodes in African American history.American history.

The Great MigrationThe Great Migration

Mexicans Move North of the Mexicans Move North of the BorderBorder

Many faced violence and poverty.Many faced violence and poverty. Wanted better lives for themselves and Wanted better lives for themselves and

their childrentheir children Most immigrated to the American west to Most immigrated to the American west to

work on ranches and farms in Texas and work on ranches and farms in Texas and the Pacific Coast.the Pacific Coast.

Some migrated to factory jobs; many Some migrated to factory jobs; many stayed in California and formed barrios in stayed in California and formed barrios in Los Angeles and smaller California cities.Los Angeles and smaller California cities.

America Helps the AlliesAmerica Helps the Allies

The Allies were strengthened when The Allies were strengthened when America joined the war. The Allies America joined the war. The Allies were then able to demoralize the were then able to demoralize the Central Powers and win.Central Powers and win.

The Fourteen Points further The Fourteen Points further encouraged Germany to end the war, encouraged Germany to end the war, but the European Allies did not but the European Allies did not accept Wilson’s plan.accept Wilson’s plan.

Fighting “Over There”Fighting “Over There”

The American Expeditionary Force The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was led by John Pershing.(AEF) was led by John Pershing. Men from different areas of the U.S. Men from different areas of the U.S.

shipped overseas shipped overseas ““Doughboys”Doughboys”

Most had never ventured far from home and were Most had never ventured far from home and were shocked at the sights of warshocked at the sights of war

““Harlem Hell Fighters” (African Harlem Hell Fighters” (African Americans)Americans)

Alvin York – one of American’s greatest war heroes

WWI Firsts — History.com Video

The DoughboysThe Doughboys

Fall of GermanyFall of Germany

March 1917, Russia withdraw from the warMarch 1917, Russia withdraw from the war November 3, 1918—Austria-Hungary November 3, 1918—Austria-Hungary

surrendered to the Allies.surrendered to the Allies. German sailors mutiny (rebel against German sailors mutiny (rebel against

government) and socialist leaders take the government) and socialist leaders take the capital (Berlin) establishing a German capital (Berlin) establishing a German RepublicRepublic Kaiser Wilhelm II gives up the throne.Kaiser Wilhelm II gives up the throne.

November 11, 1918—Germany signed the November 11, 1918—Germany signed the armistice ending the war.armistice ending the war.

WWI’s Final TollWWI’s Final Toll

Bloodiest war in history at the time.Bloodiest war in history at the time. 22 million deaths, half being civilians22 million deaths, half being civilians 20 million wounded20 million wounded 10 million refugees10 million refugees Total cost averaged at about $338 billion.Total cost averaged at about $338 billion. US CostsUS Costs

Lost 48,000 men in battle and 62,000 died of Lost 48,000 men in battle and 62,000 died of diseasedisease

200,000 wounded200,000 wounded

The Fourteen PointsThe Fourteen Points

Sought to change the world by promoting Sought to change the world by promoting openness, encouraging independence, and openness, encouraging independence, and supporting freedom.supporting freedom.

Wilson called for open diplomacy, no secret Wilson called for open diplomacy, no secret treaties.treaties.

He insisted on freedom of the seas, a move He insisted on freedom of the seas, a move toward ending colonialism, free trade, a toward ending colonialism, free trade, a reduction of armaments, and self-reduction of armaments, and self-determination for nations.determination for nations.

His biggest point was the League of Nations.His biggest point was the League of Nations. Mutual guarantees of political independence and Mutual guarantees of political independence and

territorial integrity to great and small states aliketerritorial integrity to great and small states alike

Wilson and the NegotiationsWilson and the Negotiations

Wilson crossed the Atlantic Ocean himself Wilson crossed the Atlantic Ocean himself to represent the U.S. at the peace to represent the U.S. at the peace conference, something no other president conference, something no other president had ever done.had ever done.

He did not invite leading Republicans to He did not invite leading Republicans to the conference. Henry Cabot Lodge, the the conference. Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republican foreign policy expert, was left Republican foreign policy expert, was left behind.behind.

Wilson wanted “peace without victory”.Wilson wanted “peace without victory”.

Allies Reject Wilson’s IdeasAllies Reject Wilson’s Ideas

British prime minister David Lloyd-George British prime minister David Lloyd-George and French premier Georges Clemenceau and French premier Georges Clemenceau wanted both peace and victory. Britain wanted both peace and victory. Britain insisted on protecting the existing colonial insisted on protecting the existing colonial status quo and punishing Germany. status quo and punishing Germany.

France wanted to make Germany pay dearly France wanted to make Germany pay dearly for what it had tone to France. They wanted for what it had tone to France. They wanted reparations and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.reparations and the return of Alsace-Lorraine.

The other Allies also had goals of their own The other Allies also had goals of their own and did not support Wilson’s vision.and did not support Wilson’s vision.

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Although Wilson lost most of his 14 Although Wilson lost most of his 14 Points, he was unwilling to compromise Points, he was unwilling to compromise on the League of Nations.on the League of Nations. Purpose to provide a place where Purpose to provide a place where

countries could talk about their differences countries could talk about their differences rather than go to war.rather than go to war.

The other delegates finally voted to The other delegates finally voted to make the League a part of the treaty.make the League a part of the treaty.

Problems with the PeaceProblems with the Peace

The new map was violated.The new map was violated. The Ottoman Empire fell and new The Ottoman Empire fell and new

states were formed with ethnic states were formed with ethnic groups clustered together randomly. groups clustered together randomly. For example, Iraq was made up of For example, Iraq was made up of Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. Basra Basra, Baghdad, and Mosul. Basra had links to India, Baghdad to Persia, had links to India, Baghdad to Persia, and Mosul to turkey and Syria.and Mosul to turkey and Syria.

Map Before and After WWIMap Before and After WWI

America Rejects the TreatyAmerica Rejects the Treaty

Many Americans did not favor the “war guilt” Many Americans did not favor the “war guilt” clause.clause. Germany caused the warGermany caused the war

Irish Americans wanted an independent Irish Americans wanted an independent Ireland.Ireland.

The Republican-controlled Senate Foreign The Republican-controlled Senate Foreign Relations committee had to approve the treaty Relations committee had to approve the treaty and then the Republican-controlled Senate had and then the Republican-controlled Senate had to ratify it.to ratify it.

Henry Cabot Lodge and the “reservationists” Henry Cabot Lodge and the “reservationists” were opposed to the treaty as it was written.were opposed to the treaty as it was written.

ReservationistsReservationists Large group of Senators led by Henry C. Large group of Senators led by Henry C.

LodgeLodge Many felt that the League could lead the Many felt that the League could lead the

U.S. into war without consent of U.S. into war without consent of Congress.Congress.

They felt the language was too vague.They felt the language was too vague. They were willing to vote for the Treaty They were willing to vote for the Treaty

with some changes.with some changes. Wilson refused to compromise.Wilson refused to compromise. His health failed him.His health failed him. The senate rejected the Versailles Treaty.The senate rejected the Versailles Treaty.

Effects of WWIEffects of WWI

Fall 1918 crisis of the flu epidemicFall 1918 crisis of the flu epidemic ¼ of US population was affected¼ of US population was affected Economic effects: mines shut down, telephone Economic effects: mines shut down, telephone

services were cut in half, working hours services were cut in half, working hours decreaseddecreased Cities ran short of coffinsCities ran short of coffins Doctors did not what to do Doctors did not what to do

(recommended quarantine and (recommended quarantine and cleanliness, but had no real cure)cleanliness, but had no real cure)

Soldiers lived in worse conditions and were more Soldiers lived in worse conditions and were more likely to contract, and die, from the flu.likely to contract, and die, from the flu.

Historians believe that the influenza virus killed Historians believe that the influenza virus killed up to 30 million worldwide.up to 30 million worldwide.

1918 Flu Pandemic1918 Flu Pandemic

NormalcyNormalcy

Warren G. Harding wins the election of Warren G. Harding wins the election of 19201920

U.S. became the largest creditor nations in U.S. became the largest creditor nations in the world.the world.

Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires ceased to exist.ceased to exist.

German and Russian monarchies were German and Russian monarchies were toppled.toppled.

New forms of government were created.New forms of government were created.

Warren G. HardingWarren G. Harding

ReviewReview

1.1. The AEF, Doughboys, and Harlem Hell Fighters are all The AEF, Doughboys, and Harlem Hell Fighters are all examples of ________.examples of ________.

2.2. President __________ was reelected with the slogan, “He President __________ was reelected with the slogan, “He kept us out of war!”kept us out of war!”

3.3. The US declared war in 1917 joining the ______________.The US declared war in 1917 joining the ______________.4.4. The area of land between enemy trenches was called The area of land between enemy trenches was called

“________________” because anyone who tried to cross it “________________” because anyone who tried to cross it was killed by machine gun fire.was killed by machine gun fire.

5.5. US troops fought WWI in Europe; therefore, it was said US troops fought WWI in Europe; therefore, it was said that our boys were fighting “______________.”that our boys were fighting “______________.”

Answers Answers

1.1. The AEF, Doughboys, and Harlem Hell Fighters are all The AEF, Doughboys, and Harlem Hell Fighters are all examples of examples of US soldiersUS soldiers..

2.2. President President Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson was reelected with the slogan, was reelected with the slogan, “He kept us out of war!”“He kept us out of war!”

3.3. The US declared war in 1917 joining the The US declared war in 1917 joining the AlliesAllies..4.4. The area of land between enemy trenches was called The area of land between enemy trenches was called “no “no

man’s land”man’s land” because anyone who tried to cross it was because anyone who tried to cross it was killed by machine gun fire.killed by machine gun fire.

5.5. US troops fought WWI in Europe; therefore, it was said US troops fought WWI in Europe; therefore, it was said that our boys were fighting “that our boys were fighting “Over ThereOver There.”.”

First World War.com - Vintage Audio - Over ThereFirst World War.com - Vintage Audio - Over There

Video ClipsVideo Clips

http://www.history.com/videos/world-http://www.history.com/videos/world-war-i-soldiers-learn-to-pack#world-war-i-soldiers-learn-to-pack#world-war-i-soldiers-learn-to-packwar-i-soldiers-learn-to-pack

http://www.history.com/videos/causes-http://www.history.com/videos/causes-of-world-war-i#causes-of-world-war-iof-world-war-i#causes-of-world-war-i

http://www.history.com/videos/http://www.history.com/videos/coming-home-from-world-war-coming-home-from-world-war-i#coming-home-from-world-war-ii#coming-home-from-world-war-i

Video ClipsVideo Clips

http://www.history.com/videos/http://www.history.com/videos/treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-ii#treaty-of-versailles-end-world-war-i

http://www.history.com/videos/http://www.history.com/videos/george-s-patton#george-s-pattongeorge-s-patton#george-s-patton