Goals 7-12Goals 7-12US History US History Review Review

Muckrakers" was the name that Theodore Roosevelt gave journalists of the early part of the 20th century who exposed governmental and abuses in American business.

Ida Tarbell, one of the original muckrakers, was able to help shut down the Standard Oil Company monopoly by advocating for the Clayton anti-trust Act, which declared monopolies illegal in America.

Muckrakers: Muckrakers: Ida Tarbell, Upton Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and Lincoln Sinclair, and Lincoln Steffens Helped Steffens Helped Expose Scandals.Expose Scandals.

Inspired Reform using Inspired Reform using Investigative writing Investigative writing about dangerous and about dangerous and questionable practices questionable practices in the:in the:

Standard Oil Company Standard Oil Company TrustTrust, ,

Meat packing industryMeat packing industry Poor conditions of the Poor conditions of the

citiescities Political reforms, Political reforms,

intiative, recall reform intiative, recall reform

President Theodore Roosevelt was sickened after reading an advance copy. He called upon Congress to pass a law establishing the Food and Drug Administration and, for the first time, setting up federal inspection standards for meat.

Jacob Riis was among the first to use flash powder (PICTURES) as a muckraking journalist, which enabled him to photograph interiors and exteriors of the horrible conditions of city slums. Jacob Riss advocated for clean sewer systems in cities to ensure safe drinking water in Urban slums.

Seventeenth Amendment: Seventeenth Amendment: Direct Election of SenatorsDirect Election of Senators Progressives wanted the direct election of Progressives wanted the direct election of

senators to stop continued government senators to stop continued government corruption and riotingcorruption and rioting

Content: SharecroppingContent: Sharecropping The primary means of African American livelihood The primary means of African American livelihood

became sharecropping. Former white plantation owners became sharecropping. Former white plantation owners would hire former slaves to work the land cheaply in would hire former slaves to work the land cheaply in exchange for food, clothing, housing and a small bit of exchange for food, clothing, housing and a small bit of pay. In terms of the power structure, the laborer was pay. In terms of the power structure, the laborer was subjected to the demands of the sharecropper until he subjected to the demands of the sharecropper until he paid all debts in full tying them to the farm. paid all debts in full tying them to the farm.

Content: Legalized government segregationContent: Legalized government segregation The Plessey decision set the precedent that The Plessey decision set the precedent that

"separate" facilities for blacks and whites were "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal." The constitutional as long as they were "equal." The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of public life, such as to cover many areas of public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools. schools.

Content: Henry Ford –Model TContent: Henry Ford –Model T Had the greatest impact on transportation Had the greatest impact on transportation

during the first quarter of the 20during the first quarter of the 20thth century century The Model T replaced railroad travel which The Model T replaced railroad travel which

led the country throughout the 1800’sled the country throughout the 1800’s

Content: The factors caused the U.S. to enter Content: The factors caused the U.S. to enter WWIWWI

Sinking of the LusitaniaSinking of the Lusitania Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note Unrestricted submarine warfareUnrestricted submarine warfare

Content: Enlistment slogans to defeat the German armyContent: Enlistment slogans to defeat the German army the United States entered World War I, April 1917the United States entered World War I, April 1917 Make the world safe for democracy enlist todayMake the world safe for democracy enlist today Keep freedom of the seas defeat the Huns (Germans)Keep freedom of the seas defeat the Huns (Germans)

Sedition Act of 1918, Sedition Act of 1918, which made it a crime to which made it a crime to "willfully utter, print, "willfully utter, print, write, or publish any write, or publish any disloyal, profane, disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive scurrilous, or abusive language about the form language about the form of the Government of the of the Government of the United States" or to United States" or to "willfully urge, incite, or "willfully urge, incite, or advocate any advocate any curtailment of the curtailment of the production" of the things production" of the things "necessary or essential "necessary or essential to the prosecution of the to the prosecution of the war. war.

A group of over 20, 000 World War I veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., to receive their World War I bonus during the summer of 1932. Most of the veterans, unemployed and in desperate circumstances, demanded the passage of a bill providing immediate payment of their bonus.

Content: Republicans Big Business, Content: Republicans Big Business, Reduce the size of the US government Reduce the size of the US government Republicans of the late 1920’s wanted to Republicans of the late 1920’s wanted to

reduce government influence of big businessreduce government influence of big business Halt continued progressive reformsHalt continued progressive reforms

Content: easy consumer creditContent: easy consumer credit Buying on Margin Buying on Margin Over speculation (thought you had the money but Over speculation (thought you had the money but

did not)did not) The factors that contributed to both the boom and The factors that contributed to both the boom and

bust of the 1920’s and 1930s in the US. bust of the 1920’s and 1930s in the US.

Content: Dust Bowl - Agricultural depressionContent: Dust Bowl - Agricultural depression During the 1920's, farmers in the United States During the 1920's, farmers in the United States

experienced the worst Depression in history; an experienced the worst Depression in history; an economic slump which turned on its head the economic slump which turned on its head the prosperity of the 1920's a slump in which prosperity of the 1920's a slump in which thousands of farmers lost their farms. thousands of farmers lost their farms.

A group of over 20,000 World War I

veterans who marched on Washington, D.C., to receive their World War I bonus during the summer of 1932. Most of the veterans, unemployed and in desperate circumstances, demanded the passage of a bill providing immediate payment of their bonus.

The 1920s are known The 1920s are known today as the “Jazz Age.”  today as the “Jazz Age.”  Jazz music was created at Jazz music was created at the beginning of the 20th the beginning of the 20th century.  It was influence century.  It was influence by blues and ragtime by blues and ragtime which were popular which were popular during previous years.  during previous years.  Since jazz was the Since jazz was the popular music of the popular music of the time, it was often played time, it was often played for social dancing.  For for social dancing.  For the most part, ballroom the most part, ballroom style dances were still style dances were still common.  Some popular common.  Some popular danced were the Fox danced were the Fox Trot, Black Bottom, Trot, Black Bottom, Charleston, Waltz, and Charleston, Waltz, and Shag. Shag.

Content: Cars replaced railroads in the 1920sContent: Cars replaced railroads in the 1920s Social travel was mostly impacted by carsSocial travel was mostly impacted by cars The movement to upgrade the practical cars of the The movement to upgrade the practical cars of the

1920s escalated during the decade. The luxurious, 1920s escalated during the decade. The luxurious, large, high-class cars captured the imaginations of the large, high-class cars captured the imaginations of the people. (I guess nothings changed!)people. (I guess nothings changed!)

Content: FlappersContent: Flappers The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote, The 19th amendment gave women the right to vote,

allowing them a voice in the government. This had a allowing them a voice in the government. This had a large impact on dance because since women had large impact on dance because since women had voting rights they were allowed to do more things but voting rights they were allowed to do more things but dance was an outlet for women who had been dance was an outlet for women who had been oppressed in Americaoppressed in America

Red Scare 1919Red Scare 1919 Unemployment Unemployment

surged upward until surged upward until summer of 1919. summer of 1919. There were 3600 There were 3600 strikes in 1919 strikes in 1919 involving 4 million involving 4 million workers. The cost of workers. The cost of living was 99% higher living was 99% higher in 1919 than in 1914 in 1919 than in 1914 due to inflation, some due to inflation, some people began to think people began to think that communism that communism might be a better might be a better system causing the system causing the red Scarered Scare

When President When President Roosevelt took office Roosevelt took office in 1933, he feverishly in 1933, he feverishly created program after created program after program to give relief, program to give relief, create jobs, and create jobs, and stimulate economic stimulate economic recovery for the U.S. recovery for the U.S. These programs were These programs were called relief, recovery called relief, recovery and reform a bold and reform a bold experiment to reform experiment to reform and enlarge the U.S. and enlarge the U.S. government to aid the government to aid the people during the people during the great depression. great depression.

WORKS PROGRESS WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION (Relief)(Relief) Established under the Established under the $4.8 billion Emergency $4.8 billion Emergency Relief Appropriation Act Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, the WPA lasted of 1935, the WPA lasted until 1943 and employed until 1943 and employed at least 8.5 million at least 8.5 million people. They built people. They built thousands of roads, thousands of roads, bridges, schools, post bridges, schools, post offices and other public offices and other public construction construction projects. The New deal projects. The New deal enlarged the size of enlarged the size of government and put government and put people back to work people back to work

Content: Authoritarian regimesContent: Authoritarian regimes Germany Japan and Italy Germany Japan and Italy Sought world domination during WWISought world domination during WWI Germany invaded Europe and AfricaGermany invaded Europe and Africa Japan the pacificJapan the pacific

Content: WWII theater battlesContent: WWII theater battles Battle at Stalingrad was fought in the Battle at Stalingrad was fought in the

EuropeanEuropean theater theater Battle of Midway fought in the Battle of Midway fought in the pacificpacific –strategy –strategy

island hoping island hoping Battle of El Amien fought in Battle of El Amien fought in North Africa North Africa

Content: Manhattan projectContent: Manhattan project The attack and its aftermath killed an estimated 140,000 people at The attack and its aftermath killed an estimated 140,000 people at

the end of World War II. the end of World War II. Atomic bomb was a weapon with great explosive power that Atomic bomb was a weapon with great explosive power that

results from the sudden release of energy upon the splitting, or results from the sudden release of energy upon the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of such heavy elements as plutonium or fission, of the nuclei of such heavy elements as plutonium or uranium created as deterrent to German and Japanese uranium created as deterrent to German and Japanese advancement for world poweradvancement for world power

Content: Internment of Content: Internment of Japanese-AmericansJapanese-Americans The Japanese Imperial Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii The Japanese Imperial Navy attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

Dec. 7,1941.Dec. 7,1941. The U.S. Supreme Court argued in Korematsu v. The U.S. Supreme Court argued in Korematsu v.

United States that the internment camps were United States that the internment camps were legal and justified for military and security legal and justified for military and security reasons. reasons.

Content: Containment of communismContent: Containment of communism the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for

$400 million in military and economic $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. assistance for Turkey and Greece.

Domino theory contain communist in Domino theory contain communist in Southeast Asia Southeast Asia

Content: During the Content: During the Cold War of the 1950s Cold War of the 1950s and 1960s, threat of and 1960s, threat of possible nuclear attack possible nuclear attack by the Soviet Union by the Soviet Union inspired the creation inspired the creation Containment policyContainment policy

Nuclear offensive Nuclear offensive weapons grew weapons grew dramatically in quality dramatically in quality and quantity during and quantity during the Cold War. the Cold War.

United NationsUnited Nations World Peace World Peace

keeping keeping organizationorganization

5 country 5 country member member security council security council

Content: The Federal-Aid Highway Act Content: The Federal-Aid Highway Act By the late 1930s, the pressure for construction of By the late 1930s, the pressure for construction of

transcontinental superhighways was building. It even transcontinental superhighways was building. It even reached the White House, where President Franklin D. reached the White House, where President Franklin D. Roosevelt repeatedly expressed interest in construction Roosevelt repeatedly expressed interest in construction of a network of toll superhighways as a way of of a network of toll superhighways as a way of providing more jobs for people out of work. Congress, providing more jobs for people out of work. Congress, too, decided to explore the concept too, decided to explore the concept

Western Europe and Western Europe and North America were North America were locked in a battle locked in a battle with a Soviet regime with a Soviet regime committed to committed to developing its developing its military might. The military might. The allies needed a allies needed a safety net to repel safety net to repel any form of any form of aggression and to aggression and to safeguard their safeguard their freedom. freedom.

Their solution was Their solution was the North Atlantic the North Atlantic Treaty Treaty

Americans were Americans were routinely persecuted routinely persecuted because they were because they were suspected of being suspected of being insufficiently insufficiently patriotic in the patriotic in the struggle against struggle against Communism and, in Communism and, in particular, the particular, the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union. The persecution took persecution took various forms, from various forms, from imprisonment to the imprisonment to the purging and purging and blacklisting of untold blacklisting of untold thousands thousands

Content The “Space Content The “Space Race” began in 1957 Race” began in 1957 when the Soviet Union when the Soviet Union launched the first launched the first manmade satellite, manmade satellite, Sputnik. The American Sputnik. The American government and the government and the American people feared American people feared that control of space that control of space determine the winner in determine the winner in the cold war. The tension the cold war. The tension created by the cold war, created by the cold war, along with the perceived along with the perceived technology gap, led the technology gap, led the United States to pour United States to pour billions of dollars into the billions of dollars into the development of a space development of a space program (NASA).program (NASA).

U.S. families respond to the threat of a nuclear U.S. families respond to the threat of a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet war between the United States and the Soviet Union as the Union as the cold war intensifiedcold war intensified

The purpose of a fallout shelter is to shield the The purpose of a fallout shelter is to shield the people inside from the harmful effects of people inside from the harmful effects of radiation radiation

Cold WarCold War President Harry President Harry

Truman established Truman established the CIA during the the CIA during the Cold War to collect Cold War to collect Intelligence Intelligence information on information on Communist activities Communist activities Truman actions Truman actions proved useful during proved useful during the Cuban Missile the Cuban Missile Crisis Crisis

The only Cold War to The only Cold War to turn hot was the turn hot was the Korean warKorean war

The Korean War was The Korean War was not a war at all it was not a war at all it was a a US police actionUS police action to stop the spread of to stop the spread of communism in east communism in east Asia Asia

Creating a problem Creating a problem between Communist between Communist China and Capitalist China and Capitalist America at the America at the 38th 38th parallel dividing parallel dividing North Korea and North Korea and South Korea South Korea

Content: Bay of Pigs Invasion Content: Bay of Pigs Invasion U.S. under estimates Cuba resistance forcesU.S. under estimates Cuba resistance forces In April 1961 anti- U.S. forces engaged in the In April 1961 anti- U.S. forces engaged in the

Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, but Cuban forces Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, but Cuban forces stop the United States attempt to unseat stop the United States attempt to unseat Castro's government. Castro's government.

Content: Civil rights MovementContent: Civil rights Movement Bus boycott in Montgomery AlabamaBus boycott in Montgomery Alabama CIVIL LIBERTIES -CIVIL LIBERTIES - Fundamental individual rights, such as Fundamental individual rights, such as

freedom of speech and religion, protected by law freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against unwarranted governmental or other against unwarranted governmental or other interference.interference.

Content: Civil Rights turn to militant ActionContent: Civil Rights turn to militant Action After the assassination of MLK, Jr. After the assassination of MLK, Jr.

President Lyndon President Lyndon Baines Johnson used Baines Johnson used the domino theory to the domino theory to justify early U.S. justify early U.S. involvement in involvement in Vietnam Vietnam

Asia is where the Asia is where the communist communist conspirators have conspirators have decided to make decided to make their play for global their play for global conquest. If we lose conquest. If we lose Vietnam, south east Vietnam, south east Asia will fall to the Asia will fall to the communist its communist its inevitable. LBJ inevitable. LBJ 

Content: Content: War Power ACTWar Power ACT The The War Powers Resolution of 1973War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public (Public

Law 93-148) limits the power of the President of Law 93-148) limits the power of the President of the United States to wage war without the the United States to wage war without the approval of the Congress. The United States has approval of the Congress. The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations formally declared war against foreign nations eleven separate times. eleven separate times.

Counterculture refers to Counterculture refers to the social revolutionthe social revolution that swept America in the that swept America in the 1960’s protesting war, 1960’s protesting war, the civil rights problems, the civil rights problems, and poverty, otherwise and poverty, otherwise known as the known as the hippy hippy movement.movement. (Because (Because young people wore their young people wore their hair long in protest of old hair long in protest of old values)values)

The Vietnam war led to The Vietnam war led to the counter culture of the the counter culture of the 1960’s Young Americans 1960’s Young Americans referred to as hippies referred to as hippies opposed the bombing of opposed the bombing of Cambodia, and the US Cambodia, and the US police Action in called the police Action in called the Vietnam war. Vietnam war.

Content: Block grantsContent: Block grants Block grants reduce federal involvement in Block grants reduce federal involvement in

state run housing projects state run housing projects The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development funds must be used to benefit Development funds must be used to benefit state residents. state residents.

Chief Justice Earl Chief Justice Earl Warren led the court Warren led the court toward a number of toward a number of landmark decisions in landmark decisions in the fields of the fields of civil civil rights and rights and individual liberties.individual liberties. Among these were the Among these were the unanimous 1954 unanimous 1954 decision, written by decision, written by Warren, ending Warren, ending segregation in the segregation in the nation's schools, nation's schools, Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Education of Topeka, KansasKansas

Title IX of the Title IX of the Education Education Amendments of 1972 Amendments of 1972 is a federal law that is a federal law that enforces men’s and enforces men’s and women’s equality in women’s equality in any educational any educational sports program or sports program or activity at any activity at any educational educational institution that institution that receive federal funds.receive federal funds.

Content: Content: Bakke v. RegentsBakke v. Regents, University of California. , University of California.  The Supreme Court first considered that question in The Supreme Court first considered that question in

1978, in the case of 1978, in the case of Bakke v. RegentsBakke v. Regents, University of , University of California.  Bakke, a white applicant to the UC-Davis California.  Bakke, a white applicant to the UC-Davis Medical School, claimed that he was denied admission Medical School, claimed that he was denied admission even though his test scores and grades were markedly even though his test scores and grades were markedly better than minority applicants who were admitted.  better than minority applicants who were admitted.  The Court found that Bakke had been denied equal The Court found that Bakke had been denied equal protection of the laws by UC- protection of the laws by UC-

After the Watergate After the Watergate scandal of the Nixon scandal of the Nixon [Republican] [Republican] administration administration

President Carter President Carter campaigned on the campaigned on the promise that he promise that he would not lie or would not lie or deceive the American deceive the American people and he won people and he won the 1976 presidential the 1976 presidential electionelection

U.S. oil consumption U.S. oil consumption was the was the major causemajor cause of ill shortages in the of ill shortages in the early 1970’s, mainly early 1970’s, mainly from gas inefficient from gas inefficient vehiclesvehicles

Arab-Israeli conflicts Arab-Israeli conflicts had produced a had produced a growing tension growing tension between U.S. and between U.S. and Arab countries, but Arab countries, but over consumption over consumption was the major was the major problemproblem

Ronald Reagan domestic policy- The rich and Ronald Reagan domestic policy- The rich and prosperous do not pay taxes, "trickle down prosperous do not pay taxes, "trickle down economies" and the lower classes. Lower taxes economies" and the lower classes. Lower taxes on wealthily incomes would benefit American on wealthily incomes would benefit American society. society.

This policy led to a high Government deficit and This policy led to a high Government deficit and deficit spending deficit spending

The concept for the The concept for the Strategic Defense Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Initiative (Star Wars)Wars) was designed was designed for x-ray lasers in for x-ray lasers in space to shoot down space to shoot down Soviet missiles. Soviet missiles. Reagan is credit for Reagan is credit for helping to end cold helping to end cold war, but it was war, but it was already over. The already over. The concept required concept required deficit spendingdeficit spending and led to the largest and led to the largest US deficit in modern US deficit in modern times during the times during the Reagan era. Reagan era.

President H.W. Bush saw President H.W. Bush saw Operation Desert Storm Operation Desert Storm as a mission as a mission to drive to drive Iraqi forces out of Iraqi forces out of KuwaitKuwait

Operation Desert Storm Operation Desert Storm was decision to restore was decision to restore Kuwait's sovereignty by Kuwait's sovereignty by military force. The military force. The ensuing air war and the ensuing air war and the effects of the economic effects of the economic embargo decimated embargo decimated Iraq's military Iraq's military infrastructure, severed infrastructure, severed communication and communication and supply lines supply lines driving driving Iraqi forces out of Iraqi forces out of KuwaitKuwait

On April 26, 1986, the On April 26, 1986, the fourth reactor of the fourth reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, exploded. Power Plant, exploded. The workers were The workers were performing an performing an experiment with the experiment with the reactor's safety reactor's safety systems during which systems during which the computer-the computer-controlled safety controlled safety systems were disabled.systems were disabled.

Problems occurred Problems occurred during the tests, the during the tests, the reactor did not receive reactor did not receive enough coolant, had enough coolant, had built up too much heat built up too much heat in the core and in the core and exploded. exploded.

Content: Cesar E. ChavezContent: Cesar E. Chavez A true American hero, Cesar was a Latino, a A true American hero, Cesar was a Latino, a

farm worker and labor leader; he mobilized farm worker and labor leader; he mobilized migrant workers to protest their working migrant workers to protest their working conditions, a crusader for nonviolent social conditions, a crusader for nonviolent social change; and an environmentalist and consumer change; and an environmentalist and consumer advocate advocate

President Clinton President Clinton used force in Bosnia used force in Bosnia an attempt to bring an attempt to bring an end to regional an end to regional conflict conflict

President Clinton President Clinton deployed forces to deployed forces to Bosnia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia Herzegovina, Croatia and Hungary as part and Hungary as part of the NATO of the NATO Implementation Force Implementation Force (IFOR) in Operation (IFOR) in Operation Joint Endeavor to stop Joint Endeavor to stop regional conflictregional conflict

NAFTA, the North NAFTA, the North American Free Trade American Free Trade Agreement, went into Agreement, went into effect on January 1, effect on January 1, 1994. The Agreement 1994. The Agreement phases out most tariffs phases out most tariffs between the United between the United States, Canada, and States, Canada, and Mexico. Tariffs, which are Mexico. Tariffs, which are taxes on imports, taxes on imports, increase the price of increase the price of foreign goods and foreign goods and thereby benefit domestic thereby benefit domestic producers. producers. President President Clinton passage this Clinton passage this legislation in 1994 legislation in 1994

Content: HispanicsContent: Hispanics Hispanics are the largest minority population Hispanics are the largest minority population

in the United States whose buying power has in the United States whose buying power has more than tripled during the past 15 years.more than tripled during the past 15 years.

Content: Diversity of AmericaContent: Diversity of America Promoting ethnic equality and fostering a Promoting ethnic equality and fostering a

culture of mutual respect for people from culture of mutual respect for people from different ethnic groups requires multiple different ethnic groups requires multiple teaching practices teaching practices

No Child Left No Child Left Behind Act NCLB:Behind Act NCLB: includes significant includes significant new accountability new accountability measures for all measures for all public schools.  It is public schools.  It is based on the based on the ambitious goal that ambitious goal that ALLALL children will be children will be proficient in reading proficient in reading and math by 2014. and math by 2014. The federal The federal Government Government

The Patriot Act is a U.S. law passed in the wake of the The Patriot Act is a U.S. law passed in the wake of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Its goals are to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Its goals are to strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers strengthen domestic security and broaden the powers of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying of law-enforcement agencies with regards to identifying and stopping terrorists.and stopping terrorists.

Main Provisions of the Patriot ActMain Provisions of the Patriot Act:: Homeland Security National Operations CenterHomeland Security National Operations Center