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Good Practice Note Country Gender Diagnostics

This note provides guidance on country gender diagnostics. While there is no general prescription of

what is required, it is helpful to highlight various methods and good practices. The guidance should be

viewed as a menu of suggestions rather than a fixed template.

1. Overview

World Bank policy (OP/BP 4.20) mandates periodic country-level gender diagnostics. The policy is

explicitly flexible on how this can be done: as a stand-alone Country Gender Assessment (CGA); as part

of other Economic and Sector Work (ESW) such as poverty assessments, country economic memoranda,

public expenditure reviews, and development policy reviews; or as a Bank-approved assessment carried

out by a partner institution. OP/BP 4.20 states that the results of any such gender assessments should

be incorporated in the dialogue with clients and reflected in the Country Assistance Strategy

(CAS)/Country Partnership Strategy (CPS).

A key motivation of country gender diagnostics is to inform and influence policy dialogue. Successful

experiences in integrating gender in the country policy dialogue typically:

Box 1. Examples of CGA as part of Bank ESW or by partner institutions

The Africa Region combines gender and poverty assessments into a single piece of ESW, with gender

disaggregation typically included throughout the study rather than in a separate gender chapter. Examples

include Mozambique (2008) and Lesotho (2010). The Latin America Region integrates gender in the regional

Equity Strategy and in country-specific analytical work. In East Europe and Central Asia, the gender analysis is

incorporated into the Programmatic Poverty work, as is the case of Kyrgyz Republic (2007 and 2012).

East Asia and the Pacific has conducted CGAs in association with other development institutions: Lao PDR

CGA (2012) was jointly developed with the Asian Development Bank, in close collaboration with National

Commission for the Advancement of Women and the Lao Women’s Union. The Vietnam GCA (2011) was a

joint effort of the World Bank, AUSAID, DFID, and UN Women.

CGAs can be part of other ESW: Lebanon (2009) is a gender focused Investment Climate Assessment.

Analytical work by partner institutions can also be used, if deemed satisfactory by the Bank: for example,

before undertaking new analysis for the Malawi Gender Country Portfolio Review (2011), Bank staff identified

that several country gender studies already existed, and therefore a whole new study was not needed. Other

possible sources include National Human Development Reports such as in Azerbaijan (2007), or USAID Gender

Assessments such as in Russia (2004), which could be used if regarded as adequate by the Bank staff.

Note: The Malawi Country Portfolio Review (2011) used data from the following sources: Oslo Statistical office, NORAD, UNDP, USAID and

World Bank.

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(i) Engage key stakeholders, in the government and in development agencies, early on in the process.

In particular, it is advisable to go beyond dialogue solely with the ministry of Women’s Affairs, to

also bring sector ministries into the policy dialogue on gender.

(ii) Reach out to a broad group of stakeholders, including NGOs and think tanks, and across a range of

ministries and agencies interested in gender issues.

(iii) Time the work according to the Bank’s country cycle—prepared in advance to inform the CAS/CPS.

(iv) Plan ahead for dissemination of findings.

These steps are all reflected in Chile’s (2007) CGA. The study involved a joint team comprising staff from

the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Servicio Nacional de la Mujer and built on

the work of local researchers. Policy dialogue in Nigeria in May 2012 provides another good example of

engaging a wide range of government officials, sector ministries, state and local authorities and

involving members of the legislature and the judiciary.1

Regional procedures for ESW apply to CGAs undertaken by the Bank. The Country Director oversees the

preparation of the CGA and is responsible for its overall quality. PREM, SDN and other networks can

provide support to preparation. Consultations are recommended, and either early on during the

development of the CGA or after a draft is produced.

Figure 1. CGA process

2. Expected elements

A good CGA should include the following elements:

1. Stock take of available evidence and data sources at the country level.

2. Country gender profile that reviews multiple dimensions of gender inequality, including human and

physical capital endowments, economic opportunities, and voice and agency.

3. Analysis of the underlying determinants of key gender disparities.

4. Identification of priority areas for further analysis, including suggested gender-responsive policies

and interventions that reduce poverty and enhance economic growth, human wellbeing and

development effectiveness.

1 http://go.worldbank.org/XVZ367PCR0

CGA Development Dissemination

Inform CAS/CPS

Under the supervision of the Country Director

Consultations

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5. Review of Bank’s portfolio and country capacity for mainstreaming and monitoring gender, with

suggestions for improvement.

Element 1: Stock-take of available evidence and data sources at the country level

A first step is to take stock of available evidence. This review should include country analysis done by

the Bank and by local researchers, development agencies and government institutions. Analysis based

on both quantitative and qualitative data should be reviewed. Relevant gender analysis may have been

included as part of other ESW (i.e., PSIAs, ICAs) or research with a primary focus on other topics, for

example labor markets. The CGA for Russia (2004) reviews a range of publications on gender issues

produced in the Russian Federation over the preceding decade. The CGA for Chile (2007) partly relies on

evidence on the functioning of the labor market prepared by government offices, local research

institutions, and other development agencies (like the Inter-American Development Bank).

Ascertain the availability of key data available for analysis. Several data sources can be used to obtain

gender statistics: they can be micro and/or aggregated, quantitative and/or qualitative, stand alone

and/or part of other work. Sector studies may use relevant administrative data, household survey data,

enterprise surveys, and qualitative data. Impact evaluations and projects could also contain relevant

gender information and data. While household survey data is usually crucial for understanding the

underlying determinants of gender gaps (as described in Element 3), other data sources typically are

needed to understand the multiple dimensions of gender inequality (as described in Element 2).

Information on legal aspects can be found in the constitution or other legislation; or in a compilation

such as the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law database. The study for Turkey (2003)

includes a detailed chapter on the country’s legal framework, from its ratification of the UN Convention

on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), to the Civil Code, the Labor

Act, and other pieces of legislation.

Combining data from different sources is good practice. This can underpin comprehensive diagnosis

and robust conclusions. For example, in the CGA for Bangladesh (2008), the team used qualitative data

from focus group discussions, the first nationally representative survey of gender norms in Bangladesh,

the labor force survey and the demographic and health survey.

Finally, the identification of data gaps is important to inform future data collection efforts, capacity

building of local statistical offices, and policy dialogue with key stakeholders and statistical agencies (Box

2).

Box. 2. Core list of gender indicators can help identify key data gaps for policy dialogue

The Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender Statistics (IAEG-GS) developed the core list of gender indicators in 2011. It aims to promote the production and compilation of gender statistics by national statistical agencies. The list includes indicators capturing five key dimensions of gender equality and women’s empowerment that are common across countries and regions, namely (i) Economic structures, participation in productive activities and access to resources, (ii) Education, (iii) Health and related services, (iv) Public life and decision-making, and (v) Human rights of women and girl children. IAEG-GS is encouraging regional and national entities to use this core list as a starting point and add indicators specific to regional and national contexts.

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Element 2: Create a Multidimensional Country Gender Profile

A good gender diagnosis reviews all dimensions of gender inequality. The framework provided in the

World Development Report 2012 (WDR) is a useful starting point, identifying three dimensions: human

capital endowments, economic opportunities and agency (Figure 1). These three dimensions are equally

important and are interrelated aspects of wellbeing. The WDR finds that improvements in one domain

stimulate advances in others, and that, conversely, multiple constraints can combine to block progress.

It is important to go beyond national averages and investigate the differences across income levels, and

by geographic region, age, minority status, or any other relevant categories. Dimensions of disadvantage

often overlap. For poor women and for women in very poor places, there may be sizable gender gaps,

which worsen where poverty combines with other factors of exclusion, such as ethnicity, race,

geographical distance, or disability.

Box 3. Tools to build a multidimensional country gender profile

ADePT Gender is a software designed to produce the set of tables and graphs needed for country gender diagnosis based on the most commonly used micro-level surveys (such as LSMS, LFS, DHS). ADePT Gender output describes the multiple dimensions of gender inequality: human capital endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency. One major advantage of ADePT Gender is that the indicators can be displayed by age, geographic location, income distribution, and so on. The ADePT Gender manual guides the user on how to interpret the output.

For example, the graphs below—produced with ADePT Gender—show the distribution of wage and self- employment by welfare decile using data from Nepal’s 2010 LSMS.

.1.1

5.2

.25

%

0 2 4 6 8 10Welfare Decile

predicted w_self_empld predicted w_wage_wkr

Nonagricultural employment type - Women

.2.3

.4.5

.6%

0 2 4 6 8 10Welfare Decile

predicted m_self_empld predicted m_wage_wkr

Nonagricultural employment type - Men

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Element 3: Understanding underlying determinants

The WDR framework posits that gender outcomes can be understood in terms of the functioning and

structure of markets, institutions, households, and the social norms which affect how households,

markets and institutions behave. Households make choices based on the preferences, incentives, and

constraints of different family members, and given their relative voice and bargaining power.

Preferences are shaped by gender roles, social norms, and social networks. Incentives are largely

influenced by markets, which determine the returns to household decisions and investments.

Constraints arise from the interplay of formal institutions and markets but also reflect the influence of

informal institutions. A range of factors—including ownership of and control over resources, ability to

leave the household, and prevalent social norms—define the voice and bargaining power of household

members.2

The WDR framework has been applied at the country and regional levels, including East Asia and the

Pacific and the Middle East and North Africa regions.3 Given its flexibility, the WDR framework can be

adapted to different contexts and linked to other analytic work as in the case of the Eastern Europe and

Central Asia, and Latin American regional gender reports.

2 See World Bank (2011).

3 Toward Gender Equality in East Asia and the Pacific, A Companion to the World Development Report 2012 (World

Bank 2012). Capabilities, Opportunities and Participation. Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region. A companion to the World Development Report 2012.

Box 4. Good practice example of multidimensional country gender profile

The CGA for Vietnam (2011) reviews several dimensions of gender disadvantage. It first establishes the country

context for gender, describing socio-economic conditions and the country’s progress on gender equality. The

CGA documents gender gaps in human capital endowments such as health status, access to health care, sex

ratios, child mortality, maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS, male health problems, ageing and education; gaps in

economic opportunity, including labor market trends, quality of work (formal/informal), occupational

segregation, entrepreneurship, gender earning gaps, and access to economic resources such as land and credit;

and gaps in agency, including gender-based violence, political participation, and values and attitudes. The CGA

investigates the overlapping dimensions of inequality by looking at the economic opportunities of vulnerable

groups such as migrants, ethnic minorities, and farmers affected by climate change.

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Figure 2. World Development Report 2012 Framework

Source: World Development Report 2012

Box 5. Ten possible questions for TTLs applying the WDR2012 framework

Limited progress on women’s endowments, economic opportunities and agency is explained mutually

reinforcing constraints in markets, and in formal and informal institutions. The following questions are

designed to help in the identification of such constraints:

1. Is there a son preference? Is this preference resulting in prenatal sex selection and lower fertility? Is

there excess of unborn girls?

2. Do men and women have equal access to good health? Is there an excess of female deaths?

3. Are there different rates of access and returns to education for men and women?

4. Do men and women have differential access to labor/credit/land markets and networks?

5. Can women earn and have control over their own earnings?

6. Do laws on ownership of assets (including land) and marriage guarantee equal rights for men and

women? Are these laws enforced? Do women and men have equal rights to political participation?

7. Do men and women have different control over resources within the household? Does intra-household

allocation of resources result in different responsibilities of care and housework?

8. Do men and women face legal and regulatory constraints?

9. Do men and women have equal access to information? Do women have separate networks than men?

Can women access to the same associations and political parties as men?

10. Do norms on roles, power relations, and mobility favor men over women?

MARKETS

AGENCY

INFORMAL

INSTITUTIONS

ENDOWMENTS

FORMAL

INSTITUTIONS

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS

MARKETS

INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

HOUSEHOLDS

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES

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Element 4: Identification of priority areas

A full understanding of gender inequalities requires in-depth analysis. The country gender profile and

the underlying determinants of gender inequalities will point to priority areas. Priorities can be

identified according to the expected payoffs in terms of wellbeing and political economy considerations

relevant to the country, and the policy dialogue and operations of the Bank. The following list of

questions can help select priorities:

Which gender inequalities have the largest costs in terms of welfare and sustainable growth in the

country?

Which gender inequalities persist despite economic growth?

Which topics have received less attention and could benefit from greater attention?

Where are the largest knowledge gaps on gender and development?

Which topics could be picked up in the broader country policy dialogue? In which areas are

forthcoming projects and operations focused, and in which gender can/will be mainstreamed?

The choice of priorities should also be influenced by stakeholder views in the consultation process.

Recommendations on gender-responsive policies and interventions result from analysis of the country

gender profile, the underlying determinants of gender inequalities, and the in-depth study of priority

areas. Examples of the latter include:

Examples of Priority areas

Expanding Women’s Work Choices to Enhance Chile’s Economic Potential, 2007

Chile has achieved progress in gender equality in many dimensions—education, health, legal

environment, voice in decision-making, and political participation. However, female labor force

participation remains low compared with regional averages and other upper-middle income countries.

Thus, the main objective of the CGA was to identify key factors explaining the low female labor force

participation and relatively high gender earnings gap; and to assess the institutional framework to

mainstream gender and implement recommended policies.

Box 6. Global policy priorities laid out in the WDR 2012

Reducing gender gaps in human capital endowments, such as excess female mortality and remaining

education inequalities

Closing earnings and productivity gaps between men and women

Shrinking gender differences in voice

Limiting the reproduction of gender inequality across generations, whether it is through endowments,

economic opportunities, or agency.

These priorities do not apply universally; specific country characteristics affect what are appropriate national

priorities.

Source: World Development Report 2012

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Policy recommendations to expand female labor force participation included adapting childcare policies

to better meet the needs of female workers, especially those in low-income households; designing new

training programs or modifying existing ones to facilitate women’s entry to the labor market; and

promoting female entrepreneurship, especially in booming and high productivity sectors through

improved access to financial services of small and medium enterprises and expanded access to business

networks, development services and technology. To reduce the gender earnings gap and occupational

segregation, the CGA recommended improving the transition from school to work, supporting training

programs in nontraditional occupations for women, and reducing gender stereotypes, especially among

youth.

Lesotho. Sharing Growth by Reducing Inequality and Vulnerability: Choices for Change, 2010

Lesotho is a country where most households do not have an adult male present. Men migrate to South

Africa to work in the mines, and women stay behind managing farms, working in cities as wage earners

in the growing textile industry, and developing businesses. Until 2006, however, women’s rights were

very limited and mostly ruled by customary law. The Legal Capacity of Married Persons Act, along with

other progressive legislation, laid the foundation for a legal framework that protects women’s rights.

This, in combination with their high literacy rate and their experience in running businesses (either

farms or small firms), put women in a unique position to take advantage of the new setting and grow

their businesses, with implications for future growth and poverty reduction of Lesotho.

The policy recommendations focused on implementation and enforcement of the new gender legal

framework. This included dealing with the harmonization of legislation, the amending of remaining

gender-discriminatory laws (including the Constitution), and addressing the enduring gender-

discriminatory customary laws that impede women’s access to justice and to economic activities.

Additional recommended measures included training professionals on values associated to gender

equality, demonstrating of the value of investing in women’s empowerment and fostering women’s

awareness of their own rights.

Whispers to voices. Gender and Social Transformation in Bangladesh, 2008

As a result of many and diverse efforts by the government, the civil society, NGOs and development

organizations, Bangladesh has seen progress on several fronts since independence in 1971. Bangladesh

had halved its fertility rates; increased girls’ education, with even a reversal in the secondary school gap;

improved young women’s labor force participation, though it still remained low; and increased female

employment in the garment sector. This was the result of public efforts such as the Stipend Education

Program, an aggressive family planning strategy; the success of microcredit; and, the multi-fiber

agreement opening up export opportunities.

Yet, some key gender inequalities persisted, followed by second-generation problems. Maternal health

and malnutrition (particularly of women in reproductive age) remained high, female labor force

participation remained low compared to other countries in the region and relative to rising school

attainments, and domestic violence increased. Conservative social norms persisted in various areas

including increased use of dowry. Female political participation and leadership stagnated despite strong

women’s institutions. There was, thus, a need to better understand how social norms shape behavior in

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order to design region-specific interventions and design more effective policies on maternal health, the

extension of the school stipend program to poor boys, strengthening of the police, the lower judicial and

custodial institutions, and the rise of poverty reduction efforts (since domestic violence is more

prevalent among the poor). The study stressed the importance of understanding how social norms

constrain or facilitate progressive policy reforms.

Element 5: Review of Bank’s portfolio and country capacity for mainstreaming and monitoring gender

A portfolio review helps assess how gender issues have been addressed, and has several purposes:

analyze how gender relevant considerations and concerns have already been incorporated into

the portfolio and with what results,

identify good practices and data gaps, and

solicit feedback and perspectives from client partners and project staff to ensure that their

perspective on gender mainstreaming are reflected in the review

Box 7. Good Practice Example of Gender Portfolio Review: Bangladesh 2008

The portfolio review involved a diverse mix of interventions, ranging from policy-based lending, technical

assistance and AAA, and covering a wide range of sectors of importance to reducing poverty.

The methodology followed a three-stage process which include (i) a desk review of the project appraisal

documents (PADs) and other relevant documents; (ii) interviews with Bank task team leaders and members of

selected projects; and (iii) a set of field visits and interviews with key Government counterparts and NGOs.

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Appendix 1. Tools

ADePT Gender is software developed to produce a set of table and graphs essential for country gender diagnostics, based on the most commonly used micro-level surveys (such as LSMS, LFS, DHS). ADePT Gender produces tables that describe the multiple dimensions of gender inequality: human capital endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency. One of its major advantages is that displays indicators by age, geographic location, income distribution, etc. The ADePT Gender manual guides users on how to interpret the output. www.worldbank.org/adept

e-Atlas of Gender is an user-friendly, interactive, electronic atlas that allow users to map and graph dozens of gender indicators over time and across countries. It allows comparison between countries and regions. http://www.app.collinsindicate.com/worldbankatlas-gender/en

Appendix 2. Data Sources

General

The Gender Data Portal is a one-stop shop for gender information, catering to a wide range of users and

providing data from a variety of sources. Data at the country level are organized under six thematic

headings, which are aligned to the themes identified by the Inter-agency and Expert Group on Gender

Statistics. http://datatopics.worldbank.org/gender/

World Bank Development Indicators The WDI provides a comprehensive overview of development

drawing on data from the World Bank and more than 30 partners. Data are shown for 153 economies

with populations of more than 1 million in selected tables, and selected indicators for 56 other

economies—small economies with populations between 30,000 and 1 million and smaller economies if

they are members of the World Bank. The WDI includes more than 800 indicators in over 90 tables

organized in 6 sections: World View, People, Environment, Economy, States and Markets, and Global

Links. http://data.worldbank.org

The Little Data Book on Gender is a quick reference for users interested in gender statistics. The book presents gender-disaggregated data for more than 200 economies in an easy country-by-country pocket guide covering demography, education, health, labor force, political participation and the Millennium Development Goals. The book’s summary pages cover regional and income group aggregates. http://data.worldbank.org/products/data-books/little-data-book-on-gender

World Bank eAtlas of the Millennium Development Goals lets you visualize and map the indicators that measure progress, with clear explanations of each goal and its related targets as the context. http://www.app.collinsindicate.com/mdg/en

UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) is a primary source for cross-nationally comparable statistics on education, science and technology, culture, and communication for more than 200 countries and territories. http://www.uis.unesco.org

UNICEF UNICEF assists countries in the collection of data through Multiple Indicator Cluster

Surveys (MICS), the international household survey program it developed following the 1990 World

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Summit for Children. Since the mid-1990s, the MICS has enabled many countries to produce statistically

sound and internationally comparable estimates of a range of indicators in the areas of health,

education, child protection and HIV/AIDS. http://www.childinfo.org/education.html

WikiGender is a project initiated by the OECD Development Centre to facilitate the exchange of and

improve the knowledge on gender equality-related issues around the world. It focuses particularly on

gathering empirical evidence and identifying adequate statistics to measure gender equality. In this

respect, Wikigender serves as a pilot project for the OECD Global Project on Measuring the Progress of

Societies. Based on the work of the OECD Gender, Institutions and Development Data Base, Wikigender

aims to highlight the importance of social institutions such as norms, traditions and cultural practices

that impact on women's empowerment. http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/New_Home

Household level data

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program has collected, analyzed, and disseminated accurate and representative data on population, health, HIV, and nutrition through more than 260 surveys in over 90 countries. http://www.measuredhs.com/

Living Standard Measurement Study and the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) were established by the Development Research Group (DECRG) to explore ways of improving the type and quality of household data collected by statistical offices in developing countries. The goal is to foster increased use of household data as a basis for policy decision-making. http://go.worldbank.org/IFS9WG7EO0

International Household Survey Network (IHSN) The IHSN does not have ownership and is not mandated to disseminate country microdata. But we maintain a central survey catalog, and provide links to national or international databanks http://surveynetwork.org/home/?q=activities/catalog/surveys

Human Development

Edstats compiles education data from a variety of national and international sources in order to provide information on pertinent educational topics. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTEDUCATION/EXTDATASTATISTICS/EXTEDSTATS/0,,menuPK:3232818~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:3232764,00.html

OECD Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) Every three years, it assesses to what

extent students near the end of compulsory education have acquired some of the knowledge and skills

essential for full participation in society. http://www.pisa.oecd.org/

HNP Stats the World Bank’s comprehensive database of Health, Nutrition and Population (HNP) statistics: Makes a variety of national and international data sources available in one location; Compiles World Bank data on health, nutrition and population; Adopts an analysis-friendly format that enables flexible access and custom-tailored reports; Provides links to a large number of websites of international agencies and country statistical offices. http://go.worldbank.org/N2N84RDV00

UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is an international development agency that promotes the

right of every woman, man and child to enjoy a life of health and equal opportunity.

http://www.unfpa.org/public/home

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World Health Organization (WHO) is a portal providing access to data and analyses for monitoring the

global health situation http://www.who.int

Economic Opportunities

Key Gender Employment Indicators are a set of sex-disaggregated indicators on employment, income and other variables in 27 OECD and middle income countries. They provide detailed data on gender earnings ratios, employment status by gender, percentage of male and female workers in specific industries, effects of parental status on employment by gender, and much more. http://go.worldbank.org/A2LTZUHGL0

The Enterprise Surveys database provides firm-level data on women's entrepreneurship and participation in the labor force. http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/ExploreTopics/?topicid=6 Agency and social norms

Women, Business and the Law presents indicators based on laws and regulations affecting women's prospects as entrepreneurs and employees in 128 economies across 6 topics. http://wbl.worldbank.org/

Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program has collected, analyzed, and disseminated accurate and representative data on population, health, HIV, and nutrition through more than 260 surveys in over 90 countries. http://www.measuredhs.com/

WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women

http://www.who.int/gender/violence/who_multicountry_study/en/

Inter-Parliamentary Union The IPU is the international organization of Parliaments. It supports the

efforts of and works in close co-operation with the United Nations, whose objectives it

shares. http://www.ipu.org/english/home.htm

International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) is an international, comparative survey specifically designed to target men's violence against women, especially domestic violence and sexual assault. The objective of the IVAWS project is to assess the level of victimisation of women in a number of countries world-wide, on a repeatable basis, and to provide novel inputs for the development of specific criminal justice approaches. http://www.heuni.fi/12859.htm

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) adopted in

1979 by the UN General Assembly, is often described as an international bill of rights for women.

Consisting of a preamble and 30 articles, it defines what constitutes discrimination against women and

sets up an agenda for national action to end such discrimination

http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/

World Value Surveys is a place to learn more about values and cultural changes in societies all over the

world. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/index_html

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Appendix 3. Database of Country Gender and Poverty Assessments

Archive of completed country gender assessments: http://intranet.worldbank.org/WBSITE/INTRANET/SECTORS/INTGENDER/0,,contentMDK:20254578~me

nuPK:367231~pagePK:210082~piPK:210098~theSitePK:336004,00.html

Appendix 4. Key Publications

World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development http://www.worldbank.org/wdr2012

Getting to Equal: Promoting Gender Equality through Human Development http://go.worldbank.org/NA2SM3CIE0

East Asia WDR Companion Report

Opportunities for men and women: Emerging Europe and Central Asia. http://go.worldbank.org/YKJ62HB0Z0

Work and Family: Women in Search of balance. Latin America and the Caribbean http://siteresources.worldbank.org/LACEXT/Resources/informe_genero_LACDEF.pdf

Capabilities, Opportunities and participation. Gender Equality and Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region. A companion Report to the WDR 2012

Gender in Agriculture Source Book http://worldbank.org/genderinag

Global Monitoring Report 2007 http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGLOMONREP2007/Resources/3413191-1179404785559/Chp3-GMR07_webPDF-corrected-may-14-2007-6.pdf