Date post: | 17-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vernon-austin |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Personality Defined
• Unique psychological qualities of an individual that influences a variety of characteristic behavior pattern across different situations over time
Personality Types
• Distinct patterns of personality characteristics used to assign people to categories
• Qualitative differences rather than differences in degree, used to discriminate among people
Hippocrates (5 BC)
• 1st to introduced personality types• Types: Blood, Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile
William Sheldon (1942)
• Physique to temperament– Endomorphic (fat, soft, round)• Relaxed sociable
– Mesomorphic (muscular, strong, rectangular)• Energy, courage, assertive
– Ectomorphic (thin, long, fragile)• Brainy, artistic, introverted
Gordon Alport (1937-1966)
• Cardinal traits– What person organizes their life around
• Central traits– Represent major characteristics of a person
• Secondary traits– Specific personal features “The same fire that
melts butter hardens the egg”
Hans Esenck (1973-1990)
• Extraversion– Internally vs. externally orientated
• Neuroticism– Emotionally stable vs. unstable
• Psychoticism– Kind/considerate vs. aggressive/antisocial
5 factor model
• Extraversion– Talkative, energetic, assertive vs. introversion-quiet, shy,
reserved
• Agreeable– Sympathetic, kind and affectionate vs. cold quarrelsome
and cruel
• Conscientiousness– Organized, responsible and cautious vs. careless, frivolous
and irresponsible
5 factor model
• Neuroticism– Stable, calm and contented vs. anxious, unstable
and temporal• Openness to experience– Creative, intellectual and open minded vs. simple,
shallow, and unintelligent
Traits and Predictions
• Consistency paradox– Observation that personality ratings across
time+among different observers are consistent, while behavior rating across situations are not consistent
Traits and Predictions
• Areas of predictability– Cognitive, social, self regulatory, physical strength,
motor coordination• Shyness– Individuals discomfort and or inhibition in
interpersonal situations that interferes with pursuing interpersonal or professional goals
– Born, nurture, cultural, technological
Psychodynamic Theories
• Assume that personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by powerful inner forces
• Freud’s Drivers• Eros– Sexual urges, preserves species
• Libido– Psychic energy that drives individuals toward sensual
pleasures of al types, especially sexual ones• Thantos– Self-preservation
Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Oral (0-1)• Anal (2-3)• Phallic (4-5)– Oedipal / Electra complexes
• Latency (6-12)• Genital (13-18)– Fixation-person remains attached to objects or activities
more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development
Freud’s Personality Structure
• Id– Primitive unconscious part of the personality that
operates irrationality and acts on impulse to purse pleasure
Freud’s Personality Structure
• Superego– Represents the internalization of society’s values,
standards and morals
Freud’s Personality Structure
• Ego– Reality principle– Conscious– Moderates Id/Superego– Self preservation, directs instinctual drives, urges
into appropriate channels
Ego Defense
• Mental strategies used by the ego to defend itself against conflicts experienced in the normal course of life
• Anxiety – Intense emotional response caused by the
preconscious recognition that a repressed conflict is about to emerge into consciousness
Post-Freudian Theories (NeoFreudians)
• Emphasis on Ego: Function, defenses, development of self, conscious thought processes and personal mastery
• Added social variables (culture, family)• Less emphasis on sexual energy• Life span beyond childhood
Carl Jung (1959)
• Collective unconscious– Part of the individual’s unconscious that is
inherited, evolutionarily developed and common to all members of the species
Carl Jung (1959)
• Archetypes– Universal, inherited, primitive and symbolic
representation of a particular experience or object
Carl Jung (1959)
• Analytic Psychology– Branch of psychology that views the person as a
constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance
Humanistic Theories
• Humans naturally good, striving for self actualization (Maslow)– Person’s constant striving to realize his or their
own potential and to develop inherent talents and capabilities
• Unique tendencies
Carl Rogers (1947-77)
• Organism• Self• Conditional positive regard– Given to people with conditioning
• Unconditional positive regard– Complete love and acceptance of an individual by
another person– No conditions attached
Karen Horney (1950)
• “real self”– Need favorable atmosphere to develop• Warmth, goodwill, love
– Get away from due to anxiety• Idealized self image “search for glory”• Tyranny of should
– I.e. beautiful, perfect, etc.
Karen Horney (1950)
• Psychobiography-these use of psychological theory to describe and explain an individual’s course through out life– Life story
Social Learning and Cognitive Theories
• Look at environmental factors• Social imitation• How we use or mental (mind) to manipulate
the environment
Walter Mischel (1995)
• How behavior arises as a function of interactions between persons and situations
Albert Bandura (1986)
• Reciprocal determinism– Complex reciprocal interaction exists among the
individual, his or her behavior, and environment all stimuli and that of each of these components affects the others
Albert Bandura (1986)
• Self-efficacy– Set of beliefs that one can perform adequately in a
particular situations– Includes perceptions, motivations– Judgments
• Vicarious experiences– View of others performances
• Persuasion– Others convince you
• Monitoring yourself (emotional)
Albert Bandura (1986)
• Outcome-based expectations (environmental)– Expectations of failure or success– Kind environment might try harder
Nancy Cantor (1987)
• Social intelligence– Refers to expertise people bring to their
experience of life task
Nancy Cantor (1987)
• 3 types of social intelligence– Choice of life• What is important to you
– Knowledge relevant to social interactions• Level of expertise
– Strategies for implementing goals• Problems solving strategies are all different
Criticisms of Social/Cognitive Theories
• Overlook emotions• Vagueness of explanation about the person’s
constructs and competencies are created
Self Theories William James (1890)
• Material me – body, physical• Spiritual me – thoughts, feelings• Social me – how others view you
Self Concept
• Person’s mental model of his or her abilities and attributes– Motivates, interprets, organizes, mediates,
regulates behavior
Hazel Markus (1986)
• Possible selves– Ideal selves that a person would like to becomes
the selves a person could become and the selves a person is afraid of becoming
– Components of the cognitive sense of self– Motivate you
Self-Esteem
• Generalized evaluative attitude toward the self that influences both moods and behaviors and that exerts a powerful effect on a range of personal and social behaviors
Self-Esteem
• Self handicapping– Process of developing in anticipation of failure,
behavioral reactions and explanations that minimize ability deficits as possible attributions for failure
– Ready made excuses– More likely when outcome will be public
Independent Construal of Self
• Orientated around one’s thoughts feelings and actions
• Collectivists 70%
Independent Construal of Self
• Collectivists– Needs of the group– Interdependent construal of self• Encompassing social relationships• Recognized that one’s behavior is determined,
contingent on and to a large extent organized by what the actor perceives to be the thoughts, feelings and actions of others
Twenty Statements Test (TST) 1934
• Kohn and McPartland– 20 different answers to “Who am I?”• Categories answers
– Social, ideological, interests, ambitions, self-evaluations
Comparing Personality Theories
• Heredity vs. Environmental (Nature/nurture)• Learning Process vs. Innate Laws of Behavior• Modified through society vs. internal time table• Emphasis on past, present, future• Consciousness vs. unconsciousness• Inner disposition vs. other situation
Assessment of Personality
• Personality inventory– Self report questionnaire used for personality assessment– Includes a series of items about personal thoughts,
feelings and behaviors– Most common
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)• 10-15 clinical scales• I.e. anxiety, type A, self esteem, anger bizarre
Projective Tests
• A standardized set of ambiguous, abstract stimuli is presented and asked to interpret their meanings
• Response reveals inner feelings, motives, conflicts• 1st used to get into unconscious
Therapeutic Appreciation Test (TAT)
• Henry Murray 1938– Ambiguous scenes asked to make up stories about
it
TAT
• http://nknau.blogspot.com/2009/08/thematic-appriciation-test-tat.html
Rorschach
• http://www.deltabravo.net/custody/rorschach.php
Gnarls Barkley
• http://vids.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=vids.individual&VideoID=1033619