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INTRODUCTION: STYLES & GOLDRESOURCES
Dr.rer.nat. Arifudin IdrusAssociate Professor in Economic Geology
Department of Geological EngineeringGadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta
E-mail: [email protected]
In-House TrainingUNHAS Makassar, 25-27 September 2014
INTRODUCTION: STYLES & GOLDRESOURCES
Dr.rer.nat. Arifudin IdrusAssociate Professor in Economic Geology
Department of Geological EngineeringGadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta
E-mail: [email protected]
In-House TrainingUNHAS Makassar, 25-27 September 2014
Porgera, Zone 7Papua New Guinea
SleeperNevada, USA
Crustal environment in which major gold deposit styles from
Robert et al., 2007 (in Lipson, 2014)
Crustal environment in which major gold deposit styles from
Robert et al., 2007 (in Lipson, 2014)
Global porphyry Cu-Au depositsGlobal porphyry Cu-Au deposits
Global Tectonic Setting vs Gold DepositsGlobal Tectonic Setting vs Gold Deposits
}Different classesof epithermal deposits
Relative Amounts of Gold(>5 Moz deposits, 1997)
50% Witwatersrand12% Epithermal10% Porphyry (+ intrusion hosted)12% Sediment hosted (incl. 4% “Carlin”)9% Greenstone lode (“orogenic”)7% Other (Fe Fm, VHMS, etc.)
50% Witwatersrand12% Epithermal10% Porphyry (+ intrusion hosted)12% Sediment hosted (incl. 4% “Carlin”)9% Greenstone lode (“orogenic”)7% Other (Fe Fm, VHMS, etc.)
Arribas, 2000
Relative Amounts of Gold(>5 Moz deposits, 1997)
50% Witwatersrand12% Epithermal10% Porphyry (+ intrusion hosted)12% Sediment hosted (incl. 4% “Carlin”)9% Greenstone lode (“orogenic”)7% Other (Fe Fm, VHMS, etc.)
50% Witwatersrand12% Epithermal10% Porphyry (+ intrusion hosted)12% Sediment hosted (incl. 4% “Carlin”)9% Greenstone lode (“orogenic”)7% Other (Fe Fm, VHMS, etc.)
INDONESIAN GOLD RESOURCES ANDEXPLORATION CHALLENGES
Reference: Prihatmoko, 2010
INDONESIAN GOLD RESOURCES ANDEXPLORATION CHALLENGES
Reference: Prihatmoko, 2010
133.0
130.0
150.0
170.0
190.0
210.0
230.0
250.0
Gol
d P
rodu
ctio
n(T
onne
s)
INDONESIA GOLD PRODUCTION (1990-2010)Source: ESDM (2011); KITCO (2011)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999Gold Production
(Tonnes) 11.7 16.0 38.2 43.3 42.6 62.8 83.6 90.0 124.0 133.0
Gold Price (USD) 385.5 362.1 343.8 359.7 384.0 383.7 387.8 331.0 294.2 278.9
11.716.0
38.243.3 42.6
62.8
83.690.0
124.0
10.0
30.0
50.0
70.0
90.0
110.0
130.0
Gol
d P
rodu
ctio
n(T
onne
s)
133.0
224.7
187.1
172.1
127.8
163.1159.3
900.00
1,000.00
1,100.00
1,200.00
1,300.00
1,400.00
1,500.00
GoldPrice
(USD)INDONESIA GOLD PRODUCTION (1990-2010)Source: ESDM (2011); KITCO (2011)
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
133.0 124.0 224.7 187.1 172.1 127.8 163.1 116.3 159.3 29.1 97.7 109.8
278.9 279.1 271.0 309.7 363.3 409.7 444.7 603.4 695.3 871.9 972.3 1,224
124.0127.8
116.3
29.1
97.7
109.8
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
Year
China South Africa United States Australia Indonesia2007
Gold (Tonnes) 276 272 255 251
276 272 255 251
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Gol
d Pr
oduc
tion
(Ton
nes)
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2007)Source: USGS 2007 Mineral Year Book
China Australia United States South Africa Russia2010
Gold (Tonnes) 341 266 240 190
341
266240
190
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Gol
d Pr
oduc
tion
(Ton
nes)
TOP TENS GOLD PRODUCERS (2010)Source: Gold Mining Journal 2011
Indonesia Peru Russia Canada PNG Ghana
171 167 153 93 67 63
171 167 153
9367 63
Total: 1,768 tonnes
Russia Peru Indonesia Ghana Canada Uzbekistan
190 170 120 100 90 90
190170
120100 90 90
Total: 1,797 tonnes
GOLD DEPOSIT TYPES
• Witwatersrand
• Greenstone Belt
• Epithermal including Carlin (sediment hosted)
• Porphyry/ skarn
• Orogenic Gold
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
• Others
• Witwatersrand
• Greenstone Belt
• Epithermal including Carlin (sediment hosted)
• Porphyry/ skarn
• Orogenic Gold
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
• Others
GOLD DEPOSIT TYPES
• Witwatersrand
• Greenstone Belt
• Epithermal including Carlin (sediment hosted)
• Porphyry/ skarn
• Orogenic Gold
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
• Others
• Witwatersrand
• Greenstone Belt
• Epithermal including Carlin (sediment hosted)
• Porphyry/ skarn
• Orogenic Gold
• Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide (VMS)
• Others
DEPOSIT MODEL (Corbett, 2005)DEPOSIT MODEL (Corbett, 2005)
REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF INDONESIAREGIONAL GEOLOGY OF INDONESIA
MAGMATIC ARCS OF INDONESIA(Carlile ane Mitchel, 1994)
MAGMATIC ARCS OF INDONESIA(Carlile ane Mitchel, 1994)
GOLD RESOURCES + RESERVES 1969 – 2010 (desk study)
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
News Release15.84 moz
UnpublishedReport
4.34 moz
Published Paper147.48 moz
GOLD RESOURCES + RESERVES 1969 – 2010 (desk study)
167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
News Release15.84 moz
News Release
N: 94
News Release
Published Paper
UnpublishedReport
GOLD – BY MAGMATIC ARC 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Halmahera3.83 moz
Other0.90 moz
Papua100.15 moz
GOLD – BY MAGMATIC ARC 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Sunda-Banda35.59 moz
Kalimantan11.40 moz
Sunda-BandaKalimantanKalimantan
11.40 moz
Sulawesi15.80 moz
Kalimantan
Sulawesi
Papua
GOLD – BY DEPOSIT TYPE 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
HS Epithermal9.41 moz
VMS0.97 moz
Mesothermal2.87 moz
Sediment Hosted3.08 moz
Alluvial1.18 moz
Skarn47.78 moz
HS Epithermal9.41 moz
LS Epithermal31.07 moz
GOLD – BY DEPOSIT TYPE 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Porphyry71.3 moz
Alluvial1.18 moz
Deposit TypePorphyry
Skarn
HS Epithermal
LS Epithermal
VMS
Mesothermal
GOLD – BY PROJECT STATUS 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Mined Out20.00 mozExploration
37.52 moz
Unknown1.13 moz
GOLD – BY PROJECT STATUS 167.66 Moz (5,214.38 tonnes) gold
Mined Out20.00 moz
Project Status
Mined Out
Being Mined109.02 moz
Mined Out
Being Mined
Exploration
Unknown
GOLD MINES 1990-2010
Mt. MuroBuduk
Mt. MuroKelian
CikidangBatu Hijau
Rawas
Pongkor
Lb Tandai Mt. Muro West
Cibaliung
Buduk MeselGosowong
Active
Closed
Sediment Hosted
LS Epithermal
Porphyry/ Skarn
VMS
…….
…….
…….
…….
Mesel
Kelian
Grasberg
Batu Hijau Wetar
Kencana
PRIMARY GOLD DEPOSITS/ OCCURENCES
Seruyung TombulilatoPungkut
MartabeSeruyung Tombulilato
Way Linggo
Elang
Pungkut
Mirah
Bukit Tujuh
Palu
Jelai-Mewet
Pangulir
Ojolali
PRIMARY GOLD DEPOSITS/ OCCURENCES
Toka TindungTombulilato
Active
Closed
Sediment Hosted
LS Epithermal
HS Epithermal
Porphyry/ Skarn
Mesothermal Vein
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
Toka TindungTombulilato
WabuAwak Mas
MotombotoPalu
Pangulir
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
Deposite Size (Mt)
Gra
de
(g
/t A
u)
Porphyry Skarn VMS Sedimen Hosted LS Epithermal Mesothermal Vein HS Epithermal
GEOLOGICAL TARGET TYPES
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
Deposite Size (Mt)
Gra
de
(g
/t A
u)
Porphyry Skarn VMS Sedimen Hosted LS Epithermal Mesothermal Vein HS Epithermal
LS EPITHERMALField
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
Deposite Size (Mt)
Gra
de
(g
/t A
u)
Porphyry Skarn VMS Sedimen Hosted LS Epithermal Mesothermal Vein HS Epithermal
GEOLOGICAL TARGET TYPES
HS EPITHERMALField
SKARNField
0.010
0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
1000.000
0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1000.000
Deposite Size (Mt)
Gra
de
(g
/t A
u)
Porphyry Skarn VMS Sedimen Hosted LS Epithermal Mesothermal Vein HS Epithermal
SKARNField
PORPHYRYField
GOLD MINE – LAPSE TIMESMine Owner Status
Lebong Tandai Billiton (CSR) ClosedGosowong Newcrest ClosedWetar Billiton ClosedErtsberg Freeport ClosedPongkor Antam ProductionKelian Riotinto ClosedMt. Muro Aurora ClosedMt. Muro Aurora ClosedKencana Newcrest Production
Mesel Newmont ClosedRawas Laverton ClosedCibaliung Austindo/ Antam ProductionBatu Hijau Newmont ProductionMt. Muro West Straits ProductionGrasberg Freeport Production
Average Lapse Time (Years)
GOLD MINE – LAPSE TIMESStatus
ContractSigned Production Lapse
Closed 1985 1986 1Closed 1997 1999 2Closed 1986 1991 5Closed 1967 1973 6Production 1988 1994 6Closed 1985 1992 7Closed 1985 1994 9Closed 1985 1994 9Production 1997 2006 9
Closed 1986 1996 10Closed 1986 1997 11Production 1998 2010 12Production 1986 1999 13Production 1985 2004 19Production 1967 1989 22
9.5
GOLD MINE – LIFE SPANSMine 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Grasberg
Lebong Tandai
Alluvials
Wetar
Kelian
Pongkor
Mt. Muro
Mesel
RawasRawas
Gosowong
Cikidang
Batu Hijau
Mt. Muro West
Kencana
Cibaliung
Porphyry
LS Epithermal
Alluvial
GOLD MINE – LIFE SPANS98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
VMS
Sediment hosted
FACTORS AFFECTING INDUSTRY’S FUTURE
Geological Prospectiveness (++)
Country Stability (+)
Gold Price (++)
Legal/Commercial Basis ( - )New Mining Law, lack of implementing regulations
Intensity of Exploration Efforts (– to +)
Geological Prospectiveness (++)
Country Stability (+)
Gold Price (++)
Legal/Commercial Basis ( - )New Mining Law, lack of implementing regulations
Intensity of Exploration Efforts (– to +)
FACTORS AFFECTING INDUSTRY’S FUTURE
Geological Prospectiveness (++)
Country Stability (+)
Gold Price (++)
Legal/Commercial Basis ( - )New Mining Law, lack of implementing regulations
Intensity of Exploration Efforts (– to +)
Geological Prospectiveness (++)
Country Stability (+)
Gold Price (++)
Legal/Commercial Basis ( - )New Mining Law, lack of implementing regulations
Intensity of Exploration Efforts (– to +)
CONCERNS IN INDONESIA(non technical aspects)
Uncertainty in mineral tenement system (Mining LawNo.4/ 2009 with lack of implementing regulations)
Forestry overlapping issues
Pains of regional autonomy
Illegal mining
Local community / NGOs
Uncertainty in mineral tenement system (Mining LawNo.4/ 2009 with lack of implementing regulations)
Forestry overlapping issues
Pains of regional autonomy
Illegal mining
Local community / NGOs
CONCERNS IN INDONESIA(non technical aspects)
Uncertainty in mineral tenement system (Mining LawNo.4/ 2009 with lack of implementing regulations)
Forestry overlapping issues
Pains of regional autonomy
Illegal mining
Local community / NGOs
Uncertainty in mineral tenement system (Mining LawNo.4/ 2009 with lack of implementing regulations)
Forestry overlapping issues
Pains of regional autonomy
Illegal mining
Local community / NGOs
EXPLORATION CHALLENGES technical aspects
2. Exploration “going deeper”
Development of new geological/ exploration model Application of new technology Advanced exploration techniques and approaches Higher exploration costs
1. Generate/ develop new projects
2. Exploration “going deeper”
Development of new geological/ exploration model Application of new technology Advanced exploration techniques and approaches Higher exploration costs
EXPLORATION CHALLENGES technical aspects
2. Exploration “going deeper”
Development of new geological/ exploration model Application of new technology Advanced exploration techniques and approaches Higher exploration costs
1. Generate/ develop new projects
2. Exploration “going deeper”
Development of new geological/ exploration model Application of new technology Advanced exploration techniques and approaches Higher exploration costs
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE(GOSOWONG(GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE(GOSOWONG(GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA)
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA) Richards et al (2005)
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA) Richards et al (2005)
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONGGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (GOSOWONG –– KENCANA)KENCANA) Richards et al (2005)
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR)
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR) Leary (2007)GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR)
237.25m @ 4.14g/t Au
Conglomerate
Late Andesite
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR)
58.9mt @ 7.23 g/t Au (13.7 moz)
Andesite
Conglomerate
GOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTEGOING DEEPER EXAMPLE (FRUTA DEL NORTE -- ECUADOR)ECUADOR) Leary (2007)
58.9mt @ 7.23 g/t Au (13.7 moz)
Andesite
Serujan East Wall-Mt. MuroSerujan East Wall-Mt. Muro
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