Goddag!. Euro-American Scientific Relations in the Wake of September 11 Albert H. Teich Director,...

Goddag!

Euro-American Scientific Relations in the Wake of September 11

Albert H. Teich

Director, Science & Policy ProgramsAmerican Association for the

Advancement of Science

Oslo, Norway ● 18 May 2005

Al Teich - Euro-American Scientific Relations

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●←AHT 9/11/2001


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Near Hofn, IcelandSeptember 11, 2001


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President Bush speaks to the nation about stem cell research,Crawford, Texas, August 9, 2001. (White House photo)


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New Legislation and Policy Initiatives

USA PATRIOT Act of 2001

Enhanced Border Security & Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002

SEVIS, US-VISIT

Expansion of Visa-Mantis

Public Health Security & Bioterrorism Preparedness Act of 2002

Homeland Security Act of 2002

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USA PATRIOT Act of 2001

“Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism”

Passed 45 days after 9/11 – little debate

Primarily an expansion of law enforcement powers

Many civil liberties implications

Used mainly in criminal cases so far

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Visa Mantis Program

Consular officer must request special review of applicants seeking to study fields on “Technology Alert List”

Intended to prevent transfer of sensitive technology

Large increase in number of visa mantis reviews (1,000 in year 2000 to 14,000 in 2002) caused backlog, lengthy delays

Situation has improved in past year

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Average Time to Clear Visa Mantis Cases

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Visa Mantis Cases Cleared Within Given Time Frames(As of 3 January 2005)

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Visas Mantis Clearances Extended (Feb. 05)

International students (F visas) can receive a Visas Mantis clearance valid for up to the length of the approved academic program, to a maximum of four years.

Exchange visitors (J visas) can receive a Visas Mantis clearance valid for the duration of their approved activity to a maximum of two years.

Follows recommendation in AAAS-AAU-NAS statement of May 12, 2004 (endorsed by 22 other societies)

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Joint Visa Statement

Developed by 25 scientific, engineering , and education societies

Represented 95% of research community

Spoke with a single voice (!)

Urged federal government to adopt 6 “practical recommendations” for improving visa situation

Much press coverage (NY Times editorial)

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New Joint Visa Statement

Issued this week

Applauds achievements of past year

Cites continuing problems (and new ones) and makes several recommendations: Extend validity of visiting scientists’ visas

Visa renewal in the U.S.

Address issue of visa denials because of failure to demonstrate intent to return home

Don’t require export licenses for basic research

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Deemed Exports

Applies to “dual use” technologies

Applies to information as well physical objects

Until now has not applied to basic research

New regulations proposed by Commerce Department would change that

Would discriminate against foreign students and visitors; would be a bureaucratic nightmare

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Homeland Security R&D

Total federal spending on homeland security in 2006 = $50 Bil ($4.4 Bil = R&D)

About 3% of overall federal R&D

Greatest part of HS R&D outside DHS

Dramatic increases of recent years leveling off in 2006

Biodefense (NIH) = top priority; also increases for EPA, Agriculture (food safety), DOD (chem-bio defense)

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DOD53%

HHS (NIH)22%

NASA9%

DOE6%

All Other4%

NSF3%

USDA2%

DHS1%

Total R&D by Agency: FY 2006 ProposedBudget Authority in billions of dollars

Source: AAAS, based on OMB R&D Budget Data and agency estimates for FY 2006. MARCH '05 REVISED © 2005 AAAS

Total R&D = $132 billion (REVISED)

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0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 2004 FY 2005 FY 2006

All Other

Nat'l. Science Foundation

NASA

Health & Human Services

EPA

Homeland Security

Defense

Agriculture

Federal Homeland Security R&D, by Agency (budget authority in millions of constant FY 2005 dollars, FY 2002-2006)

Source: AAAS, based on Office of Management and Budget data. Includes conduct of R&D and R&D facilities. FEB. '05 REVISED © 2005 AAAS

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For a very detailed look at DHS priorities:

http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/present.htm

Scroll to March 1, 2005 Presentation of Dr. Parney Albright

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Biodefense Issues at NIH Research under control of DHS

Resistance from life scientists “NIH peer-review process, and the research sector

responsible for these achievements, are threatened by unintended consequences of the 2001-02 decision by the NIH National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to prioritize research of high biodefense, but low public-health significance” – Letter in Science, 28 Feb. 05; > 750 signers

Application of US biosafety & security standards to foreign collaborators

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What do these developments mean for scientific relations between

the U.S. and Europe?

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Two distinct aspects

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On one hand . . .

Security issues are by nature international

Science and technology are central to them

The nations of Europe are traditionally America’s closest allies with the closest cultural & scientific ties

Many existing areas of collaboration provide basis for more

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Relationships must continue to get stronger, information sharing must become even more transparent and swifter . . . and the latest scientific and most advanced technologies must continue to be sought out, utilized, and shared . . . science and technology know no bounds and the more we can strengthen the sharing of ideas and best practices, the better off the international community will be.

--Former Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, January 12, 2005

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On the other hand . . . .

More visa delays and denials

New border controls

USA PATRIOT Act

Restrictive clauses in government contracts

Deemed export rules

Treatment according to country of birth

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Focus on positive aspects

New opportunities for collaboration in homeland security R&D

Growing awareness among science agencies, institutions of importance of international collaboration

Government policies ≠ scientists’ attitudes

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Looking for opportunities to collaborate. . . .

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Modes of Collaboration

Formal bilateral agreements

Participation in multilateral organizations

Institution to institution

Individual scientist to scientist Generally most effective

Often stimulated by study abroad

Funding essential

Consistent with Norway’s Strategy

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New Opportunities in Homeland Security R&D

Industry an important player Emphasis on immediate security needs

“Big” threats – chemical, biological, nuclear, radiological

Rapid prototyping

Government labs (esp. DOE)

University programs ($64M in FY 2006) Fellowships

University Centers

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University Centers of Excellence Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of

Terrorism Events (USC + partners)

National Center for Foreign Animal and Zoonotic Disease Defense (Texas A&M +)

Center for Food Protection and Defense (Minnesota +)

Center of Excellence for Behavioral and Social Research on Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism (Maryland +)

Center of Excellence in High Consequence Event Preparedness and Response (in review)

Three more planned ($12-15M/yr – 3 yrs)

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Trends in International Collaboration

International co-authorship growing among US scientists 1988 – 10%

2001 – 23%

Highest in physics (nearly 40%)

Also: earth/space sciences, mathematics

Lowest in social/behavioral sciences (10%)

Driven by necessity (cost & complexity), technology, education, policy

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Extent of International Collaboration in U.S. S&E Articles, 1988-2001

-- NSF, S&E Indicators,2004.

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U.S. Scientists Don’t Necessarily Share Administration Views on Many Issues

Majority of U.S. scientists tend toward the left (not true of all fields, however)

Many scientists aligned with Kerry in 2004 election; relatively few with Bush

Science community at odds with administration over many issues: Stem cells

Global climate change

Budget, priorities

Even evolution

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So which way will things go?

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Bottom Line?

International scientific collaboration is increasing – science is globalizing

U.S. security policies may make collaboration more difficult in some ways

But there are also new opportunities

No way to turn back the clock!

Up to us, the scientific community, to make collaboration work in the post 9-11 world

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Takk!

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